Dunedin 628345 222446289 2008-06-29T11:27:28Z Grutness 117878 /* Tertiary */ {{otheruses}} {{Infobox Settlement <!--See Template:Infobox Settlement for additional fields that may be available--> <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |name =Dunedin<!-- at least one of the first two fields must be filled in --> |official_name = |other_name = |native_name = Ōtepoti <small>([[Māori language|Māori]])</small> |nickname = |settlement_type =[[New Zealand urban area|Metropolitan Area]] <!-- e.g. Town, Village, City, etc.--> |total_type =Territorial <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = Location of Dunedin |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = New Zealand<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_map_caption = |pushpin_mapsize = <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]] |subdivision_name = {{NZ}} |subdivision_type1 = [[List of regions in New Zealand|Region]] |subdivision_name1 =[[Otago]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Territorial authority]] |subdivision_name2 = Dunedin City <!-- Smaller parts (e.g. boroughs of a city) and seat of government --> |seat_type = Electorates |seat = Dunedin North <br> Dunedin South |parts_type = |parts_style = <!-- =list (for list), coll (for collapsed list), para (for paragraph format) Default is list if up to 5 items, coll if more than 5--> |parts =<!-- parts text, or header for parts list --> |p1 = |p2 = |p3= |p4= |p5= |p6= |p7=<!-- etc. up to p50: for separate parts to be listed--> <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes =<ref name=mayor>[http://www.cityofdunedin.com/city/?page=profiles_chin Mayor Peter Chin<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |government_type = |leader_title =Mayor |leader_name =[[Peter Chin (mayor)|Peter Chin]] |established_title = Settled by the UK |established_date = 1848 |established_title1 = Incorporated <ref>[http://www.cityofdunedin.com/city/?page=archives_townbrd1 Dunedin Town Board<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |established_date1 = 1855 <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 =3314<!--Region--> <!-- ALL fields with measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Elevation --------------------------> |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |elevation_max_m = |elevation_max_ft = |elevation_min_m = |elevation_min_ft = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = (2006 Census) |population_footnotes =<ref>http://www.stats.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/C9A86DBD-5B34-402D-8947-7F705104026B/0/RegionalSummaryTablesTerritorialAuthority.xls</ref> |population_note = |population_total =118683 |population_urban = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =<!-- [[Demonym]] --> |population_blank2 = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[Time in New Zealand|NZST]] |utc_offset = +12 |timezone_DST = NZDT |utc_offset_DST = +13 |coor_type = |latd=45 |latm=52 |lats= |latNS=S |longd=170|longm=30 |longs= |longEW=E <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = Postcode <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = 03 |website = [http://www.cityofdunedin.com/ http://www.cityofdunedin.com/] |footnotes = |blank_name = |blank_info = }} '''Dunedin''' ({{pronEng|dəˈneɪdɪn}} {{audio2|En-nz-dunedin.ogg}}), ''Ōtepoti'' in Maori, is the second-largest city in the [[South Island]] of [[New Zealand]], and the principal city of the region of [[Otago]]. It is New Zealand's fifth largest city in population, the largest in size of council boundary area, and the hub of the fifth-largest urban area. For historical and cultural reasons and its location, Dunedin is considered one of the country's four main centres, although [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]] has overtaken it in urban-area population and [[Tauranga, New Zealand|Tauranga]] has the same urban-area population. The city stands on the hills and valleys surrounding the head of [[Otago Harbour]]. The harbour and hills are the remnants of an extinct volcano. It is the home of the [[University of Otago]]. == History == {{main|History of Dunedin}} === Māori settlements === Modern archaeology favours a date round 1100 AD for the first human (Māori) occupation of New Zealand with population concentrated along the south east coast.<ref>{{harv|Hamel|2001}}; {{harv|Anderson|Allingham|Smith|1996}}; {{harv|Anderson|1998}}</ref> A camp site at Kaikai's Beach, near [[Otago Heads]], has been dated from about that time.<ref>{{harv|Anderson|1983}}</ref> There are numerous Archaic (moa hunter) sites in what is now Dunedin, several of them large and permanently occupied, particularly in the fourteenth century.<ref>{{harv|Anderson|Allingham|Smith|1996}} & {{harv|Hamel|2001}}</ref> Population contracted but expanded again with the evolution of the Classic culture which saw the building of several [[pa (Maori)|pa]], fortified settlements, notably Pukekura at ([[Taiaroa Head]]), about 1650.<ref>{{harv|Anderson|1998}}</ref> There was a settlement in what is now central Dunedin (Ōtepoti) occupied as late as about 1785 but abandoned by 1826.<ref>Turton, Hanson 'Introductory' in {{harv|Bathgate|1890}}; {{harv|Entwisle|2005}}</ref> Maori tradition tells first of people called Kahui Tipua living in the area, then Te Rapuwai, semi-legendary but considered to be historical. The next arrivals were [[Waitaha]] followed by [[Kati Mamoe]] late in the sixteenth century and then [[Kai Tahu]] (''Ngai Tahu'' in modern standard [[Māori language|Māori]]) who arrived in the mid seventeenth century.<ref>{{harv|McLintock|1949}}</ref> These migration waves have often been represented as 'invasions' in European accounts but modern scholarship has cast doubt on that. They were probably migrations like those of the European which incidentally resulted in bloodshed.<ref>{{harv|Anderson|1983}} & {{harv|Anderson|1998}}</ref> The sealer John Boultbee recorded in the 1820s that the 'Kaika Otargo' (settlements around and near [[Otago Harbour]]) were the oldest and largest in the south.<ref>Boultbee, J in {{harv|Begg|Begg|1979}}</ref> === European settlement === Captain [[James Cook]] stood off what is now the coast of Dunedin between [[February 25]] and [[March 5]] [[1770]], naming [[Cape Saunders]] on the [[Otago Peninsula]] and Saddle Hill. He reported penguins and seals in the vicinity, which led sealers to visit from the beginning of the 19th century.<ref>Cook, James in {{harv|Beaglehole (ed)|1955-67}}</ref> The early years of sealing saw a feud between sealers and local Maori, from 1810-1823,[['The Sealers' War']] sparked by an incident on Otago Harbour, but [[William Tucker]] became the first European to settle in the area in 1815.<ref>{{harv|Entwisle|2005}}</ref> Permanent European occupation dates from 1831 when the [[Weller brothers]] founded their whaling station at Otago, modern [[Otakou]] on the Otago Harbour. Epidemics reduced the Maori population. By the late 1830s the harbour was an international whaling port. [[Johnny Jones (Pioneer)|Johnny Jones]] established a farming settlement and a mission station, the South Island's first, at [[Waikouaiti]] in 1840.<ref>{{harv|Entwisle|1998}}</ref> The Lay Association of the [[Free Church of Scotland (1843-1900)|Free Church of Scotland]] founded Dunedin at the head of Otago Harbour in 1848 as the principal town of its [[Scotland|Scottish]] settlement. The name comes from ''Dùn Èideann'', the [[Scottish Gaelic]] name for [[Edinburgh]], the Scottish capital.<ref>{{harv|McLintock|1949}}</ref> [[Charles Kettle]] the city's surveyor, instructed to emulate the characteristics of Edinburgh, produced a striking, 'Romantic' design.<ref>{{harv|Hocken|1898}}</ref> The result was both grand and quirky streets as the builders struggled and sometimes failed to construct his bold vision across the challenging landscape. Captain [[William Cargill]], a veteran of the war against Napoleon, was the secular leader. The Reverend [[Thomas Burns (New Zealand)|Thomas Burns]], a nephew of the poet [[Robert Burns]], was the spiritual guide. === Gold rush era === In 1852, Dunedin became the capital of the Otago Province, the whole of New Zealand from the [[Waitaki River|Waitaki]] south. In 1861 the discovery of gold at [[Gabriel's Gully]], to the southwest, led to a rapid influx of population and saw Dunedin become New Zealand's first city by growth of population in 1865. The new arrivals included many Irish, but also Italians, French, Germans, Jews and Chinese.<ref>{{harv|McLintock|1949}}; {{harv|McDonald|1965}}</ref> The Southern Cemetery was established in 1858, the Northern Cemetery in 1872.<ref>{{cite web|last=Betteridge|first=Chris|title=Landscapes of Memory – breathing new life into old cemeteries|url=http://www.historic.org.nz/aboutus/OtagoBranch/gfx/Lawson%20Lecture%202004.pdf|date=[[28 July]] [[2004]]|page=p.2|work=NZ Historic Places Trust|format=PDF|accessdate=2008-05-14}}</ref> [[Image:Dunedin Railway Station2.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Dunedin Railway Station, built in 1906.]] [[Image:New Zealand-Dunedin-Railway Station-Panorama.png|right|thumb|250px|360° Panorama: Railway Station from inside.]] Dunedin and the region industrialised and consolidated, and the [[Main South Line]] connected the city with [[Christchurch]] in 1878 and Invercargill in 1879. The [[University of Otago]], the oldest university in New Zealand, was founded in Dunedin in [[1869]].<ref>{{harv|Morrell|1969}}</ref> [[Otago Girls' High School]] (1871) is said to be the oldest state secondary school for girls in the Southern Hemisphere. Between 1881 and [[1957]], Dunedin was home to [[Dunedin cable tramway system|cable trams]], being both one of the first and last such systems in the world. Early in the 1880s the inauguration of the frozen meat industry, with the first shipment leaving from [[Port Chalmers]] in [[1882]], saw the beginning of a later great national industry.<ref>{{harv|McLintock|1951}}</ref> After ten years of gold rushes the economy slowed but [[Julius Vogel]]'s immigration and development scheme brought thousands more especially to Dunedin and Otago before recession set in again in the 1880s. In these first times of prosperity many institutions and businesses were established, New Zealand's first daily newspaper, art school, medical school and public art gallery [[Dunedin Public Art Gallery]] among them.<ref>{{harv|McLintock|1949}}; {{harv|McDonald|1965}}; {{harv|Entwisle|1984}}</ref> There was also a remarkable architectural flowering producing many substantial and ornamental buildings. [[R.A. Lawson]]'s [[First Church, Dunedin|First Church of Otago]] and Knox Church are notable examples, as are buildings by [[Maxwell Bury]] and [[Francis Petre|F.W. Petre]]. The other visual arts also flourished under the leadership of [[W.M. Hodgkins]].<ref>{{harv|Entwisle|1984}}</ref> The city's landscape and burgeoning townscape were vividly portrayed by [[George O'Brien 1821-1888]].<ref>{{harv|Collins|Entwisle|1986}}</ref> From the mid 1890s the economy revived. Institutions such as the [[Otago Settlers Museum]] and the [[Hocken Collections]] – the first of their kind in New Zealand – were founded. More notable buildings such as the [[Railway Station]] and [[Olveston (house)|Olveston]] were erected. New energy in the visual arts represented by [[G.P. Nerli]] culminated in the career of [[Frances Hodgkins]].<ref>{{harv|McCormick|1954}}; {{harv|Entwisle|1984}}; {{harv|Entwisle|Dunn|Collins|1988}}; {{harv|Dunn|2005}}</ref> === Early Modern era === By 1900, Dunedin was no longer the country's biggest city. Influence and activity moved north to the other centres ("the drift north"), a trend which continued for much of the following century. Despite this, the university continued to expand, and a student quarter became established. At the same time people started to notice Dunedin's mellowing, the ageing of its grand old buildings, with writers like E.H. McCormick pointing out its atmospheric charm.<ref>{{harv|McCormick|1959}}</ref> In the 1930s and early 1940s a new generation of artists such as [[Toss Woollaston|M.T. (Toss) Woollaston]], [[Doris Lusk]], Anne Hamblett, [[Colin McCahon]] and [[Patrick Hayman]] once again represented the best of the country's talent. The Second World War saw the dispersal of these painters, but not before McCahon had met a very youthful poet, [[James K. Baxter]], in a central city studio. === Post War developments === [[Image:Dunedinbotgardens.jpg|right|thumb|225px|The Dunedin Botanic Garden]] [[Image:Baldwin Street.jpg|right|thumb|150px|[[Baldwin Street]]]] After [[World War II]], prosperity and population growth revived, although Dunedin trailed as the fourth 'main centre'. A generation reacting against Victorianism started demolishing its buildings, and many were lost, notably the Stock Exchange in 1969. Although the university continued to expand, the city's population growth slowed and then contracted, notably from 1976 to 1981. This was, however, a culturally vibrant time with the university's new privately endowed arts fellowships, bringing such luminaries as [[James K Baxter]], [[Ralph Hotere]], [[Janet Frame]], and [[Hone Tuwhare]] to the city. During the 1980s the city's popular music scene blossomed, with many acts, such as [[The Chills]], [[The Clean]], [[The Verlaines]], and [[Straitjacket Fits]], gaining national and international recognition. The term "The [[Dunedin Sound]]" was coined to describe the 1960s-influenced guitar-led music which came out of the city at this time. The music scene continues to thrive today, with bands and musicians playing and recording in many styles, from electronica to reggae to folk. By 1990, population decline had steadied and Dunedin had re-invented itself as a 'heritage city' with its main streets refurbished in Victorian style<ref name="heritage buildings">[http://www.cityofdunedin.com/city/?page=feat_heritagehousing Dunedin City council page]</ref> and R.A. Lawson's Municipal Chambers in [[the Octagon, Dunedin|the Octagon]] handsomely restored. It was also recognised as a centre of excellence in tertiary education and research. The university and polytechnic's growth accelerated. The city has continued to refurbish itself, embarking on major developments and redevelopments of the art gallery, railway station, and Otago Settlers Museum. Dunedin has flourishing niche industries including engineering, software engineering, bio-technology and fashion. [[Port Chalmers]] on [[Otago Harbour]] provides Dunedin with deep-water port facilities. The port is served by the [[Port Chalmers Branch]], a [[branch line]] [[railway]] that diverges from the [[Main South Line]] that runs from [[Christchurch, New Zealand|Christchurch]] via Dunedin to [[Invercargill]]. The cityscape glitters with gems of Victorian and Edwardian architecture - the legacy of the city's gold-rush affluence - many including First Church, [[Otago Boys High School]] and [[Larnach Castle]] are designed by one of New Zealand's most eminent architects [[Robert Lawson (architect)|R A Lawson]]. Other prominent buildings include Olveston and [[Dunedin Railway Station]]. Other attractions include [[Baldwin Street, Dunedin|Baldwin Street]], the world's steepest street; the famous Captain Cook Tavern; and the local [[Speight's]] brewery. Dunedin is also notable now as centre for [[ecotourism]]. Uniquely, the world's only mainland [[Northern Royal Albatross|Royal Albatross]] colony and several [[penguin]] and [[pinniped|seal]] colonies lie within the city boundaries on [[Otago Peninsula]]. To the south, on the western side of [[Lake Waihola]], lie the [[Sinclair Wetlands]]. The thriving tertiary student population has led to a vibrant youth culture (so named 'Scarfies'), consisting of the before mentioned music scene, and more recently a burgeoning boutique fashion industry.<ref name="thread" >[http://www.thread.co.nz/article/723?PHPSESSID=ee693624acdeb386541e37a5104a8c62 Thread fashion magazine article]</ref><ref name="Fashionherald">[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/category/story.cfm?c_id=151&objectid=10495751 New Zealand Herald article]</ref> A strong visual arts community also lives in Dunedin and its environs, notably in [[Port Chalmers]] and the other settlements which dot the coast of the [[Otago Harbour]], and also in communities such as [[Waitati]]. [[Image:St Clair Beach, Dunedin, New Zealand.jpg|225px|thumb|right|St Clair Beach, Dunedin.]] Sport is catered for in Dunedin by the floodlit [[Rugby Union|rugby]] and [[cricket]] venue of [[Carisbrook (stadium)|Carisbrook]], the New Caledonian Ground [[soccer]] and [[athletics (track and field)|athletics]] stadium near the University at [[Logan Park, Dunedin|Logan Park]], the large [[Edgar Centre]] indoor sports centre, the [[University Oval]] cricket ground, and numerous [[golf]] courses and parks. There are also [[Forbury Park]] [[horseracing]] circuit in the south of the city and several others within a few kilometres. St Clair Beach is a well-known [[surfing]] venue. Dunedin has four public swimming pools: [[Moana Pool]], Port Chalmers Pool, Mosgiel, and St Clair Salt Water Pool. == Geography == [[Image:Dunedin Otago Peninsula Harbour.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Dunedin (grey area to lower left) sits close to the isthmus of the [[Otago Peninsula]], at the end of [[Otago Harbour]].]] Dunedin City has a land area of {{convert|3314.8|km2|sqmi|1|lk=on}}, slightly larger than the [[United States|American]] state of [[Rhode Island]] or the [[England|English]] county of [[Cambridgeshire]], and a little smaller than [[Cornwall]]. It is the largest city in land area in [[New Zealand]]. The Dunedin City Council boundaries since 1989 have extended to [[Middlemarch, New Zealand|Middlemarch]] in the west, [[Waikouaiti]] in the north, the [[Pacific Ocean]] in the east and south-east, and the Waipori/Taieri River and the township of [[Henley, New Zealand|Henley]] in the south-west. Dunedin is the most remote city in the world from [[London]] at {{convert|19100|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} ({{convert|90|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} more than [[Invercargill]], and {{convert|100|km|mi|-0|abbr=on}} more than [[Christchurch]]), and from [[Berlin]] at {{convert|18200|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}}. Its [[antipodes]] are some {{convert|300|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} north of the [[Spain|Spanish]] city of [[La Coruña]], in the [[Bay of Biscay]]. ===Inner city=== The heart of the city lies on the relatively flat land to the west of the head of the [[Otago Harbour]]. Here is [[The Octagon, Dunedin|The Octagon]] - once a gully, it was filled in the mid nineteenth century to create the present plaza. The initial settlement of the city took place to the south on the other side of Bell Hill, a large outcrop which had to be reduced in order to provide easy access between the two parts of the settlement. The central city stretches away from this point in a largely northeast-southwest direction, with the main streets of [[George Street, Dunedin|George Street]] and Princes Street meeting at The Octagon. Here they are joined by [[Stuart Street, Dunedin|Stuart Street]], which runs orthogonal to them, from the [[Dunedin Railway Station]] in the southeast, and steeply up to the suburb of Roslyn in the northwest. Many of the older, more established buildings in the city are located in the southern part of this area and on the inner ring of lower hills which surround the central city (most of these hills, such as Maori Hill, Pine Hill, and Maryhill, rise to some {{convert|200|m|ft|-1}} above the plain). Dunedin is home to [[Baldwin Street, Dunedin|Baldwin Street]], which, according to the ''[[Guinness Book of Records]]'', is the steepest street in the world. Its gradient is 1 in 2.9.<ref>{{cite web|title=Steepest Streets in Dunedin|url=http://www.cityofdunedin.com/city/?page=roading_steep_street|publisher=Dunedin City Council|accessdate=2008-05-16}}</ref> The long since abandoned Maryhill [[Cable car (railway)|Cablecar]] route had a similar gradient close to its Mornington depot. Beyond the inner range of hills lie Dunedin's outer suburbs, notably to the northwest, beyond Roslyn. This direction contains Taieri Road and Three Mile Hill, which between them formed the original road route to the [[Taieri Plains]]. The modern [[State Highway 1 (New Zealand)|State Highway 1]] follows a different route, passing through Caversham in the west and out past Saddle Hill. Lying between Saddle Hill and Caversham are the outer suburbs of [[Green Island, New Zealand|Green Island and Abbotsford]]. Between Green Island and Roslyn lies the steep-sided valley of the [[Kaikorai Stream]], which is today a residential and light industrial area. Suburban settlements – mostly regarded as separate townships – also lie along both edges of the Otago Harbour. Notable among these are [[Portobello, New Zealand|Portobello]] and [[Macandrew Bay, New Zealand|Macandrew Bay]], on the [[Otago Peninsula]] coast, and [[Port Chalmers]] on the opposite side of the harbour. Port Chalmers provides Dunedin's main deep-water port, including the city's [[container port]]. The Dunedin skyline is dominated by a ring of (traditionally seven) hills which form the remnants of a volcanic crater. Notable among them are [[Mount Cargill]] ({{convert|700|m|ft|-1|abbr=on|disp=/}}), [[Flagstaff, New Zealand|Flagstaff]] ({{convert|680|m|ft|-1|abbr=on|disp=/}}), Saddle Hill ({{convert|480|m|ft|-1|abbr=on|disp=/}}), [[Signal Hill, New Zealand|Signal Hill]] ({{convert|390|m|ft|-1|abbr=on|disp=/}}), and Harbour Cone ({{convert|320|m|ft|-1|abbr=on|disp=/}})<ref>{{harv|Dann|Peat|1989}}</ref>. ===Hinterland=== The hinterland within Dunedin city encompasses a variety of different landforms. To the southwest lie the [[Taieri Plains]], the broad, fertile lowland floodplains of the [[Taieri River]] and its major tributary the [[Waipori River|Waipori]]. These are moderately heavily settled, and contain the towns of [[Mosgiel, New Zealand|Mosgiel]], [[East Taieri]], and [[Allanton, New Zealand|Allanton]]<ref>{{harv|Dann|Peat|1989}}</ref>. They are separated from the coast by a range of low hills rising to some {{convert|300|m|ft|-1}}. Inland from the Taieri Plain is rough hill country. Close to the plain, much of this is forested, notably around [[Berwick, New Zealand|Berwick]] and [[Lake Mahinerangi]], and also around the [[Silverpeaks]] Range which lies northwest of the Dunedin urban area<ref>{{harv|Bishop|Hamel|1993}}</ref>. Beyond this, the land becomes drier and opens out into grass and [[tussock grass|tussock]]-covered land. A high, broad valley, the [[Strath-Taieri]] lies in Dunedin's far northwest, containing the town of [[Middlemarch, New Zealand|Middlemarch]], one of the area's few concentrations of population. To the north of the city's urban area is undulating hill country containing several small, mainly coastal, settlements, including [[Waitati]], [[Warrington, New Zealand|Warrington]], [[Seacliff]] and [[Waikouaiti]]. [[State Highway 1 (New Zealand)|State Highway 1]] winds steeply through a series of hills here, notably the [[Kilmog]] <ref>{{harv|Dann|Peat|1989}}</ref>. These hills can be considered a coastal extension of the Silverpeaks Range. To the east, Dunedin City includes the entirety of the [[Otago Peninsula]], a long finger of land that formed the southeastern rim of the Dunedin Volcano<ref>{{harv|Dann|Peat|1989}}</ref>. The peninsula is lightly settled, almost entirely along the harbour coast, and much of it is maintained as a natural habitat by the [[Otago Peninsula Trust]]. The peninsula contains several fine beaches, and is home to a considerable number of rare species, such as [[penguin]]s, [[pinniped|seals]], and [[shag (bird)|shags]]. Most importantly, it contains the world's only mainland breeding colony of [[Royal Albatross]], at [[Taiaroa Head]] on the peninsula's northeastern point. === List of suburbs === {{for|information on individual suburbs|Suburbs of Dunedin}} '''Inner suburbs''' ''(clockwise from the city centre, starting at due north)''<br/> Woodhaugh; Glenleith; Ross Creek; Dalmore; Pine Hill; Mt Cargill; Normanby; Mt Mera; North East Valley; Opoho; Dunedin North; Ravensbourne; Highcliff; Shiel Hill; Waverley; Vauxhall; Ocean Grove (Tomahawk); Tainui; Andersons Bay; Musselburgh; South Dunedin; St Kilda; St Clair; Corstorphine; Kew; Forbury; Caversham; Concord; Maryhill; Mornington; Kaikorai Valley; Belleknowes; Roslyn; Kaikorai; Wakari; Maori Hill; Anderson's Bay; Halfway Bush; Fernhill; Kenmure. '''Outer suburbs''' ''(clockwise from the city centre, starting at due north)''<br/> Burkes; St. Leonards; Broad Bay; Company Bay; [[Macandrew Bay, New Zealand|Macandrew Bay]]; Burnside; [[Green Island, New Zealand#Green Island suburb|Green Island]]; Waldronville; Saddle Hill; [[Green Island, New Zealand#Sunnyvale|Sunnyvale]]; Fairfield; [[Green Island, New Zealand#Abbotsford|Abbotsford]]; Bradford; Glenross; Brockville; Halfway Bush; Helensburgh. ==== Towns within city limits ==== ''(clockwise from the city centre, starting at due north)''<br/> [[Waitati]]; [[Waikouaiti]]; [[Karitane]]; [[Seacliff]]; [[Warrington, New Zealand|Warrington]]; [[Purakanui]]; [[Long Beach, New Zealand|Long Beach]]; [[Aramoana]]; [[Deborah Bay]]; [[Carey's Bay]]; [[Port Chalmers]]; [[Suburbs of Dunedin, New Zealand#Roseneath and Sawyers Bay|Sawyers Bay]]; [[Suburbs of Dunedin, New Zealand#Roseneath and Sawyers Bay|Roseneath]]; [[Otakou]]; [[Portobello, New Zealand|Portobello]]; [[Brighton, New Zealand|Brighton]]; [[Taieri Mouth, New Zealand|Taieri Mouth]]; [[Henley, New Zealand|Henley]]; [[Allanton, New Zealand|Allanton]]; [[East Taieri]]; [[Momona]]; [[Outram, New Zealand|Outram]]; [[Mosgiel, New Zealand|Mosgiel]]; [[West Taieri]]; [[Waipori]]; [[Middlemarch, New Zealand|Middlemarch]]; [[Hyde, New Zealand|Hyde]]. Technically, since local council reorganisation in the late 1980s, these are suburbs, but it is rare for Dunedinites to describe these places as suburbs. {{Fact|date=May 2008}} They are usually regarded locally as towns or townships, and none has the usual qualities associated with suburbs. All are separated by a considerable distance of open countryside from the central Dunedin urban area. === Climate === The climate of Dunedin in general is temperate, however the city is recognised as having a large number of microclimates and the weather conditions often vary between suburbs mostly due to the city's topographical layout. It is also greatly modified by its proximity to the ocean. This leads to warm summers and cool winters. Winter can be frosty, but significant snowfall is uncommon (perhaps every two or three years), except in the inland hill suburbs such as Halfway Bush and Wakari, which tend to receive a few days of snowfall each year. Spring can feature "four seasons in a day" weather, but from November to April it is generally settled and mild. Temperatures during summer can top {{convert|30|C|F|0|lk=on}}, but temperatures in the high 30s are rare. Dunedin has relatively low rainfall in comparison to many of New Zealand's cities, with only some {{convert|750|mm|in|0}} recorded per year. Despite this fact it is regarded by many as a damp city, probably due to its rainfall occurring in drizzle over a larger number of days (northern centres such as Auckland and Wellington receive more rain overall through heavy downpours on relatively fewer days). Dunedin is one of the cloudiest centres in the country, recording approximately 1650 hours of bright sunshine per annum <ref>Lambert, M. (ed.) (1988) ''Air New Zealand almanac''. Wellington, NZ: New Zealand Press Association, p. 394-5. Long-term average, 1951-1980.</ref> Prevailing winds in the city come from two directions, with cool, damp southerlies tending to alternate with warmer, dry [[Nor'west arch|Foehn winds from the northwest]]. The circle of hills surrounding the inner city shelters the inner city from much of Otago's prevailing weather, often resulting in the main urban area having completely different weather conditions to the rest of Otago. Inland, beyond the heart of the city, the climate is sub-continental: winters are quite cold and dry, summers hot and dry. Thick freezing ground fogs are common in winter in the upper reaches of the [[Taieri River]]'s course around [[Middlemarch, New Zealand|Middlemarch]], and in summer the temperature frequently reaches into the mid-30s Celsius. {{-}} <!--Infobox begins-->{{Infobox Weather |metric_first= Yes |single_line= Yes |location =Dunedin |Jan_Hi_°C =18.9 |Feb_Hi_°C =18.9 |Mar_Hi_°C =17.5 |Apr_Hi_°C =15.3 |May_Hi_°C =12.6 |Jun_Hi_°C =10.4 |Jul_Hi_°C =10.0 |Aug_Hi_°C =11.1 |Sep_Hi_°C =13.2 |Oct_Hi_°C =14.9 |Nov_Hi_°C =16.3 |Dec_Hi_°C =17.5 |Year_Hi_°C =14.7 |Jan_Lo_°C =11.3 |Feb_Lo_°C =11.2 |Mar_Lo_°C =10.2 |Apr_Lo_°C =8.0 |May_Lo_°C =5.7 |Jun_Lo_°C =3.6 |Jul_Lo_°C =3.0 |Aug_Lo_°C =3.9 |Sep_Lo_°C =5.5 |Oct_Lo_°C =7.1 |Nov_Lo_°C =8.5 |Dec_Lo_°C =10.3 |Year_Lo_°C =7.4 |Jan_Precip_mm = 72.9 |Feb_Precip_mm = 58.7 |Mar_Precip_mm = 70.2 |Apr_Precip_mm = 61.6 |May_Precip_mm = 67.1 |Jun_Precip_mm = 68.1 |Jul_Precip_mm = 60.8 |Aug_Precip_mm = 55.2 |Sep_Precip_mm = 47.8 |Oct_Precip_mm = 63.7 |Nov_Precip_mm = 66.9 |Dec_Precip_mm = 75.8 |Year_Precip_mm = 768.8 |source = NIWA CliFlo data Musselburgh<ref name="cliflo">{{cite web |url = http://cliflo.niwa.co.nz/ | title = CliFlo data Musselburgh (5402, 15752)|work =[[National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research|NIWA]]||accessdate=2007-10-15}}</ref> |accessdate = 1947-02-01 to [[2007-09-30]] }}<!--Infobox ends--> == Transport == {{seealso|Public transport in Dunedin}} Dunedin features the world's most southern [[motorway]], the ten-kilometre (6.2&nbsp;mi) section of [[New Zealand State Highway network|State Highway One]] (SH1) from the centre of the city towards the southern suburb of [[Mosgiel, New Zealand|Mosgiel]]. Dunedin is the northeastern terminus of the [[Southern Scenic Route]] tourist highway to [[The Catlins]], [[Invercargill]] and [[Fiordland]]. Although Dunedin's [[Dunedin Railway Station|railway station]], once the nation's busiest, is no longer served by regular commercial passenger trains, it is used by local tourist services. The most prominent of these is the Taieri Gorge Limited, a popular and famous train operated daily by the [[Taieri Gorge Railway]] along the former [[Otago Central Railway]] through the scenic [[Taieri Gorge]]. Taieri Gorge Railway also operates to [[Palmerston, New Zealand|Palmerston]] once weekly. The station is also sometimes visited by excursions organised by other heritage railway societies, and by trains chartered by cruise ships docking at Port Chalmers. [[Dunedin International Airport]] is located southwest of the city on the [[Taieri Plains]] at [[Momona]]. It is primarily a domestic terminal, with regular flights to and from [[Auckland]], [[Christchurch]], [[Wellington]], [[Rotorua]], [[Palmerston North]], and seasonal flights to and from [[Queenstown, New Zealand|Queenstown]], [[Wanaka]], and [[Fiordland]], but it also has regular international flights arriving from and departing to [[Sydney]], [[Brisbane]], [[Melbourne]], and [[Coolangatta]]. == Media == ===Print=== Local media in Dunedin include the daily [[newspaper]], The ''[[Otago Daily Times]]'', which is the country's oldest daily newspaper and is part of the [[Allied Press]] group of newspapers. Allied Press also produces a free weekly community newspaper, ''The Star''. There are several other local weekly and bi-weekly [[community newspaper]]s, including [[Fairfax Media]]'s ''[[Taieri Herald]]'' in [[Mosgiel]], and ''[[D Scene]]'' published in association with the ''[[Ashburton Guardian]]''. ===Radio and TV=== There are numerous local radio stations, among them [[MediaWorks]]' local station [[Radio Dunedin]] and the University's station, [[Radio One (New Zealand)|Radio One]]. Dunedin has one locally-run television station, [[Channel 9 (New Zealand)|Channel 9]], part of the [[Allied Press]] group. == Panoramas == {{wide image|Dunedin Panorama.jpg|800px|180° view of Dunedin shot from the hills on the west. Mount Cargill is at the extreme left of picture, and the Otago Peninsula is beyond the harbour to the centre}} {{wide image|Mount Cargill 2.jpg|800px|A panorama from just east of the summit of Mount Cargill. The harbour runs from its entrance near the centre to the city centre on the right, the peninsula beyond. The base of a television mast is at the extreme left and right edges}} {{wide image|Mount Cargill.jpg|800px|The view from the summit of Mount Cargill. The base of a television mast can be seen on the left, with the harbour and the peninsula beyond. The city centre is in the middle}} {{wide image|Flagstaff Hill.jpg|800px|The view from the summit of Flagstaff Hill. The city centre is on the right, and Mosgiel on the left. Mount Cargill is slightly right of centre}} {{wide image|Dunedin_pano_from_signal_hill.jpg|800px|The view from the summit of Signal Hill. Dunedin CBD can be clearly seen in the center of the image. The Otago Peninsula stretches out to the left}} == Notable people== {{Main|Notable people from Dunedin}} == Events == === Annual events === * January - [http://www.whareflat.co.nz/ Whare Flat Folk Festival] ends * January - [http://www.dunedin-tourism.co.nz/sfos/ Southern Festival of Speed] classic car road-race * February - New Zealand Masters Games (Biennial event) * February - University of Otago & Otago Polytechnic Orientation Weeks * February - Dunedin Summer Festival * March - [http://www.id-dunedinfashion.com Id Dunedin] Fashion Show * May - Capping Week (University of Otago) * May - Dunedin Film Festival * May - [http://www.otagorally.co.nz Otago Rally] * May - [[Regent Theatre, Dunedin|Regent Theatre 24-hour book sale]] (reputedly the southern hemisphere's largest regularly-held second-hand book sale) [http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/CU0505/S00062.htm] * July - [http://www.scifest.org.nz New Zealand International Science Festival] (every second year) * July - Gay Pride Month * July - Taste Otago Dunedin Food and Wine Festival * July - [http://www.chocolatecarnival.co.nz Cadbury Chocolate Carnival] * July - [http://www.enzedff.co.nz International Film Festival] * September - Samstock Music Festival * October - [http://www.otagofestival.co.nz/ Otago Festival of the Arts] (and Fringe Festival) - every second year (even numbered years) * October - [[Rhododendron]] Week * December - [[Santa Parade]] * December - [http://www.whareflat.co.nz/ Whare Flat Folk Festival] begins * December - New Years Eve Party Octagon === Past events === * [[1865]] - [[New Zealand Exhibition (1865)]] * [[1889]] - [[New Zealand and South Seas Exhibition (1889)]] * [[1898]] - [[Otago Jubilee Industrial Exhibition (1898)]] * [[1925]] - [[New Zealand and South Seas International Exhibition (1925)]] == Notable buildings and landmarks == * [[Dunedin Railway Station]] * [[Larnach Castle]] * [[Cargill's Castle]] * [[Moana Pool]] * [[Cadbury World, Dunedin|Cadbury World]] * [[Olveston (house)|Olveston]] * [[Speight's|Speight's Brewery]] * [[Carisbrook]] * [[Otago Boys' High School]] * [[University of Otago Registry Building]] * [[Regent Theatre, Dunedin|Regent Theatre]] * [[Fortune Theatre (New Zealand)|Fortune Theatre]] * [[Dunedin Municipal Chambers|Municipal Chambers]] * [[Allied Press|Allied Press Building]] * [[Dunedin Public Hospital]] * [[Meridian Mall, Dunedin|Meridian Mall]] * [[The Octagon, Dunedin|The Octagon]] === Museums, art galleries, and libraries === * [[Otago Museum]] * [[Otago Settlers Museum]] * [[Dunedin Public Art Gallery]] * [[Dunedin Public Libraries]] * [[Hocken Library]] === Churches === * [[St. Paul's Cathedral, Dunedin|St. Paul's Cathedral]] * [[Robert Lawson (architect)#First Church.2C Dunedin 1862|First Church]] * [[Knox Church, Dunedin|Knox Church]] * [[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Dunedin|St. Joseph's Cathedral]] * [[Kaikorai Presbyterian Church]] * [[Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Dunedin|Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] * [[Hanover Street Baptist Church, Dunedin|Hanover Street Baptist Church]] &mdash; now [[Monkey Bar, Dunedin|the Monkey Bar]] * Trinity Wesleyan Church &mdash; now [[Fortune Theatre (New Zealand)|the Fortune Theatre]] === Places of education === ==== Tertiary ==== * [[University of Otago]] * [[Otago Polytechnic]] * [[Aoraki Polytechnic]] (Dunedin campus) * [[Dunedin College of Education]] * [[Dunedin Community College]] ==== Secondary ==== * [[Otago Boys High School]] * [[Otago Girls High School]] * [[Columba College]] * [[St. Hilda's Collegiate School]] * [[John McGlashan College]] * [[Kavanagh College]] * [[Bayfield High School, Dunedin|Bayfield High School]] * [[Logan Park High School]] * [[Kaikorai Valley College]] * [[King's High School, Dunedin|King's High School]] * [[Queen's High School, Dunedin|Queen's High School]] * [[Taieri College]] {{for|a list of schools below secondary level|List of schools in Dunedin}} == Sport == ===Major teams=== * [[Highlanders (rugby)|The Highlanders]] - [[Super 14]] rugby team * [[Otago Rugby Football Union]] - [[Air New Zealand Cup]] rugby * [[Otago Volts]] and [[Otago Sparks]] - men's and women's [[cricket]] teams * [[Otago Rebels]] - [[The National Bank Cup]] [[netball]] team * [[Otago United]] - [[football (soccer)]] team in the [[New Zealand Football Championship]] * [[Otago Nuggets]] - [[National Basketball League (New Zealand)|National Basketball League]] [[basketball]] team ===Major grounds and stadia=== *[[Carisbrook]] *[[University Oval]] *[[The Edgar Centre]] *[[Dunedin Stadium]] *[[Logan Park, Dunedin|Logan Park]] == Twinning == Dunedin is [[Town twinning|twinned]] with several cities throughout the world. These include: {| | valign="top" | * {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Edinburgh]]''', [[United Kingdom]] * {{flagicon|Japan}} '''[[Otaru]]''', [[Japan]] * {{flagicon|China}} '''[[Shanghai]]''', [[People's Republic of China]] * {{flagicon|USA}} '''[[Portsmouth, Virginia|Portsmouth]]''', [[Virginia]], [[United States]] |} == Trivia == {{Trivia|date=May 2008}} * Dunedin was the city in which [[Speights]] beer was first brewed. * In the [[H. P. Lovecraft]] horror classic ''[[The Call of Cthulhu]]'', the evil cult expedition into the Pacific to awaken the dark god Cthulhu sets out from Dunedin. == Further reading == * Herd, J. & Griffiths, G. J. (1980). ''Discovering Dunedin''. Dunedin: John McIndoe. ISBN 0-86868-030-3. * Smallfield, J. & Heenan, B. (2006) ''Above the belt: A history of the suburb of Maori Hill''. Dunedin: Maori Hill History Charitable Trust. ISBN 1-877139-98-X. ==Notes == {{reflist}} ==References== <div class="references-small"> *{{Citation | last =Anderson | first =Atholl | year =1983 | title =When All the Moa-Ovens Grew Cold : nine centuries of changing fortune for the southern Maori | publication-place =Dunedin, NZ | publisher =Otago Heritage Books }} *{{Citation | last =Anderson | first =Atholl | year =1998 | title =The Welcome of Strangers : an ethnohistory of southern Maori A.D. 1650-1850 | publication-place =Dunedin, NZ | publisher =University of Otago Press with Dunedin City Council | isbn = 1-877133-41-8 pb}} *{{Citation | last1 =Anderson | first1 =Atholl | last2 =Allingham | first2 =Brian | last3 =Smith | first3 =Ian W G | year =1996| title =Shag River Mouth : the archaeology of an early southern Maori village | publication-place =Canberra, Australia | publisher =Australian National University | isbn = 0-7315-0342-1 | oclc =34751263}} *{{Citation | last =Bathgate | first =Alexander (ed) | year =1890 | title =Picturesque Dunedin | publication-place =Dunedin, NZ | publisher =Mills, Dick & Co. | oclc =154535977}} *{{Citation | last =Beaglehole | first =J C (ed) | year =1955-67 | title =The Journals of Captain James Cook | publication-place =London, UK | publisher =The Hakluyt Society }} *{{Citation | last1 =Begg | first1 =A Charles | last2=Begg | first2 =Neil Colquhoun | year =1979 | title =The world of John Boultbee : including an account of sealing in Australia and New Zealand | publication-place =Christchurch, NZ | publisher =Whitcoulls | isbn =0723306044 }} *{{Citation | last1 =Bishop | first1 =Graham | last2 =Hamel | first2 =Antony | year =1993| title =From sea to silver peaks | publication-place =Dunedin | publisher =John McIndoe | isbn = 0-86868-149-0}} *{{Citation | last1 =Collins | first1 =Roger | last2 =Entwisle | first2 =Peter | year =1986 | title =Pavilioned in Splendour, George O'Brien's Vision of Colonial New Zealand | publication-place =Dunedin, NZ | publisher =Dunedin Public Art Gallery | isbn =ISBN 0-9597758-1-1 }} *{{Citation | last1 =Dann | first1 =Christine | last2 =Peat | first2 =Neville | year =1989| title =Dunedin, North and South Otago | publication-place =Wellington | publisher =GP Books | isbn = 0-477-01438-0}} *{{Citation | last =Dunn | first =Michael | year =2005 | title =Nerli an Italian Painter in the South Pacific | publisher =Auckland University Press. | isbn =1-86940-335-5 }} *{{Citation | last =Entwisle | first =Peter | year =1984 | title =William Mathew Hodgkins & his Circle | publication-place =Dunedin, NZ | publisher =Dunedin Public Art Gallery | isbn =0-473-00263-0 }} *{{Citation | last =Entwisle | first =Peter | year =1998 | title =Behold the Moon, the European Occupation of the Dunedin District 1770-1848 | publication-place =Dunedin, NZ | publisher =Port Daniel Press. | isbn =0-473-05591-0 }} *{{Citation | last =Entwisle | first =Peter | year =2005 | title =Taka, a Vignette Life of William Tucker 1784-1817 | publication-place =Dunedin, NZ | publisher =Port Daniel Press. | isbn =0-473-10098-3 }} *{{Citation | last1 =Entwisle | first1 =Peter | last2 =Dunn | first2 =Michael | last3 =Collins | first3 =Roger | year =1988 | title =Nerli An Exhibition of Paintings & Drawings | publication-place =Dunedin, NZ | publisher =Dunedin Public Art Gallery | isbn =0-9597758-4-6 }} *{{Citation | last =Hamel | first =J | year =2001 | title =The Archaeology of Otago | publication-place =Wellington, NZ | publisher =Department of Conservation | isbn = 0-478-22016-2}} *{{Citation | last =Hocken | first =Thomas Moreland | year =1898 | title =Contributions to the Early History of New Zealand (Settlement of Otago) | publication-place =London, UK | publisher =Sampson Low, Marston and Company | oclc =3804372 }} *{{Citation | last =McCormick | first =E H | year =1954 | title =The Expatriate, a Study of Frances Hodgkins | publication-place =Wellington, NZ | publisher =New Zealand University Press. | oclc =6276263 }} *{{Citation | last =McCormick | first =E H | year =1959 | title =The Inland Eye, a Sketch in Visual Autobiography | publication-place =Auckland, NZ | publisher =Auckland Gallery Associates | oclc =11777388 }} *{{Citation | last =McDonald | first =K C | year =1965 | title =City of Dunedin, a Century of Civic Enterprise | publication-place =Dunedin, NZ | publisher =Dunedin City Corporation | oclc =10563910 }} *{{Citation | last =McLintock | first =A H | year =1949 | title =The History of Otago; the origins and growth of a Wakefield class settlement| publication-place =Dunedin, NZ | publisher =Otago Centennial Historical Publications | oclc =154645934 }} *{{Citation | last =McLintock | first =A H | year =1951 | title =The Port of Otago | publication-place =Dunedin, NZ | publisher =Otago Harbour Board }} *{{Citation | last =Morrell | first =W P | year =1969 | title =The University of Otago, a Centennial History | publication-place =Dunedin, NZ | publisher =University of Otago Press. | oclc =71676 }} </div> == External links == {{commons|Dunedin}} * [http://www.cityofdunedin.com City of Dunedin official website] * {{wikitravel}} * [http://www.livedunedin.co.nz/ LiveDunedin - Art, Culture and Lifestyle events in Dunedin (weekly listing)] * [http://zeal.com/category/preview.jhtml?cid=10116740 Profiles of relevant websites categorised geographically] * [http://www.dunedinnz.com/tourism/ Tourism Dunedin] * [http://www.justdunedin.co.nz/ Dunedin Directory and Information website] * [http://www.zoomin.co.nz/nz/dunedin/ Dunedin Street Map] {{Territorial Authorities of New Zealand}} {{New Zealand topics}} {{coor title dms|45|52|0|S|170|30|0|E|type:city_region:NZ-DUN}} <!--Categories--> [[Category:Dunedin| ]] [[Category:Otago]] [[Category:Cities, towns and communities in New Zealand]] [[Category:Port cities in New Zealand]] [[Category:University towns]] [[Category:Scottish names]] [[Category:Settlements established in 1848]] <!--Other languages--> [[bg:Дънидин]] [[ca:Dunedin]] [[da:Dunedin]] [[de:Dunedin]] [[es:Dunedin]] [[eu:Dunedin]] [[fr:Dunedin]] [[gd:Dùn Eidinn]] [[ko:더니든]] [[id:Dunedin]] [[it:Dunedin]] [[he:דנידין (ניו זילנד)]] [[lt:Danidinas]] [[mi:Ōtepoti]] [[nl:Dunedin]] [[ja:ダニーデン]] [[pl:Dunedin]] [[pt:Dunedin]] [[ru:Данидин]] [[sco:Dunedin]] [[fi:Dunedin]] [[sv:Dunedin]] [[uk:Данідін]] [[vo:Dunedin]] [[zh:但尼丁]]