Duke
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2008-07-09T20:33:32Z
190.51.128.241
/* History */
{{Copyedit|date=April 2007}}
{{this|the nobility title|Duke (disambiguation)}}
:''"Duchess" redirects here. For the Beanie Baby, see [[Beanie Babies 2.0]]''
[[Image:Royal Ducal Coronet.svg|thumb|250px|A Royal Duke's [[coronet]]]]
[[Image:Ducal Coronet.svg|thumb|250px|A Duke's [[coronet]]]]
A '''duke''' is a [[nobility|noble person]], historically of highest rank below the [[king]] or [[queen]], and usually controls a [[duchy]] or a Dukedom. The title comes from the [[Latin language|Latin]] ''[[Dux Bellorum]]'', which had the sense of "military commander" and was employed by both the [[Germanic peoples]] themselves and by the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] authors covering them to refer to their war leaders.
In the [[Middle Ages]] the title signified first among the [[Germanic monarchy|Germanic monarchies]]. Dukes were the rulers of the provinces and the superiors of the [[count]]s in the cities and later, in the [[feudal monarchies]], the highest-ranking peers of the king. There were, however, variants of these meanings and there were even sovereign princes employing ducal titles.
In the [[Modern Age]] it has become a nominal rank without an actual principality. It is still the highest titular [[Ranks of nobility and peerage|peerage]] in [[France]], [[Portugal]], [[Spain]], the [[United Kingdom]], and [[Italy]].
A woman who holds in her own right the title to such duchy or dukedom, or is the wife of a duke, is normally styled '''duchess'''. However, [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] is known as [[Duke of Normandy]] in the [[Channel Islands]] and [[Duke of Lancaster]] in [[Lancashire]].
== History ==
=== Roman Empire ===
{{see also|dux}}
Originally, ''dux'' or Argentina, was a title given to a leader of a single military expedition or army and holding no other power than that which he exercised over his soldiers. The designation, first applied to barbarian tribal leaders, became a formal Roman title in the [[Roman Empire]] over time. Upon the separation of the civil and military functions in the fourth century, the ''dux'' became commander of all the troops contained in a military territory, often corresponding to one or more [[Roman province|provinces]]; this Roman rank was below the similar ''[[comes rei militaris]]''. To avoid the connotations of the modern "dukes," Roman and post-Roman military leaders are usually styled with the Latin title, e.g., ''[[King Arthur|Artorius Dux Bellorum]]''<ref>[http://cygnata.sandwich.net/writings/arthur.html Artorius Dux Bellorum<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> rather than a translate the title to ''duke''.
=== Middle Ages ===
During the [[Middle Ages]] following the collapse of Roman power in Western Europe, the title was still employed in the Germanic kingdoms, most often to the rulers of the old Roman provinces.
==== Visigoths ====
The Visigoths retained the Roman divisions of their kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula and it seems that dukes ruled over these{{Fact|date=June 2008}} areas. They were the highest magnates in the land and, along with the bishops, elected the king, usually from their own file. They were the military commanders and in this capacity often acted independently of the king, most notably in the last days of the kingdom.
The army was structured decimally with the highest unit, the [[thiufa]], probably corresponding to about one thousand people from each ''civitas'', city district. The cities were commanded by the counts, who were in turn responsible to the dukes, who called up the ''thiufae'' when need be.
==== Lombards ====
When the [[Lombards]] entered Italy, the Latin chroniclers called their war leaders ''duces'' in the old fashion. These leaders eventually became the provincial rulers, each with a recognized seat of government. Though nominally loyal to the king, the concept of kingship was new to the Lombards and the dukes were highly independent, especially in central and southern Italy, where the [[Duke of Spoleto]] and the [[Duke of Benevento]] were ''de facto'' sovereigns. In [[575]], when [[Cleph]] died, a period known as the [[Rule of the Dukes]], in which the dukes governed without a king, commenced. It lasted only a decade before the disunited magnates, in order to defend the kingdom from external attacks, elected a new king and even diminished their own duchies to provide him with a handsome royal [[demesne]].
The Lombard kings were usually drawn from the dukes when the title was not hereditary. The dukes tried to make their own offices hereditary. Beneath them in the internal structure were the counts and [[gastald]]s, a uniquely Lombard title initially referring to judicial functions, similar to a count's, in provincial regions.
==== Franks ====
The Franks employed dukes as the governors of Roman provinces, though they also led military expeditions far away from their duchies. The dukes were the highest ranking officials in the realm, were more typically Franks than the counts (who were often Gallo-Romans), and formed the class from which the kings' generals were drawn in times of war. The dukes gathered every May with the king to converse on policy for the upcoming year, the so-called [[May field|Mayfield]].
In [[Burgundy]] and [[Provence]], the titles of [[patrician]] and [[prefect]] were commonly employed in preference to duke, probably for historical reasons relating to the greater Romanization of those provinces. The titles, however, were basically equivalent.
In late [[Merovingian]] Gaul, the [[mayors of the palace]] of the [[Arnulfing]] clan began to use the title [[Duke of the Franks|''dux et princeps Francorum'']]: "duke and prince of the Franks." In this title, "duke" implied supreme military control of the entire nation (''Francorum'', the Franks) and it was thus used until the end of the [[Carolingian]] dynasty in France in [[987]].
===== Stem duchies =====
See [[Stem duchy]]
==== England ====
===== Anglo-Saxon times =====
The highest political division beneath that of kingdom among the [[Anglo-Saxons]] was the [[ealdormanry]] and, while the title ealdor person was replaced by the [[Danish language|Danish]] ''eorl'' (later [[earl]]) over time, the first ealdor people were referred to as ''duces'' in the chronicles. Thus, in Anglo-Saxon England, where the Roman political divisions were largely abandoned, the grade of duke was retained as supreme territorial magnate after the king.
===== Late medieval times =====
The [[Edward, the Black Prince|Black Prince]] was created [[Duke of Cornwall]] in [[1337]]. He was the first proper Duke to be created by a King of [[England]]. To celebrate this event six new [[Earl]]s were created. In the Patent creating the new [[Earl of Salisbury]], on 16 March 1337, the King refers also to this higher Honour as: ''"willing more securely to establish the Royal sceptre as well as by the addition of new honours as by the restoration of old ones, and to augment the number of nobles by whose counsels our realm may be directed in doubtful, and by whose suffrages be supported in adverse circumstances, have advanced our most dear first begotten Edward (whom in the prerogative of honour as is meet, we have caused to have precedence of others) to be Duke of Cornwall, over which awhile ago Dukes for a long time successively sided as chief rulers..."''
=== The Modern Age ===
In the 19th century, the sovereign dukes of [[Parma, Italy|Parma]] and [[Modena]] in [[Italy]], and of [[Anhalt]], [[Brunswick-Lüneburg]], [[Nassau (state)|Nassau]], [[Saxe-Coburg-Gotha]], [[Saxe-Meiningen]] and [[Saxe-Altenburg]] in [[Germany]] survived Napoleon's reorganization.
Since the unification of Italy in [[1870]] and the end of monarchy in Germany in 1918, there have no longer been any [[reign]]ing dukes in Europe; [[Luxembourg]] is ruled by a [[Grand Duchy|grand duke]], a higher title, just below King.
In the United Kingdom, the inherited position of a duke along with its dignities, privileges, and rights is a [[List of dukedoms in the peerages of the British Isles|dukedom]]. However, the title of ''duke'' has never been associated with independent rule in the British Isles: they hold dukedoms, not duchies (but see [[Duchy of Cornwall]] and [[Duchy of Lancaster]]). Dukes in the United Kingdom are addressed as 'Your Grace' and referred to as 'His Grace'. Currently, there are twenty-seven dukedoms in the [[Peerage of England]], [[Peerage of Scotland]], [[Peerage of Great Britain]], [[Peerage of Ireland]] and [[Peerage of the United Kingdom]], held by twenty-four different people (see [[List of Dukes in order of precedence]]).
== Equivalents in other European languages ==
{{main|Equivalents of Duke in other European languages}}
== Royal dukes ==
Various royal houses traditionally awarded (mainly) dukedoms to the sons and in some cases, the daughters, of their respective Sovereigns; others include at least one dukedom in a wider list of similarly granted titles, nominal dukedoms without any actual authority, often even without an estate. Such titles are still conferred on royal princes or princesses in the current European monarchies of Belgium, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
Other historical cases occurred for example in Denmark, Finland (as Sweden, in personal union) and France, Portugal and some former colonial possessions such as Brazil and Haiti.
=== United Kingdom ===
{{main|Dukes in the United Kingdom}}
In the United Kingdom, ducal titles which have been given within the royal family include [[Duke of Cornwall]], [[Duke of Lancaster]], [[Duke of Clarence]], [[Duke of York]], [[Duke of Gloucester]], [[Duke of Bedford]], [[Duke of Cumberland]], [[Duke of Cambridge]], [[Duke of Rothesay]], [[Duke of Albany]], [[Duke of Ross]], [[Duke of Edinburgh]], [[Duke of Kent]], [[Duke of Sussex]], and [[Duke of Connaught and Strathearn]].
* [[List of Dukes in the Peerage of the United Kingdom]]
* [[List of dukes in the peerages of the British Isles]]
=== Belgium ===
In [[Belgium]], the title of [[Duke of Brabant]] (historically the most prestigious in the [[Low Countries]], and containing the federal capital [[Brussels]]), if still vacant, has been awarded preferentially to the eldest son and [[heir presumptive]] of the King, other male dynasts receiving various lower historical titles (much older than Belgium, and in principle never fallen to the Belgian crown), such as Count of Flanders (king Leopold III's so-titled brother held the title when he became the realm's temporary head of state as [[Prince-regent]]) and Prince of Liège (a secularised version of the historical [[Prince-bishop]]ric; e.g. the present king Albert II until he succeeded his older brother [[Baudouin I]])
=== Denmark ===
Denmark's kings gave appanages in their twin-duchies of [[Schleswig-Holstein]] (now three-fourths of them is part of Germany, but then the Holstein half of it was part of HRE in personal union with Denmark proper) to younger sons and/or their male-line descendants, with a specific though not sovereign title of Duke, e.g. [[Duke of Gottorp]], [[Duke of Sonderburg]], [[Duke of Augustenborg]], [[Duke of Franzhagen]], [[Duke of Beck]], [[Duke of Glucksburg]] and [[Duke of Norburg]].
=== Iberian peninsula ===
When the [[Christian]] [[Reconquista]], sweeping the [[Moors]] from the former [[Caliph of Cordoba|Caliphate of Cordoba]] and its [[Taifa|taifa-remnants]], transformed the territory of former [[Suebi|Suevic]] and [[Visigoths|Visigothic]] realms into [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[Feudalism|feudal]] principalities, none of these war lords was exactly styled Duke, a few (as [[Portugal]] [[County of Portugal|itself]]) started as [[Count]] (even if the title of [[Dux]] was sometimes added), but soon all politically relevant princes were to use the royal style of [[Monarch|King]].
==== Portugal ====
{{main|List of dukedoms in Portugal}}
==== Spain ====
{{main|List of dukedoms in Spain}}
Spanish [[infante]]s and [[infanta]]s were usually given a dukedom upon marriage. This title is nowadays not hereditary but carries a [[Grandeza de España]]. The current royal duchesses are: [[Infanta Doña Pilar de Borbón|HRH the Duchess of Badajoz]] (Infanta Maria del Pilar), [[Infanta Doña Margarita de Borbón|HRH the Duchess of Soria]] (Infanta Margarita) (although she inherited the title of Duchess of Hernani from her cousin and is second holder of that title), [[Infanta Elena of Spain|HRH the Duchess of Lugo]] (Infanta Elena) and [[Infanta Cristina of Spain|HRH the Duchess of Palma de Mallorca]] (Infanta Cristina).
In Spain many dukes hold the court rank of ''Grande'', i.e. [[Grandee]] of the realm, which had precedence over all other feudatories.
=== Finland and Sweden ===
{{main|Dukes of Swedish Provinces}}
Sweden had a history of making sons of its Kings real ruling princes of vast [[duchy|duchies]], but this ceased in [[1622]]. Title-wise, however, all Swedish princes since [[1772]], and princesses since [[1980]], are given a dukedom for life. Currently, there is one duke and three duchesses. The territorial designations of these dukedoms refer to four of the [[Provinces of Sweden]].
Key parts of Finland were sometimes under a [[Duke of Finland]] during the Swedish reign.
=== France and other former monarchies ===
See [[appanage]] (mainly for the French kingdom) and the list in the geographical section below, which also treats special ducal titles in orders or national significance.
== France ==
{{main|Dukes in France}}
The highest precedence in the realm, attached to a feudal territory, was given to the twelve original [[pairie]]s, which also had a traditional function in the royal coronation, comparable to the German imperial archoffices. Half of them were ducal: three ecclesiastical (the six prelates all ranked above the six secular peers of the realm) and three temporal, each time above three counts of the same social estate:
The ''[[Prince-Bishop]]s'' with ducal territories among them were:
*The [[Archbishop of Reims]], styled ''archevêque-duc pair de France'' (in Champagne; who crown and anoint the king, traditionally in his cathedral)
*Two [[suffragan bishop]]s, styled ''evêque-duc pair de France'' :
**the bishop-duke of [[Laon]] (in Picardy; bears the 'Sainte Ampoule' containing the sacred ointment)
** the bishop-duc de [[Langres]] (in Burgundy; bears the scepter)
Later, the [[Archbishop of Paris]] was given the title of ''[[duc de Saint-Cloud]]'' with the dignity of peerage, but it was debated if he was an ecclesiastical peer or merely a bishop holding a lay peerage.
The secular dukes in the peerage of the realm were, again in order of precedence:
*the duc de Bourgogne, i.e. [[Duke of Burgundy]] (known as ''Grand duc''; not a separate title at that time; just a description of the wealth and real clout of the [[15th century]] Dukes, cousins of the Kings of France) (bears the crown, fastens the belt)
* [[Duke of Normandy]] or duc de Normandie (holds the first square banner)
* [[Duke of Aquitaine]] or duc d'Aquitaine or - de Guyenne (holds the second square banner)
It should be noted what the theory of the participation of the peers in the coronation was laid down in the late [[XIIIth century]], when some of the peerage (the duchy of Normandy and the county of Toulouse) had already been merged in the crown.
At the end of this same century, the King erected some counties into duchies, a practice what went increasing till the Revolution. Many of this duchies were also peerages (the so-called 'new peerages').
== Italy, Germany and Austria ==
{{main|Dukes in Italy, Germany and Austria}}
In Italy, Germany and Austria the title of "duke" ("duca" in Italian, and "Herzog" in German) was quite common. As the [[Holy Roman Empire]] was until its dissolution a feudal structure, most of its Dukes were actually reigning in their lands. As the titles from the HRE were taken over after its dissolution, or in Italy after their territories became independent of the Empire, both countries also had a share of fully souvereign dukes. Also, in Germany in many ducial family ever agnate would bear the ducial title of the family as a [[courtesy title]].
In Italy some important souvereign ducal families were the [[Visconti]] and the [[Sforza]], who ruled [[Duchy of Milan|Milan]]; the [[Medici]] of [[Florence]], the [[Farnese]] of [[Duchy of Parma|Parma and Piacenza]]; the [[Cybo-Malaspina]] of [[Massa]]; the [[House of Gonzaga|Gonzaga]] of [[Duchy of Mantua|Mantua]]; the [[Este]] of [[Duchy of Modena and Reggio|Modena]] and [[Duchy of Ferrara|Ferrara]].
In Germany, important ducial families were the [[House of Wittelsbach|Wittelsbachs]] in [[Bavaria]], the [[Welfs]] in [[Electorate of Hanover|Hannover]], the ducial family of [[Duchy of Cleves|Cleves]], the [[House of Wettin|Wettins]] in [[Saxony]] (with its [[Ernestine duchies|Ernestine branch]] divided into several duchies), the [[List of rulers of Württemberg|Württembergs]], the [[House of Mecklenburg|Mecklenburgs]] and finally of course also the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburgs]] in [[Austria]] as "Archdukes". In the German Confederation the [[House of Nassau|Nassaus]], the [[House of Ascania|Ascanians]] of [[Anhalt]], the Welf branch of [[Duchy of Brunswick|Brunswick]] and the Ernestine lines of the Saxon Duchies were the souvereign ducial families.
== Elsewhere in Europe ==
=== Nordic countries ===
* In [[Denmark]], the longest-surviving duchy being [[Schleswig]], i.e Sonderjylland (part of which later was transferred to Germany), its southern neighbour [[Holstein]] in personal union with the Danish crown was always a German principality; ultimately both ended up joint as the German federation's [[States of Germany|''Bundesland'']] of [[Schleswig-Holstein]].
** duchies of [[Laland]], [[Halland]], [[Jutland]], [[Reval]], and [[Osilia]].
* In [[Sweden]], medieval duchies of [[Finland]], [[Södermanland]], [[Skåne]], and [[Halland]], and in modern times almost every province.
=== Hungary ===
In the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] no ducal principalities existed but duchies were often formed for members of the dynasty as [[appanage]]. During the rule of the [[Arpads|Árpád dinasty]] dukes held territorial powers, some of them even minted coins, but later this title became more often nominal.
These duchies usually were
* the Duchy of Nitra
* the Duchy of Bihar
* the Duchy of [[Slavonia]], or whole Slavonia (consisted to be [[Slavonia]] and [[Croatia]]).
* the Duchy of [[Transylvania]] (consisted of the [[voivodship]] of Transylvania and some other counties)
In the Jagellonian era (1490-1526) only two dukes did not belong to the royal dynasty: [[John Corvin]] (the illegitimate son of [[Matthias Corvinus]]) and [[Lőrinc Újlaki]] (whose father was the king of [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnia]]), while both bore the title as royal dukes.
After the [[Battle of Mohács]] the Habsburg kings rewarded Hungarian aristocrats (like the [[Esterházy]]s) with princely titles, but they created these titles as Holy Roman Emperors, not as kings of Hungary.
=== Greece ===
As the Catholic crusaders overran orthodox parts of the Byzantine empire, they installed several [[crusader state]]s, some of which were of ducal rank:
* [[duchy of Athens]], to which [[duchy of Neopatras]] (in Thessaly) was later linked
* the Aegean insular [[duchy of Naxos]], more officially "Duchy of the Archipelago"
* [[duchy of Negroponte]], i.e. the Aegean island of [[Euboia]].
<!-- any source?? The Venetians styled their elected leaders in their main Greek community(/ies) Doge, according to model at home; Doge of [[Crete]] -->
Byzantines had used the title Dux, still a military office for them, also territory-specifically: Dux of [[Dyrrhachium]], Dux of [[Thrakesion]].
[[Palaiologos]] emperors, living under much more feudalized necessities, granted fiefs to some westerners: [[Duke of Leucadia]], [[Duke of Lemnos]].
Sometimes in Italy and other Western countries, the later Byzantine appanages were translated as duchies: [[Peloponnese]], [[Mistra]], [[Mesembria]], [[Selymbria]] and [[Thessalonike]]. However, as these had Greek holders, they were titled [[Archon]] ('magistrate') or [[Despotes]] (rather Prince of the blood).
After Greece's post-Ottoman independence as kingdom of the Hellenes, the style of [[Duke of Sparta]] was instituted as primogeniture for the royal heir, [[diadochos]], the crown prince of Greece.
=== Slavic countries ===
Generally, confusion reigns whether to translate the usual petty ruler titles, ''knyaz/ knez/ ksiaze'' etc. as Prince (analogous to the German Fürst) or as Duke;
* in splintered [[Poland]], also in (later ethnically German parts of) Silesia (later within the HRE), petty principalities generally ruled by branches of the earlier Polish [[Piast dynasty]] are regarded as duchies in translated titulary. Examples of such: [[Kujavia]], [[Masovia]], [[Sandomir]], [[Greater Poland]], [[Kalisz]] and [[Silesia]] (Lower Silesia and Upper Silesia), as well as various minor duchies, often short-lived and/or in personal union or merger, named after their capitals, mainly in the regions known as [[Little Poland]] and [[Greater Poland]], including (there are often also important Latin and/or German forms) [[Cracow]], [[Opole]], [[Ratibor]], [[Legnica]], [[Zator]], [[Leczyca]] and [[Sieradz]].
* In [[Pomerelia]] and [[Pomerania]] (inhabited by the Kashubians, different Slavic people from the Poles proper), branches of native ruling dynasties were usually recognized as dukes, quite similarly to the pattern in Poland.
* in [[Russia]], before the imperial unification from [[Muscovy]]; sometimes even as vassal, tributary to a Tartar [[Khan (title)|Khan]]; later, in Peter the Great's autocratic empire, the russification '''gertsog''' was used as the Russian rendering of the German ducal title ''Herzog'', especially as (the last) part of the full official style of the Russian Emperor: ''Gertsog Shlesvig-Golstinskiy, Stormarnskiy, Ditmarsenskiy i Oldenburgskiy i prochaya, i prochaya, i prochaya'' "Duke of Schleswig-Holstein [see above], [[Stormarn]], [[Dithmarschen]] and [[Oldenburg]], and of other lands", in chief of German and Danish territories to which the Tsar was dynastically linked.
=== Netherlands ===
After Belgium and the Netherlands separated in 1830, the title of duke didn't occur in the Netherlands anymore. There is, however, one exception; the title ''Hertog van Limburg'' (''Duke of Limburg'') still exists. This title, however, is an exclusive title for the head of state (the monarch, i.e. the king or queen of the Netherlands).
== Post-colonial non-European states ==
=== Brazilian empire ===
In this former Portuguese [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarve|kingdom]], after separation ruled by a branch of the Portuguese royal dynasty ([[House of Bragança]]), only three dukedoms were created, being its highest ranks for non-members of the imperial dynasty. Two of these titles were for relatives of D. [[Peter I of Brazil|Peter I]]: an illegitimate daughter and a [[Auguste de Beauharnais, 2nd Duke of Leuchtenberg|brother-in-law]] who received the title when married with D. Peter's daughter D. [[Mary II of Portugal|Mary II]]. The third, to the most important Brazilian military man, [[Luís Alves de Lima e Silva|de Lima e Silva]], was the only duke created during the [[Empire of Brazil|reign]] of D. [[Peter II of Brazil|Peter II]]. A fourth title was created for another illegitimate daughter of D. Peter I, but she died before receiving the title (and so it is often disconsidered). None of these titles were hereditary, just like every other title in the Brazilian nobility system.
=== Haiti ===
The royal [[Henri Christophe|Christophe]] dynasty created eight hereditary dukedoms, in rank directly below the nominal princes.
== Equivalents ==
{{main|Equivalents of Duke outside Europe}}
Like other major Western noble titles, Duke is sometimes used to render certain titles in non-western languages with their own traditions, even though they are as a rule etymologically and often historically unrelated and thus hard to compare, which are considered roughly equivalent, especially in hierarchic aristocracies such as feudal Japan, useful as an indication of relative rank.
== References ==
<references/>
{{Nofootnotes|date=September 2007}}
== Sources ==
*Lewis, Archibald R. "[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0038-7134%28197607%2951%3A3%3C381%3ATDITRF%3E2.0.CO%3B2-8 The Dukes in the Regnum Francorum, A.D. 550-751.]" ''Speculum'', Vol. 51, No 3 (July 1976), pp 381–410.
*[[Thomas Hodgkin (historian)|Hodgkin, Thomas]]. ''Italy and her Invaders''. Clarendon Press: 1895.
*Thompson, E. A. ''The Goths in Spain''. Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1969.
*[[Frank Stenton|Stenton, Sir Frank M.]] ''Anglo-Saxon England Third Edition''. Oxford University Press: 1971.
== See also ==
*[[List of Dukes in the Peerage of the United Kingdom]]
*[[List of dukes in the peerages of the British Isles]]
*[[Duchy of Amalfi]]
*[[Duchy of Gaeta]]
*[[Duchy of Naples]]
*[[Archduke]]
[[Category:Dukedoms|*]]
[[Category:Noble titles]]
[[Category:Peerage]]
[[Category:Feudalism]]
[[af:Hertog]]
[[als:Herzog]]
[[ar:دوق]]
[[bs:Vojvoda]]
[[ca:Duc]]
[[cs:Vévoda]]
[[da:Hertug]]
[[de:Herzog]]
[[et:Hertsog]]
[[es:Duque]]
[[eo:Duko]]
[[fa:دوک]]
[[fr:Duc]]
[[fy:Hartoch]]
[[ko:공작 (작위)]]
[[hr:Vojvoda]]
[[it:Duca]]
[[lv:Hercogs]]
[[li:Hertog]]
[[hu:Herceg]]
[[nl:Hertog]]
[[ja:公爵]]
[[no:Hertug]]
[[pl:Diuk]]
[[pt:Duque]]
[[ru:Герцог]]
[[simple:Duke]]
[[sk:Vojvoda]]
[[sl:Vojvoda]]
[[fi:Herttua]]
[[sv:Hertig]]
[[tr:Dük]]
[[uk:Герцог]]
[[ur:ڈیوک]]
[[zh:公爵]]