Durham
68489
225978696
2008-07-16T08:38:27Z
Sephiroth BCR
621952
Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/217.23.238.227|217.23.238.227]] to last version by Spoom (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]])
{{other uses}}
{{infobox UK place|
|country = England
|official_name= Durham
|static_image = [[Image:durham castle.jpg|240px]]
|static_image_caption=<small>Durham Castle and Cathedral</small>
|latitude= 54.7761
|longitude= -1.5733
|population = 42,939 ([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]])
|shire_district= [[City of Durham]]
| shire_county = [[County Durham]]
|region= North East England
|constituency_westminster= [[City of Durham (constituency)|City of Durham]]
|post_town= DURHAM
|postcode_district = DH1
|postcode_area= DH
|dial_code= 0191
|os_grid_reference= NZ274424
}}
'''Durham''' ({{pronEng|ˈdʌrəm}} in [[received pronunciation|RP]], locally {{IPA2|ˈdʏrəm}}) is a small [[City status in the United Kingdom|city]] and main settlement of the [[City of Durham]] district of [[County Durham]], [[England]].
It is well-known for its [[Normans|Norman]] [[Durham Cathedral|Cathedral]] and [[Durham Castle|Castle]], and is home to [[Durham University]]. [[Durham (HM Prison)|HM Prison Durham]] is also located close to the city centre.
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==History==
{{Unreferencedsection|date=May 2008}}
=== Toponymy ===
The name "Durham" comes from [[Old English]] "''dun''-''holm''", meaning "hill-island". It was given this name due to its steep, hilly embankments {{Fact|date=February 2007}}.
=== Early history===
[[Image:Durham 1610.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A map of the city from 1610]]
Archeological evidence suggests a history of settlement at Durham since roughly 2000 BC. The present city can clearly be traced back to 995 AD, when a group of monks from [[Lindisfarne]] chose the strategic high peninsula as a place to settle with the body of [[Saint Cuthbert]], that had previously lain in [[Chester-le-Street]], founding a church there. (Legend says that the monks were led to the location by a milk maid who had lost her [[dun cow]], which was found resting on this spot.) The present [[Durham Cathedral]] was built from 1093, and still contains the remains of [[St Cuthbert]] as well as The [[Venerable Bede]]. It is regarded by many - such as travel writer [[Bill Bryson]] -- as the finest [[cathedral]] in the world <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1511841.stm BBC News | UK | Durham Cathedral tops building poll<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>.
[[Image:UK Durham Dun-Cow.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Legend of founding of Durham]]
Facing the cathedral across [[Palace Green]] is [[Durham Castle]], originally built by the [[Norman Conquest|Normans]] from 1071, on William the Conqueror's return from campaigning in Scotland. Some of the present structure is more recent, notably [[Anthony Salvin]]'s Victorian restorations. The two buildings are jointly designated a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]- one of the original seven in the [[United Kingdom]].[http://www.durhamcity.gov.uk/Pid/10053] Since 1837 the castle has been home to [[University College, Durham|University College]], the first college of the [[Durham University|University]].
In the three centuries following the construction of the Castle, Durham was regularly besieged by the [[Scottish people|Scots]], with the notable [[Battle of Neville's Cross]] (1346) occurring just one mile west of the city.
In medieval times Durham was a major centre of both political and ecclesiastical power, mainly due to its strategic importance near the border with [[Scotland]]. County Durham was a [[County palatine|palatinate]], ruled by [[Prince-Bishop]]s who had secular authority and considerable autonomy from [[Westminster]], minting their own coinage, dispensing their own justice and with the right to maintain their own armies. Every [[Bishop of Durham]] from 1071 to 1836 was a Prince Bishop except for the first Norman-appointed [[bishop Walcher]], who was an Earl-Bishop. (The term Prince Bishop, while a useful one, is not one which the Durham Bishops themselves would have recognised.) [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] curtailed some of the Prince-Bishop's powers, and smashed the shrine of Cuthbert in 1538.
===19th century onwards===
Finally, the public climate surrounding the Great Reform Act of 1832 removed the Bishop's extraordinary powers.
In 1832 the [[Durham University|University of Durham]] was founded, which has several buildings on the peninsula and on [[Elvet Hill]] on the other side of the river. The 19th century also saw Durham grow as a centre of the [[coal mining]] industry. The first [[Durham Miners' Gala]] was held in 1871, and remains a popular annual event.
==Governance ==
[[Image:Flag of Durham.svg|thumb|right|175px|Durham's traditional flag]]
The [[municipal borough]] was formerly known as 'Durham and [[Framwelgate]]', until it was merged with [[Durham Rural District]] and [[Brandon and Byshottles]] [[urban district]] to form the [[City of Durham]] district. Durham's [[Member of Parliament|MP]] is [[Roberta Blackman-Woods]] ([[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]).
==Geography==
<div style="float:left;width:230px;">
[[Image:South Bailey Durham.jpg|thumb|none|200px|South Bailey, including parts of St John's College and St Cuthbert's Society]]
[[Image:Elvet Bridge.jpg|thumb|none|200px|Elvet Bridge towards Old Elvet]]
</div>
[[Image:Escut Durham.png|thumb|right|175px|Coat of arms of Durham County Council]]
Durham is situated 13 miles (21 km) to the south west of [[Sunderland]], [[England]]. The [[River Wear]] flows north through the city, making an incised [[meander]] which encloses the centre on three sides to create Durham's "peninsula". Durham is a hilly city, claiming to be built upon the symbolic seven hills. Upon the most central and prominent position high above the Wear, the [[Durham Cathedral|cathedral]] dominates the skyline. The steep riverbanks are densely wooded, adding to the picturesque beauty of the city. West of the city centre, another river, the [[River Browney]], drains south to join the Wear to the south of the city.
Durham won the Large Town award in the [[Britain in Bloom]] awards of 2005.
The [[county town]] of [[County Durham]], Durham is located in the [[City of Durham]] local government district, which extends beyond the city, and has a total population of 87,656, and covers 186.68 square kilometres. The [[unparished area]] of Durham had a population of 29,091, whilst the built-up area of Durham had a population of 42,939.
===Areas of Durham===
The centre of Durham sits on a [[peninsula]] created by the [[River Wear]]. At the base of the peninsula is the [[market square]], which still hosts regular markets; a permanent indoor market is also situated on the square. The square and surrounding streets are one of the main commercial and shopping areas of the city. From the market square, [[The Bailey]] leads south past [[Palace Green]]: The Bailey is almost entirely owned and occupied by the [[Durham University|University]] and [[Durham Cathedral|Cathedral]].
There are three old roads out of the central Market Square. Saddler Street heads South-Easterly out of the square, towards [[Elvet Bridge]], The Bailey and [[Prebends Bridge]]. Elvet Bridge leads to the [[Elvet]] area of the city, Durham Prison and the South; Prebends Bridge is smaller and provides access from The Bailey to South Durham. Heading west, Silver Street leads out of the Market Square towards [[Framwellgate Bridge]] and North Road, the other main shopping area of the city. From here, the city spreads out into the [[Framwelgate]], [[Crossgate (Durham)|Crossgate]], [[Neville's Cross]]and viaduct districts, the other main shopping area of the city. Beyond the viaduct lie the outlying districts of [[Framwellgate Moor]] and [[Neville's Cross]]. Heading north from the market place leads to [[Claypath]]. The road curves back round to the east and beyond it lie [[Gilesgate]], Gilesgate Moor and [[Dragonville]].
Many of the inner city areas are now inhabited by students living in shared houses. In some roads as many as 70% of the dwellings are occupied by students.{{Fact|date=March 2008}}
===Climate===
Like the rest of the [[United Kingdom]], Durham has a [[temperate]] climate. At {{convert|643.3|mm|in|0|lk=on}}<ref name="DH Climate">[http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/sites/durham.html Durham 1971-2000 averages], [[Met Office]]. Retrieved on [[2007-08-20]].</ref> the average annual rainfall is lower than the national average of {{convert|1125|mm|in|0}}<ref name="UK Climate">[http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/areal/uk.html UK 1971-2000 averages], [[Met Office]]. Retrieved on [[2007-08-20]].</ref>. Equally there are only around 121.3 days<ref name="DH Climate" /> where more than {{convert|1|mm|in|2|}} of rain falls compared with a national average of 154.4 days<ref name="UK Climate" />. The area sees on average 1374.6 hours of sunshine per year<ref name="DH Climate" />, compared with a national average of 1125.0 hours<ref name="UK Climate" />. There is an [[air frost]] on 52 days<ref name="DH Climate" /> compared with a national average of 55.6 days<ref name="UK Climate" />. Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures are {{convert|12.5|°C|°F|1|lk=on}} and {{convert|5.2|°C|°F|1}} <ref name="DH Climate" />compared with a national averages of {{convert|12.1|°C|°F|1}} and {{convert|5.1|°C|°F|1}} respectively<ref name="UK Climate" />.
The table below gives the average temperature and rainfall figures taken between 1971 and 2000 at the Met Office weather station in Durham:
<table>
<td>{{Durham weatherbox}}</td>
</table>
==Economy==
[[Image:Durham Market Place.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Durham Market Place]]
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of County Durham at current basic prices [http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf published] (pp.240-253) by ''Office for National Statistics'' with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year || Regional Gross Value Added<ref>Components may not sum to totals due to rounding</ref> || Agriculture<ref>includes hunting and forestry</ref> || Industry<ref>includes energy and construction</ref> || Services<ref>includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured</ref>
|-
| 1995 || '''4,063''' || 47 || 1,755 || 2,261
|-
| 2000 || '''4,783''' || 40 || 1,840 || 2,904
|-
| 2003 || '''5,314''' || 39 || 1,978 || 3,297
|}
==Landmarks==
[[Image:Durham Crown Court and Cathedral.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Crown Court with Cathedral beyond]]
[[Image:DurhamPalaceGreenInOctober2006.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Durham Castle from Palace Green]]
</div>
The whole of the centre of Durham is designated a [[conservation area]]. The conservation area was first designated on [[9 August]] [[1968]], and was extended on [[25 November]] [[1980]].<ref>[http://www.durhamcity.gov.uk/Pid/511 Conservation areas<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In addition to the Cathedral and Castle, Durham contains over 630 [[listed building]]s,<ref>[http://www.cartoplus.co.uk/durham/text/01_introduction.htm City of Durham - Local Plan<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> 569 of which are located within the city centre conservation area. Particularly notable properties include:
===Grade I listed===
*[[Chorister School]]
*Crook Hall
*[[Durham Castle]]
*[[Durham Cathedral]]
*[[Elvet Bridge]]
*[[Framwellgate Bridge]]
*[[Kepier Hospital]]
*[[Kingsgate Bridge]]
*Prebends Bridge
*[[St Giles Church, Durham|St Giles Church]], [[Gilesgate]]
*Church of St Margaret of Antioch, Crossgate
*Church of St Mary-le-Bow (now Durham Heritage Centre)
*Church of St Mary the Less
===Grade II* listed===
*[[Aykley Heads]] House (now Bistro 21)
*Bishop Cosin's Hall, [[Palace Green]]
*Cosin's Library (now part of University Library, Palace Green)
*[[Crown Court]], Old Elvet
*[[St Cuthbert's Society]], 12 South Bailey
*[[St John's College, Durham|St John's College]], 3 South Bailey
*St Oswald's Church
*[[Railway]] [[viaduct]], North Road
*[[Town Hall]] and [[Guildhall]], Market Place
==Transport==
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[[Image:Durham viaduct.jpg|thumb|none|200px|The Viaduct]]
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[[Durham railway station]] is situated on the [[East Coast Main Line]] between [[Edinburgh]] and [[London]]; rail travellers coming from the south enter Durham over a spectacular Victorian [[viaduct]] high above the city. By road, the [[A1 road|A1(M)]], the modern incarnation of the ancient [[Great North Road (United Kingdom)|Great North Road]], passes just to the east of the city. (Its previous incarnation, now numbered [[A167 road|A167]], passes just to the west.) [[Newcastle Airport]] lies to the north, and [[Durham Tees Valley Airport]] to the south, both being about 25 miles away. The Market Place and peninsula form the UK's first (albeit small) [[Durham congestion charge|congestion charging]] area, introduced in 2002.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2721545.stm BBC NEWS | England | Spotlight on Durham's charge<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
A park and ride service is also available.
==Sport==
Durham is home to [[Durham CCC]] of the cricket [[County Championship]] which they joined as an [[expansion team]] in [[1992]]. They play their homes matches at the [[Riverside Ground]]. The town's [[Association football|football]] club [[Durham City AFC]] once boasted a membership of the [[Football League]] between [[1921]] and [[1928]] but have long been a non-league club. The 2008/09 season will see them make a step up the pyramid to play in the [[Northern_Premier_League_Division_One_North|Unibond League]]. Their home ground is New Ferens Park, known as The Arnott Stadium for sponsorship reasons.
==Notable people==
<!-- Please keep listing in alphabetical order. -->
*[[Gem Archer]], Guitarist with the band [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]]
*[[Rowan Atkinson]], Actor (attended the [[Chorister School]]<ref name="chorister">[http://www.thechoristerschool.com/alumni/rollcall.php The Chorister School<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>)
*[[Pat Barker]], Novelist ('Regeneration' trilogy)
*[[Barnabe Barnes]], Elizabethan poet
*[[Tony Blair]], former [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (attended the [[Chorister School]]<ref name="chorister"/>)
*[[Józef Boruwłaski|Count Joseph Boruwlaski]], Celebrated dwarf
*[[Edward Bradley]], Novelist ('Cuthbert Bede')
*[[Richard Caddel]], Poet
*[[George Camsell]], International footballer
*[[Paul Collingwood]], International cricketer (born in [[Shotley Bridge]], but lives in Durham)
*[[Wendy Craig]], Actress
*Sir [[Kingsley Dunham]], Director British Geological Survey
*[[John Bacchus Dykes]], Hymnologist
*[[John Meade Falkner]], Arms manufacturer and novelist (''Moonfleet'')
*[[James Fenton]], Journalist and poet (attended the [[Chorister School]]<ref name="chorister"/>)
*[[Godric of Finchale]], Hermit and popular medieval saint
*[[Andy Gomarsall]], [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] International [[Rugby union]] player
*[[John Gully]], Pugilist
*[[Ian Hay]], Novelist
*[[Violet Hunt]], Novelist and 'new woman'
*[[Cyril Edwin Mitchinson Joad]], Philosopher and radio broadcaster
*[[Roy Keane]], Manager of local [[Premier League]] Team [[Sunderland AFC]]<ref>[http://football.guardian.co.uk/News_Story/0,,2057636,00.html Talking the talk | News | guardian.co.uk Football<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*[[Lawrence of Durham]], Poet
*[[John Laws (judge)|Sir John Grant McKenzie Laws]], Lord Justice Laws, Judge (attended the [[Chorister School]]<ref name="chorister"/>)
*[[William Pearson]], Watercolorist, Topographer
*[[Anna Maria Porter]], Novelist
*[[Jane Porter]], Novelist
*[[Michael Ramsey]], the 100th [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], and once [[Bishop of Durham]]
*[[Reginald of Durham]], Hagiographer
*[[Gordon Scurfield]], Biologist and author
*[[Christopher Smart]], Poet
*[[Joseph Spence (author)|Joseph Spence]], Literary memoirist
*[[Anne Stevenson]], Poet
*[[Robert Surtees (antiquarian)|Robert Surtees]], Historian and antiquarian
*[[Symeon of Durham]], Historian
*[[Hugh Walpole]], Novelist
*[[Walter of Durham]], 13th century painter
*[[Arnold Wolfendale|Sir Arnold Wolfendale]], Astronomer Royal
*[[Peter Vardy (businessman)|Sir Peter Vardy]], (attended the [[Chorister School]]<ref name="chorister"/>)
*[[James Wood (critic)|James Wood]], Literary Critic
==Sister cities==
Durham has one [[town twinning|sister city]], as designated by the Sister Cities International, Inc.:<ref>Sister Cities information obtained from the [http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/Europe/UK/index Sister Cities International, Inc. (SCI)]." Retrieved on [[June 28]], [[2007]].</ref>
*{{flagicon|United States}} [[Durham, North Carolina|Durham]], [[North Carolina]]
==See also==
* [[History of County Durham]]
* [[Durham University]]
* [[St Nicholas' Church, Durham]]
* [[Durham Miners' Gala]]
* [[Durham University Solar Car]]
* [[Durham School]]
* [[Durham Cathedral]]
* [[Durham Castle]]
==References==
<references />
==External links==
{{commons|Durham}}
*[http://www.durhamcity.gov.uk/ Durham City Council]
*[http://www.durham.gov.uk/ Durham County Council]
*[http://www.dur.ac.uk/ Durham University]
{{Durham}}
[[Category:Cities in England]]
[[Category:Durham]]
[[Category:County towns in England]]
[[Category:University towns]]
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