Dungan 166325 224321404 2008-07-08T09:46:35Z Zlerman 5449888 link [[kolkhoz]] using [[User:Edward/Find link|Find link]] {{Mergefrom|Hui people|date=October 2007}} {{Infobox Ethnic group |group=Dungan |population=110,000 |region1={{flag|Kazakhstan}}(<small>1999 census</small>) |pop1=36,900 |region2={{flag|Russia}} |pop2=801 |region3={{flag|China}} |pop3=? |region4={{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}(<small>1999 census</small>) |pop4=51,766 |region5={{flag|Uzbekistan}} |pop5=? |languages=[[Dungan language|Dungan]] |religions=[[Islam]] |related-c=[[Hui people|Hui]] }} '''Dungan''' ({{zh-stp|s=东干族|t=東干族|p=Dōnggānzú}}; {{lang-ru|Дунгане}}) is a term used in territories of the former [[Soviet Union]] to refer to a [[Muslim]] people of [[China|Chinese]] origin. Turkic-speaking peoples in [[Xinjiang]] Province in China also refer to members of this ethnic group as Dungans. In both China and the former Soviet republics where they reside, however, members of this ethnic group call themselves [[Hui people|Hui]]. In the censuses of Russia and the former Soviet Central Asia, the Hui are enumerated separately from Chinese, and are labelled as Dungans. In the former Soviet Union, a large population of Dungans can be found in [[Kazakhstan]] (36,900 according to the 1999 census<ref>[http://www.ecsocman.edu.ru/images/pubs/2005/06/13/0000213102/010Alekseenko.pdf Aleksandr Nikolaevich Alekseenko (Александр Николаевич Алексеенко), "Republic in the Mirror of the Population Census" («Республика в зеркале переписей населения»)] ''Sotsiologicheskie Issledovaniia''. 2001, No. 12. pp. 58-62.</ref>), [[Kyrgyzstan]] (51,766 according to 1999 census<ref>[http://www.stat.kg/Rus/Home/census.pdf Kyrgyzstan National Statistics Office, 1999 Population Census Report, Section 3]</ref>), and [[Uzbekistan]]. Some also reside in [[Russia]] (801 according to [[Russian Census (2002)|2002 census]].<ref>[http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=17 Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>) {{chinese|s=东干族|t=東干族|p=Dōnggānzú|rus=Дунгане|dungan-xej=حُوِ ذَو|dungan=Хуэйзў|dungan-latin=Huejzw|dungan-han=回族}} ==History== === Migration from China === [[Image:Karakol-Dungan-Mosque-Gate-4.jpg|thumb|right|The gate of the Dungan Mosque in [[Karakol]], Kyrgyzstan. The Cyrillic sign is in Kyrgyz; the Arabic-script sign appears to mostly match the Cyrilic Kyrgyz text.]] The Dungan in the former Soviet republics are Hui who fled China in the aftermath of the [[Hui Minorities' War]] in the nineteenth century. According to Rimsky-Korsakoff (1992), three separate groups of the Hui people fled to Russian Empire across the [[Tian Shan]] Mountains during the exceptionally severe winter of 1877/78: # The first group, of some 1000 people, originally from [[Turfan]] in [[Xinjiang]], led by [[Ma Daren]] (马大人, 'the Great Man Ma'), also known as Ma Da-lao-ye (马大老爷, 'The Great Master Ma'), reached [[Osh]] in southern [[Kyrgyzstan]]. # The second group, of 1130 people, originally from Didaozhou (狄道州) in Gansu, led by ''[[ahong]]'' Ma Yusu (马郁素夫)<ref>As per Ma Tong (2003)</ref>, also known as Ah Yelaoren (阿爷老人, 'the Old Man Ah Ye'), were settled in the spring of 1878 in the village of Yrdyk ({{lang-ru|Ирдык}} or Ырдык) some 15 km from [[Karakol]] in Eastern Kyrgyzstan. They numbered 1130 on arrival. # The third group, originally from [[Shaanxi]], led by [[Bai Yanhu]] (白彦虎; also spelt Bo Yanhu; often called by his followers "虎大人", 'The Great Man Hu', 1829(?)-1882), one of the leaders of the rebellion, were settled in the village of [[Karakunuz]] (now Masanchi), in modern [[Zhambyl Province]] of Kazakhstan. It is located 8 km north from the city [[Tokmak]] in north-western Kyrgyzstan. This group numbered 3314 on arrival. The next wave of immigration followed in the early 1880s. In accordance with the terms of the [[Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)]], which required the withdrawal of the Russian troops from the Upper [[Ili River|Ili]] Basin (the [[Kulja]] area), the Hui and Uighur people of the region were allowed to opt for moving to the Russian side of the border. Most choose that option; according to the Russian statistics, 4,682 Hui moved to Russian Empire under the treaty. They migrated in many small groups between 1881-83, settling in the village of [[Sokuluk]] some 30 km west of [[Bishkek]], as well as in a number of points between the Chinese border and Sokuluk, in south-eastern [[Kazakhstan]] and northern [[Kyrgyzstan]]. ===Name=== In the Russian Empire, Soviet Union, and the post-Soviet states, the Dungans continue to refer to themselves as the ''Hui people'' ({{lang-zh|[[:zh:回族|回族]]}}, Huízú; in Cyrillic Soviet Dungan spelling, xуэйзў). Even with their Chinese ancestry most Dungans view themselves as a separate nationality. The name ''Dungan'' is of obscure origin. It is mostly used by Dungans' (or Huis') [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]- and Tajik-speaking neighbors, both in [[Xinjiang]] and in the [[CIS]] states, and has been presumably borrowed from the Turkic languages into Russian (дунгане, ''dungane'' (pl.); дунганин, ''dunganin'' (sing.)), Chinese (trad. 東干族, simplified 东干族, Donggan zu), and English as well. One popular theory derives this word from Turkic ''döñän'' ("one who turns"), which can be compared to Chinese [[wiktionary:回|回]] (huí), which has a similar meaning. Another therory derives it from the Chinese 东干 (Dong Gan), 'Eastern [[Gansu]]', the region to which many of the Dungan can trace their ancestry; however the character ''gan'' (干) used in the name of the ethnic group is different from that used in the name of the province (甘). In English and German, the [[ethnonym]] "Dungan", in various spelling forms, was attested as early as 1830s. For example, James Prinsep in 1835 mentions Muslim "Túngánis" in "Chinese Tartary". <ref>James Prinsep, "Memoir on Chinese Tartary and Khoten". The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, No. 48, December 1835. P. 655. [http://books.google.com/books?id=nK4IAAAAQAAJ On Google Books]</ref> <ref>Prinsep's article is also available in "The Chinese Repository", 1843, p. 234 [http://books.google.com/books?id=bXMbAAAAIAAJ On Google Books]. A modern (2003) reprint is available, ISBN 1402156316.</ref>. In 1839, [[Karl Ernst von Baer]] in his German-language account of Russian Empire and adjacent Asian lands has a one-page account of Chinese-speaking Muslim "Dungani" or "Tungani", who had visited [[Orenburg]] in 1827 with a caravan from China; he also mentions "Tugean" as a spelling variant used by other authors.<ref>[[Karl Ernst von Baer]], Grigoriĭ Petrovich Gelʹmersen. "Beiträge zur Kenntniss des russischen Reiches und der angränzenden Länder Asiens". Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1839. p. 91. [http://books.google.com/books?id=uN0GAAAAYAAJ On Google Books] {{de icon}}</ref> R.M. Martin in 1847 mentions "Tungani" merchants in [[Yarkent County|Yarkand]].<ref>Robert Montgomery Martin, "China; political, commercial, and social; an official report". 1847. p.19. [http://books.google.com/books?id=ReEDAAAAQAAJ On Google Books]</ref> The word (mostly in the form "Dungani" or "Tungani", sometimes "Dungens" or "Dungans") acquired some currency in English and other western languages when a number of books in the 1860-70s discussed the [[Dungan revolt]] in north-western China. === Dungan villages in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan === The Dungans themselves referred to Karakunuz ({{lang-ru|Каракунуз}}, sometimes Караконыз or Караконуз) as Ingpan ({{lang-zh|营盘}}, Yingpan<!--; Dungan: Инпан-->; {{lang-ru|Иньпан}}), which means 'a camp, an encampment'. In 1965, Karakunuz was renamed [[Masanchi]] (sometimes spelt as "Masanchin"), after [[Magazi Masanchi]] or Masanchin (Dungan: Магәзы Масанчын; {{lang-zh|马三青}}), a Dungan participant in the [[Communist Revolution]] and a Soviet Kazakhstan statesman. The following table summarizes location of Dungan villages in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, alternative names used for them, and their Dunngan population as reported by Ma Tang (2003). The Cyrillic Dungan spelling of place names is as in the textbook by Sushanlo, Imazov (1988); the spelling of the name in Chinese character is as in Ma Tang (2003). {| border="1" |+ Dungan villages in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan ! Village name (and alternatives) !! Location (in present-day terms) !! Foundation !! Current Dungan population (from Ma Tang (2003)) |- ! colspan="4"| [[Kazakhstan]] - total 48,000 (Ma Tang (2003)) or 36,900 (Kazakhstan Census of 1999) |- | '''[[Masanchi]]''' ({{lang-ru|Масанчи}}; {{lang-kz|Масаншы}}) or Masanchin (Russian: Масанчин; [[Dunagn language|Cyrillic Dungan]]: Масанчын; 马三青), prior to 1965 Karakunuz (Каракунуз, Караконыз). Traditional Dungan name is Ingpan (Cyrillic Dungan: Йинпан; Russian: Иньпан; {{lang-zh|营盘}}, Yingpang) | ({{Coor dms|42|55|40|N|75|18|00|E}}) [[Korday District]], [[Zhambyl Province]] of [[Kazakhstan]] (8 km north of [[Tokmok]], [[Kyrgyzstan]]) | Spring 1878. 3314 people from [[Shaanxi]], led by [[Bai Yanhu]] (白彦虎). | 7,000 |- | '''[[Sortobe]]''' ({{lang-kz|Sortobe}}; {{lang-ru|Шортюбе}}, Shortyube; {{lang-dng|Щёртюбе}}; {{lang-zh|雪尔秋白}}, Xuerqiubai) | ({{Coor dms|42|52|00|N|75|15|15|E}}) [[Korday District]], [[Zhambyl Province]]. On the northern bank of the Chui River opposite and a few km downstream from Tokmok; south of Masanchi (Karakunuz) | (Karakunuz group) | 9,000 |- | '''Zhalpak-tobe''', ({{lang-kz|Жалпак-тобе}}; {{lang-zh|加尔帕克秋白}}, Jiarpakeqiubai) | [[Zhambyl District]], [[Zhambyl Province]]; near Grodekovo, south of [[Toraz]] | | 3,000 |- ! colspan="4"|[[Kyrgyzstan]] - total 50,000 (Ma Tang (2003) |- | '''[[Yrdyk]]''' {{lang-ru|Ырдык or Ирдык}}; {{lang-dng|Эрдэх}}; {{lang-zh|二道沟}}, Erdaogou) | ({{Coor dms|42|27|30|N|78|18|0|E}}) [[Djeti Oguz]] district of [[Issyk Kul Province]]; 15 km south-west from [[Karakol]]. <!-- Russian description: село Ырдык Кызыл-Дыйканской сельской управы Джети-Огузского района --> | Spring 1878. 1130 people, originally from Didaozhou (狄道州) in Gansu, led by [[Ma Yusu]] (马郁素), a.k.a. Ah Yelaoren (阿爷老人). | 2,800 |- | '''[[Sokuluk]]''' ({{lang-ru|Сокулук}}; Dungan: Сохўлў; {{lang-zh|梢葫芦}}, Saohulu); may also include adjacent Aleksandrovka (Александровка) | [[Sokuluk District]] of [[Chuy Province]]; 30 km west of [[Bishkek]] | Some of those 4,628 Hui people who arrived in 1881-1883 from the [[Ili River|Ili]] Basin ([[Xinjiang]]) . | 12,000 |- | '''[[Milianfan]]''' ({{lang-ru|Милянфан}}; {{lang-dng|Милёнчуан}}; {{lang-zh|米粮川}}, Miliangchuan) | [[Ysyk-Ata District]] of [[Chuy Province]]. Southern bank of the [[Chuy River]], some 60 km west of Tokmok and about as much north-east of Bishkek. | (Karakunuz group (?)) | 10,000 |- | '''[[Ivanovka]]''' ({{lang-ru|Ивановка}}; {{lang-zh|伊万诺夫卡}}) | [[Ysyk-Ata District]] of [[Chuy Province]]. Southern bank of the [[Chuy River]], some 30 km west of Tokmok. | (Karakunuz group (?)) |1,500 |-- | Dungan community of '''[[Osh]]''' ({{lang-ru|Ош}}, {{lang-zh|奥什}} or 敖什, Aoshe) | [[Osh]] City | Spring 1878, 1000 people, originally from [[Turfan]] in [[Xinjiang]], led by [[Ma Daren]], also known as Ma Da-lao-ye (马大老爷) | 800 |- |} The position of the Kazakhstan villages within the administrative division of [[Zhambyl Province]], and the total population of each village can be found at the provincial statistics office web site.<ref>[http://www.zhambyl.stat.kz/main.php?action=perepis&article=4&lang=rus Population data for Zhambyl Province towns and villages] (1999-2002)</ref> Besides the traditionally Dungan villages, many Dungan people live in the nearby cities, such as [[Bishkek]], [[Tokmok]], [[Karakol]]. === Present day === [[Image:E8042-Milyanfan-house.jpg|thumb|In Milianfan village, [[Chuy Province]] of Kyrgyzstan]] As Hong (2005) notes, "[t]he Dungan people derive from China's Hui people, and now live mainly in Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Their population is over 110,000. This people has now developed a separate ethnicity outside China, yet they have close relations with the Hui people in culture, ethnic characteristics and ethnic identity." ==Language== {{main|Dungan language}} The Dungan language is closely related to the [[Shaanxi]] dialect of [[Mandarin Chinese]], but uses the [[Cyrillic script]] and has only three [[Tone (linguistics)|tones]] instead of four. Dungan also contains many loanwords from [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], and [[Turkish language|Turkish]]. Unlike other minority nationalities in Central Asia, such as the [[Korean people#Koreans in the former Soviet Union|Koreans]], nearly all of the Dungan report that they continue to use their ethnic language as their mother tongue. More than two-thirds of the Dungan also speak [[Russian language|Russian]], and a small proportion can speak [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]] or other languages belonging to the titular nationalities of the countries where they live. [http://www.hum.uit.no/a/trond/sintr.html] ==Culture== [[Image:E7869-Dordoy-Bazaar.jpg|thumb|right|Many restaurants in Bishkek advertise "Dungan cuisine" (Дунганская кухня)]] The Dungan are primarily farmers, growing rice and vegetables such as sugar beets. Many also raise dairy cattle. In addition, some are involved in [[opium]] production. The Dungan tend to be [[endogamous]]. The Dungan are famous for their hospitality and hold many ceremonies and banquets to preserve their culture. They have elaborate and colorful observances of birthdays, weddings, and funerals. In addition, schools have museums to preserve other parts of their culture, such as embroidery, traditional clothing, silver jewelry, paper cuts of animals and flowers and tools. ==Religion== The large majority of Dungan are [[Hanafi]] Muslim, with a [[Hanbali]] minority. Many Dungan villages contain a mosque run by village elders. Some ascribe the rise of Islam amongst the Dungans to an alleged Arab ancestry. Though this may be possible for some Dungans (though, not likely), it is more plausible that the prevalence of Islam amongst them is due in part to the freedom Arab preachers were given freedom by [[Emperor Gaozong]] of the [[Tang Dynasty]] in the 7th Century CE. Also, a more likely cause was the mass conversion to Islam by the [[Mongols]], [[Berke Khan]] and the [[Golden Horde]] in particular, as well as mass conversions by the populations in their territories, from both Chinese and Sino-Turkic peoples. ==See also== * [[Chinese people in Russia]] ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * Allès, Elisabeth. 2005. "The Chinese-speaking Muslims (Dungans) of Central Asia: A Case of Multiple Identities in a Changing Context," ''Asian Ethnicity'' 6, No. 2 (June): 121-134. * Hong, Ding. 2005. "A Comparative Study on the Cultures of the Dungan and the Hui People," ''Asian Ethnicity'' 6, No. 2 (June): 135-140. * Svetlana Rimsky-Korsakoff Dyer. 1979. "Soviet Dungan [[kolkhoz]]es in the Kirghiz SSR and the Kazakh SSR (Oriental monograph series)". Faculty of Asian Studies, [[Australian National University]]. ISBN 0909879117. * Svetlana Rimsky-Korsakoff Dyer. [http://www.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/afs/pdf/a916.pdf Karakunuz: An Early Settlement of the Chinese Muslims in Russia], with an English translation of V.Tsibuzgin and A.Shmakov's work. "Asian Folklore Studies", Vol. 51 (1992), pp. 243-279. * [http://makuielys.info/wenz1/show.php?type=szzlsdmslmwh&id=1051383104 马通 (Ma Tong), "吉尔吉斯草原上的东干族穆斯林文化" (Dungans' Muslim culture on the grasslands of Kyrgyzstan)], Series "丝绸之路上的穆斯林文化" (Muslim Cultures of the Silk Road), 2003-Apr-27. {{zh icon}}. (This article has some details additional to Rimsky-Korsakoff (1992)). * Сушанло Мухамед, Имазов Мухаме. <!-- Sic: the former is "Mukhamed", with a "d", the latter "Mukhame", without. This is how they spell their names in their book. --> "Совет хуэйзў вынщүә". Фрунзе, "Мектеп" чубаншә, 1988. (Mukhamed Sushanlo, Mukhame <!-- sic, no "d" --> Imazov. "Dungan Soviet Literature: textbook for 9th and 10th grade". [[Bishkek|Frunze]], 1988). ISBN 5-658-00068-8. ==External links== * [http://dungans.com/forum/ Dungans Forum (rus)] * [http://en.chinabroadcast.cn/1857/2004-7-9/53@130293.htm Chinabroadcast.cn] * [http://www.pinyin.info/readings/texts/dungan.html About the Dungan alphabet] * [http://www.hum.uit.no/a/trond/sintr.html Soviet Census data analyzed by mother tongue and second language, in English] * [http://www.assamblea.kg/nkc_dungan_engl.htm Association of Dungans of the Kyrgyz Republic, in English and Russian] {{Ethnic groups in China}} {{Overseas Chinese}} [[Category:Hui people]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Kyrgyzstan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Russia]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Asia]] [[Category:Muslim communities]] [[de:Dungan]] [[eo:Dunganoj]] [[fr:Dounganes]] [[kk:Дүңгендер]]‎ [[ko:둥간족]] [[it:Dungani]] [[ja:ドンガン人]] [[ru:Дунгане]] [[fi:Dungaanit]] [[zh:东干族]]