Dysprosium 8102 226139254 2008-07-17T00:12:26Z Cryptic C62 1032935 rewriting History from NBB {{Elementbox_header | number=66 | symbol=Dy | name=dysprosium | left=[[terbium]] | right=[[holmium]] | above=- | below=[[californium|Cf]] | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_series | [[Lanthanoid|lanthanide]]s }} {{Elementbox_periodblock | period=6 | block=f }} {{Elementbox_appearance_img | Dy,66| silvery white }} {{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | 162.500[[List of elements by atomic mass|(1)]] }} {{Elementbox_econfig | &#91;[[xenon|Xe]]&#93; 4f<sup>10</sup> 6s<sup>2</sup> }} {{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 8, 18, 28, 8, 2 }} {{Elementbox_section_physicalprop | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_phase | [[solid]] }} {{Elementbox_density_gpcm3nrt | 8.540 }} {{Elementbox_densityliq_gpcm3mp | 8.37 }} {{Elementbox_meltingpoint | k=1680 | c=1407 | f=2565 }} {{Elementbox_boilingpoint | k=2840 | c=2562 | f=4653 }} {{Elementbox_heatfusion_kjpmol | 11.06 }} {{Elementbox_heatvaporiz_kjpmol | 280 }} {{Elementbox_heatcapacity_jpmolkat25 | 27.7 }} {{Elementbox_vaporpressure_katpa | 1378 | 1523 | (1704) | (1954) | (2304) | (2831) | comment= }} {{Elementbox_section_atomicprop | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_crystalstruct | hexagonal }} {{Elementbox_oxistates | 3<br />(weakly [[base (chemistry)|basic]] oxide) }} {{Elementbox_electroneg_pauling | 1.22 }} {{Elementbox_ionizationenergies4 | 573.0 | 1130 | 2200 }} {{Elementbox_atomicradius_pm | 175 }} {{Elementbox_atomicradiuscalc_pm | 228 }} {{Elementbox_section_miscellaneous | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_magnetic | [[paramagnetic]] at [[room temperature|r.t.]],<br />[[ferromagnetism|ferromagnetic]] under<br />[[liquid nitrogen]] }} {{Elementbox_eresist_ohmm | ([[room temperature|r.t.]]) (α, poly) 926 n}} {{Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat300k | 10.7 }} {{Elementbox_thermalexpansion_umpmk | ([[room temperature|r.t.]]) (α, poly)<br />9.9 }} {{Elementbox_speedofsound_rodmpsat20 | 2710 }} {{Elementbox_youngsmodulus_gpa | (α form) 61.4 }} {{Elementbox_shearmodulus_gpa | (α form) 24.7 }} {{Elementbox_bulkmodulus_gpa | (α form) 40.5 }} {{Elementbox_poissonratio | (α form) 0.247 }} {{Elementbox_vickershardness_mpa | 540 }} {{Elementbox_brinellhardness_mpa | 500 }} {{Elementbox_cas_number | 7429-91-6 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=154 | sym=Dy | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=3.0&times;10<sup>6</sup>y | dm=[[alpha decay|α]] | de=2.947 | pn=150 | ps=[[gadolinium|Gd]] }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=156 | sym=Dy | na=0.06% | n=90 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=158 | sym=Dy | na=0.10% | n=92 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=160 | sym=Dy | na=2.34% | n=94 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=161 | sym=Dy | na=18.91% | n=95 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=162 | sym=Dy | na=25.51% | n=96 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=163 | sym=Dy | na=24.90% | n=97 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=164 | sym=Dy | na=28.18% | n=98 }} {{Elementbox_isotopes_end}} {{Elementbox_footer | color1=#ffbfff | color2=black }} '''Dysprosium''' ({{pronEng|dɪsˈproʊziəm}}) is a [[chemical element]] with the symbol '''Dy''' and [[atomic number]] 66. == Characteristics == Dysprosium is a [[rare earth element]] that has a metallic, bright silver luster, relatively stable in air at room temperature, but dissolving readily in dilute or concentrated [[mineral acid]]s with the emission of [[hydrogen]]. It is soft enough to be cut with bolt-cutters (but not with a knife), and can be machined without sparking if overheating is avoided. Dysprosium's characteristics can be greatly affected even by small amounts of impurities. == Applications == Dysprosium is used, in conjunction with [[vanadium]] and other elements, in making [[laser]] materials. Its high [[thermal neutron]] absorption cross-section and melting point also suggests that it is useful for [[nuclear control rod]]s. Dysprosium oxide (also known as ''dysprosia''), with [[nickel]] [[cement]] compounds, which absorb neutrons readily without swelling or contracting under prolonged neutron bombardment, is used in neutron-absorbing control rods in [[nuclear reactor]]s. Dysprosium-[[cadmium]] [[chalcogen]]ides are sources of [[infrared]] radiation for studying chemical reactions. Furthermore, dysprosium is used for manufacturing [[compact disc]]s. Because it is highly [[paramagnetic]], dysprosium has been used as a contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging. As a component of [[Terfenol-D]] (an [[alloy]] that expands or contracts to a high degree in the presence of a magnetic field), dysprosium is of use in [[actuator]]s, [[sensor]]s and other magnetomechanical devices. Below 85K dysprosium is [[ferromagnetism|ferromagnetic]], with a high [[Magnetic susceptibility|susceptibility]]. It is often used for the fabrication of nanomagnets, particularly in research. Its usefulness, however, is limited by its high readiness to oxidise. == History == Dysprosium was first identified in [[Paris]] in 1886 by French chemist [[Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran]]. He was only able to isolate dysprosium from its oxide after more than 30 attempts to dissolve it in acid. Upon succeeding, he named the element ''dysprosium'' from the Greek ''dysprositos'', meaning "hard to get". However, the element itself was not isolated in relatively pure form until after the development of [[ion exchange]] by [[Frank Spedding]] in the early 1950s.<ref name="nbb">{{cite book| last = Emsley| first = John| title = Nature's Building Blocks| publisher = Oxford University Press| date = 2001| location = Oxford| pages = 129-132| isbn = 0-19-850341-5 }}</ref> == Occurrence == Dysprosium is never encountered as a free element, but is found in many [[mineral]]s, including [[xenotime]], [[fergusonite]], [[gadolinite]], [[euxenite]], [[polycrase]], [[blomstrandine]], [[monazite]] and [[bastnäsite]]; often with [[erbium]] and [[holmium]] or other rare earth elements. Currently, most dysprosium is being obtained from the ion-adsorption clay ores of southern China. In the high-[[yttrium]] version of these, dysprosium happens to be the most abundant of the heavy [[Lanthanoid|lanthanides]], comprising up to 7-8% of the concentrate (as compared to about 65% for [[yttrium]]). == Compounds == Nearly all dysprosium compounds are in the +3 oxidation state, and are highly [[paramagnetic]]. [[Holmium(III) oxide]] (Ho<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) and Dysprosium(III) oxide (Dy<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) are the most powerfully [[Paramagnetism|paramagnetic]] substances known. Dysprosium compounds include: * [[Fluoride]]s: [[dysprosium(III) fluoride|DyF<sub>3</sub>]] * [[Chloride]]s: [[dysprosium(II) chloride|DyCl<sub>2</sub>]], [[dysprosium(III) chloride|DyCl<sub>3</sub>]] * [[Bromide]]s: [[dysprosium(II) bromide|DyBr<sub>2</sub>]], [[dysprosium(III) bromide|DyBr<sub>3</sub>]] * [[Iodide]]s: [[dysprosium(II) iodide|DyI<sub>2</sub>]], [[dysprosium(III) iodide|DyI<sub>3</sub>]] * [[Oxide]]s: [[dysprosium(III) oxide|Dy<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>]] * [[Sulfide]]s: [[dysprosium(III) sulfide|Dy<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>]] * [[Nitride]]s: [[dysprosium(III) nitride|DyN]] ''See also [[:Category:Dysprosium compounds|dysprosium compounds]].'' == Isotopes == {{main|isotopes of dysprosium}} Naturally occurring dysprosium is composed of 7 stable [[isotope]]s, <sup>156</sup>Dy, <sup>158</sup>Dy, <sup>160</sup>Dy, <sup>161</sup>Dy, <sup>162</sup>Dy, <sup>163</sup>Dy and <sup>164</sup>Dy, with 164-Dy being the most abundant (28.18% [[natural abundance]]). 28 [[radioisotope]]s have been characterized, with the most stable being <sup>154</sup>Dy with a [[half-life]] of 3.0x10<sup>6</sup> years, <sup>159</sup>Dy with a half-life of 144.4 days, and <sup>166</sup>Dy with a half-life of 81.6 hours. All of the remaining [[Radioactive decay|radioactive]] isotopes have half-lifes that are less than 10 hours, and the majority of these have half lifes that are less than 30 seconds. This element also has 5 [[meta state]]s, with the most stable being <sup>165m</sup>Dy (t<sub>½</sub> 1.257 minutes), <sup>147m</sup>Dy (t<sub>½</sub> 55.7 seconds) and <sup>145m</sup>Dy (t<sub>½</sub> 13.6 seconds). The primary [[decay mode]] before the most abundant stable isotope, <sup>164</sup>Dy, is [[electron capture]], and the primary mode after is [[beta minus decay]]. The primary [[decay product]]s before <sup>164</sup>Dy are [[terbium]] isotopes, and the primary products after are [[holmium]] isotopes. == Precautions == As with the other lanthanides, dysprosium compounds are of low to moderate [[toxicity]], although their toxicity has not been investigated in detail. Dysprosium does not have any known biological properties. == See also == * [[Materials science]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == External links == {{Commons|Dysprosium}} {{wiktionary|dysprosium}} * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Dy/key.html WebElements.com &ndash; Dysprosium] * [http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele066.html It's Elemental &ndash; Dysprosium] * [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/66.html Los Alamos National Laboratory &ndash; Dysprosium] {{clear}} {{Compact periodic table}} [[Category:Chemical elements]] [[Category:Lanthanides]] [[Category:Ferromagnetic materials]] <!-- interwiki --> [[ar:ديسبروسيوم]] [[bn:ডিসপ্রোসিয়াম]] [[be:Дыспрозій]] [[bs:Disprozijum]] [[ca:Disprosi]] [[cs:Dysprosium]] [[co:Disprosiu]] [[da:Dysprosium]] [[de:Dysprosium]] [[et:Düsproosium]] [[el:Δυσπρόσιο]] [[es:Disprosio]] [[eo:Disprozio]] [[eu:Disprosio]] [[fa:دیسپروزیوم]] [[fr:Dysprosium]] [[fur:Disprosi]] [[gv:Dysproshum]] [[ko:디스프로슘]] [[hy:Դիսպրոզիում]] [[hr:Disprozij]] [[io:Disprozio]] [[id:Disprosium]] [[it:Disprosio]] [[he:דיספרוסיום]] [[jv:Disprosium]] [[la:Dysprosium]] [[lv:Disprozijs]] [[lb:Dysprosium]] [[lt:Disprozis]] [[jbo:jinmrdisprosi]] [[hu:Diszprózium]] [[ml:ഡിസ്പ്രോസിയം]] [[nl:Dysprosium]] [[ja:ジスプロシウム]] [[no:Dysprosium]] [[nn:Dysprosium]] [[oc:Dispròsi]] [[pl:Dysproz]] [[pt:Disprósio]] [[ru:Диспрозий]] [[scn:Disprosiu]] [[sk:Dysprózium]] [[sl:Disprozij]] [[sr:Диспрозијум]] [[sh:Disprozijum]] [[stq:Dysprosium]] [[fi:Dysprosium]] [[sv:Dysprosium]] [[ta:டிஸ்ப்ரோசியம்]] [[th:ดิสโพรเซียม]] [[tr:Disprozyum]] [[uk:Диспрозій]] [[zh:镝]]