E 9222 225438499 2008-07-13T18:21:20Z Jumbuck 116385 robot Modifying: [[uz:E (harf)]] {{otherusesof}} {{wiktionarypar2|E|e}} {{Latin alphabet navbox|uc=E|lc=e}} '''E''' is the fifth letter in the [[Latin alphabet]]. Its name in [[English language|English]] is spelled '''e''' ({{pronEng|iː}}), plural '''es''' or '''ees''' (also written E's, ''E''s, e's, etc.).<ref>"E" ''Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged'' (1993)</ref> The letter ''E'' is the most commonly used letter in the [[Czech language|Czech]],<ref name="Brian Keck UKFSN">{{cite web|url=http://www.bckelk.ukfsn.org/words/etaoin.html|title=Letter frequencies|last=Kelk|first=Brian|publisher=UK Free Software Network|accessdate=2008-06-25}}</ref> [[Danish language|Danish]],<ref name="Brian Keck UKFSN" /> [[Dutch language|Dutch]],<ref name="Brian Keck UKFSN" /> [[English language|English]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pages.central.edu/emp/LintonT/classes/spring01/cryptography/letterfreq.html|title=Relative Frequencies of Letters in General English Plain text|last=Lewand|first=Robert|work=Cryptographical Mathematics|publisher=[[Central College]]|accessdate=2008-06-25}}</ref> [[French language|French]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.santacruzpl.org/readyref/files/g-l/ltfrqfr.shtml|title=Frequency of Occurrence of Letters in French|publisher=Santa Cruz Public Libraries|accessdate=2008-06-25}}</ref> [[German language|German]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scplweb.santacruzpl.org/readyref/files/g-l/ltfrqger.shtml|title=Frequency of Occurrence of Letters in German|publisher=Santa Cruz Public Libraries|accessdate=2008-06-25}}</ref> [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]],<ref name="Brian Keck UKFSN" /> [[Latin language|Latin]],<ref name="Brian Keck UKFSN" /> [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]],<ref name="Brian Keck UKFSN" /> [[Spanish language|Spanish]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.santacruzpl.org/readyref/files/g-l/ltfrqsp.shtml|title=Frequency of Occurrence of Letters in Spanish|publisher=Santa Cruz Public Libraries|accessdate=2008-06-25}}</ref> and [[Swedish language|Swedish]] languages.<ref name="Brian Keck UKFSN" /> ==History== {| border=1 cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse; cell-border:1px; text-align:center;" |- style="background-color:#EEEEEE; text-align:center;" ! Egyptian hieroglyph <br>''q’'' ! Proto-Semitic <br>H ! Phoenician <br>H ! Etruscan <br>E ! Greek <br>Epsilon ! Roman/Cyrillic <br>E |- style="background-color:white; text-align:center;" | <hiero>A28</hiero> |[[Image:Proto-semiticE-01.png]] |[[Image:PhoenicianE-01.png]] |[[Image:Alfabeto_camuno-e.png]] |[[Image:Epsilon uc lc.svg|64px]] |[[Image:RomanE-01.png|Roman E]] |} '''E''' is derived from the [[Greek alphabet|Greek letter]] [[epsilon]] which is much the same in appearance (Ε, ε) and function. In [[etymology]], the [[Semitic]] ''[[He (letter)|hê]]'' probably first represented a praying or calling human figure (''[[hillul]]'' jubilation), and was probably based on a similar [[Egyptian hieroglyph]] that was pronounced and used quite differently. In Semitic, the letter represented {{IPA|/h/}} (and {{IPA|/e/}} in foreign words), in Greek ''hê'' became Εψιλον (Epsilon) with the value {{IPA|/e/}}. [[Etruria|Etruscan]]s and [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] followed this usage. Arising from the [[Great Vowel Shift]], [[English language|English]] usage is rather different, namely {{IPA|/iː/}} (derived from {{IPA|/eː/}} in "me" or "bee") whereas other words like "bed" are closer to Latin and other languages in usage. ==Usage== Like other Latin [[vowel]]s, E came in a long and a short variety. Originally, the only difference was in length but later on, short e represented {{IPA|/ɛ/}}. In other languages that use the [[Letter (alphabet)|letter]] E or e, it represents various other phonetic values, sometimes with accents to indicate contrasts (e ê é è ë ē ĕ ě ẽ ė ẹ ę ẻ). [[Digraphs]] starting with E are common in many languages to indicate [[diphthong]]s and [[monophthong]]s, such as EA or EE for {{IPA|/iː/}} or {{IPA|/eɪ/}} in English, EI for {{IPA|/aɪ/}} in [[German language|German]], or EU for {{IPA|/ø/}} in [[French language|French]] or {{IPA|/ɔɪ/}} in German. At the end of a word, E is very often silent in English ([[silent E]]), where old noun [[inflections]] have been dropped, although even when silent at the end of a word it often causes vowels in the word to be pronounced as [[diphthongs]], conventionally called [[Long vowel#Long vowels in English|long vowels]] (compare as a noun ''rat'' and as a verb ''rate''). The letter 'E' is the most common (or highest [[Frequency (statistics)|frequency]]) letter in the [[English language]] (starting off the typographer's phrase [[ETAOIN SHRDLU]]) and many other related [[languages]], which has implications in both [[cryptography]] and [[data compression]]. This makes it a difficult and popular letter to use when writing [[lipogram]]s. [[Ernest Vincent Wright]]'s ''[[Gadsby (novel)|Gadsby]]'' ([[1939]]), is considered a "dreadful" novel, and that "at least part of Wright's narrative difficulties were caused by language restrictions imposed by the lack of ''E''."<ref>Ross Eckler, ''Making the Alphabet Dance: Recreational Word Play''. New York: St. Martin's Press (1996): 3</ref> Both [[Georges Perec]]'s novel ''[[A Void (novel)|A Void]]'' (''La Disparition'') (1969) and its English translation by Gilbert Adair omit the letter E and are considered better works.<ref>Eckler (1996): 3. Perec's novel "was so well written that at least some reviewers never realized the existence of a letter constraint."</ref> ==Codes for computing== {{Letter |NATO=Echo |Morse=· |Character=E5 |Braille=⠑ }} In [[Unicode]] the [[majuscule|capital]] E is codepoint U+0045 and the [[lower case]] e is U+0065. The [[ASCII]] code for capital E is 69 and for lowercase e is 101; or in [[Binary numeral system|binary]] 01000101 and 01100101, correspondingly. The [[EBCDIC]] code for capital E is 197 and for lowercase e is 133. The [[numeric character reference]]s in [[HTML]] and [[XML]] are "<tt>&amp;#69;</tt>" and "<tt>&amp;#101;</tt>" for upper and lower case respectively. ==Sources== {{reflist}} ==See also== {{Commons|E}} Similar Latin letters: *Ɛɛ : [[Ɛ|Latin epsilon]] Similar non-Latin letters: *Εε : [[Epsilon|Greek epsilon]] *Ее : [[Ye (Cyrillic)|Cyrillic Ye/E]] *Ёё : [[Yo (Cyrillic)|Cyrillic Yo]] *Єє : [[Ukrainian Ye]] *Ээ : [[E (Cyrillic)|Cyrillic backwards E]] Similar phonetic symbols: *{{IPA|e}} : [[Close-mid front unrounded vowel]] *{{IPA|ɛ}} : [[Open-mid front unrounded vowel]] Special symbols similar to the letter E: *℮ : [[Estimated sign]] (used on prepackaged goods for sale within the European Union). *€ : [[Euro sign]] {{Latin alphabet}} [[Category:Latin letters]] [[Category:Vowel letters]] [[af:E]] [[als:E]] [[ar:E]] [[an:E]] [[arc:E]] [[ast:E]] [[az:E]] [[bs:E]] [[br:E (lizherenn)]] [[bg:E]] [[ca:E]] [[cs:E]] [[co:E]] [[cy:E]] [[da:E]] [[de:E]] [[el:E]] [[es:E]] [[eo:E]] [[eu:E]] [[fa:E]] [[fr:E (lettre)]] [[fur:E]] [[gan:E]] [[gd:E]] [[gl:E]] [[ko:E]] [[hr:E]] [[ilo:E]] [[is:E]] [[it:E]] [[he:E]] [[ka:E]] [[kw:E]] [[sw:E]] [[ht:E]] [[la:E]] [[lv:E]] [[lb:E]] [[lt:E]] [[hu:E]] [[mzn:E]] [[ms:E]] [[nah:E]] [[nl:E (letter)]] [[ja:E]] [[no:E]] [[nn:E]] [[nrm:E]] [[uz:E (harf)]] [[nds:E]] [[pl:E]] [[pt:E]] [[crh:E]] [[ro:E]] [[qu:E]] [[ru:E (латиница)]] [[se:E]] [[simple:E]] [[sk:E]] [[sl:E]] [[sr:E (слово латинице)]] [[fi:E]] [[sv:E]] [[tl:E]] [[th:E]] [[vi:E]] [[tr:E]] [[uk:E (латиниця)]] [[vo:E]] [[yo:E]] [[zh-yue:E]] [[bat-smg:E]] [[zh:E]]