Earth battery 505992 222365847 2008-06-28T23:39:34Z AnnaFrance 7002667 Disambig page style repair: ([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Disambiguation|you can help!]]) using [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]] An '''Earth battery''' is composed of a pair of [[electrode]]s made of two dissimilar metals, such as [[iron]] and [[copper]], which are buried in the [[soil]] or immersed in the [[sea]]. A device that is placed in water is labeled a "'''sea battery '''". It can act as a [[receiver]] of telluric [[radiant energy]] and as a [[Water-activated_battery|water activated battery]]. ==History== One of the earliest examples of an earth battery was built by [[Alexander Bain (inventor)|Alexander Bain]] in [[1841]] in order to drive a [[Wiktionary:prime mover|prime mover]] <ref>http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/bain.html </ref> . Bain, his achievements relatively unknown, exploited his electric patents in operation in the United States in competition with Morse. Bain was the one of the first people to construct an electromagnetic clock (patented [[1840]]) and to devise a unique system to run the mechanical device . Bain buried plates of [[zinc]] and copper in the [[ground]] about one [[metre|meter]] apart and used the resulting voltage, of about one volt, to operate a clock. [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]], who had researched the [[Earth's magnetic field]], and [[Karl A. von Steinheil]], who built one of the first electric clocks and developed the idea of an "[[Ground (electricity)|Earth return]]" or "[[Ground (electricity)|ground return]]", had previously investigated such devices. [[Lord Kelvin]] developed a "sea battery" in the latter end of the 1800s.<ref>Method and apparatus for generating electricity, US Pat. 4153757. Column 1 Line 40 - Column 2 Line 4.</ref> The [[Leclanche battery]] was a copy of the earth battery. <ref>The Electrical Review, 1892. Page 68.</ref> [[Daniel Drawbaugh]] received {{US patent|211322}} for an Earth battery for electric clocks (with several improvements in the art of Earth batteries). Another early patent was obtained by [[Emil Jahr]] {{US patent|690151}} ''Method of utilizing electrical Earth currents''). In [[1875]], [[James C. Bryan]] received {{US patent|160152}} for his ''Earth Battery''. In [[1885]], [[George Dieckmann]], received US patent {{US Patent|329724}} for his ''Electric Earth battery''. In [[1898]], [[Nathan Stubblefield]] <ref> http://www.wfmu.org/LCD/GreatDJ/Stubble.html</reF> received {{US patent|600457}} for his electrolytic coil battery, which was a combination of an earth battery and a solenoid.(For more information see US patents 155209, 182802, 495582, 728381, 3278335, 3288648, 4153757 & 4457988) The Earth battery, in general, generated power for early telegraph transmissions and formed part of a [[Regenerative circuit|tuned circuit]] that amplified the signalling voltage over long distances. {|style="float: right; width:246px; margin: 1em 1em 1em 1em; border:1px; border-style:solid;" !colspan="2"| ==Metals and Soils== ;<small>[[Potential Difference]]s of metals<br>(Soil [[Galvanic series]])</small> |- |<u>Metal</u><br><small>...</small> |<u>Potential</u><br><small>[[Voltage|V]] [[Copper sulfate|Cu/CuSO4]] [[electrode]]</small> |- |[[Magnesium]] (pure) | -1.75 |- |Magnesium (alloy) | -1.60 |- |[[Zinc]] | -1.10 |- |[[Aluminum]] (alloy) | -1.05 |- |Aluminum (pure) | -0.8 |- |[[Steel]] (clean) | -0.50 to -0.80 |- |Steel (rusted) | -0.20 to -0.50 |- |[[Cast Iron]] | -0.50 |- |[[Lead]] | -0.50 |- |Steel (concrete) | -0.20 |- |[[Copper]] | -0.20 |- |[[Brass]] | -0.20 |- |[[Bronze]] | -0.20 |- |Steel (mill scale) | -0.20 |- |Cast iron (high silicon) | -0.20 |- |[[Carbon]] | +0.30 |- |[[Graphite]] | +0.30 |- |[[Coke (fuel)|Coke]] | +0.30 |- |colspan="2"|<small>''Notes'':</small> * <small>Non-uniform conditions at node surface results in different voltages</small> <small>Ref.: Engineering Tutorials: [http://www.corrosionsource.com/technicallibrary/corrdoctors/Modules/Aircraft/galvseri-soils.htm Potential of Metals in Soils]<small> | |} ==Operation and utilization== The simplest earth batteries consist of conductive plates from different locations in the [[Galvanic series|electropotential series]], buried in the ground so that the [[soil]] acts as the [[electrolyte]] in a [[voltaic cell]]. As such, the device acts as a [[rechargeable battery]]. When operated only as electrolytic devices, the devices were not continuously reliable, owing to drought condition. These devices were used by early experimenters as energy sources for [[telegraphy]]. However, in the process of installing long telegraph wires, engineers discovered that there were electrical potential differences between most pairs of telegraph stations, resulting from natural electrical currents (called [[telluric current]]s<ref>It has been estimated that ''natural telluric current density'' during twelve hours in one hemisphere are in range of 100 to 1000 amperes.</ref>) flowing through the ground. Some early experimenters did recognize that these currents were, in fact, partly responsible for extending the earth batteries' high outputs and long lifetimes. Later, experimenters would utilize these currents alone and, in these systems, the plates became [[polarization|polarized]]. It had been long known that continuous electric currents flowed through the solid and liquid portions of the Earth<ref>Gish, O. H., ''The Natural Electric Currents in the Earth's Crust''. The Scientific Monthly, Volume 32, Issue 1, pp. 5-21.</ref>, and the collection of current from an electrically conductive medium in the absence of electrochemical changes (and in the absence of a thermoelectric junction) was established by Lord Kelvin.<ref>[http://www.phy.bg.ac.yu/web_projects/giants/kelvin.html Lord Kelvin (William Thomson)]. www.phy.bg.ac.yu. (cf., By the middle of the 19th century it had been shown that magnetism and electricity, electromagnetism, and light were related, and Thomson had shown by mathematical analogy that there was a relationship between hydrodynamic phenomena and an electric current flowing through wires.)</ref><ref>Method and apparatus for generating electricity, US Pat. 4153757. Column 1 Line 40 - Column 2 Line 4.</ref> Lord Kelvin's "sea battery" ''was not'' a chemical battery.<ref>Method and apparatus for generating electricity, US Pat. 4153757. Column 1 Line 40 - Column 2 Line 4.</ref> Lord Kelvin observed that such variables as placement of the electrodes in the magnetic field and the direction of the medium's flow affected the current output of his device. Such variables do not affect battery operation. When metal plates are immersed in a liquid medium, energy can be obtained and generated,<ref>W. P. Piggot, "U.S. Patent 050314 Telegraph cable". Page 1, Column 1, Line 9 - 12.</ref> including (but not limited to) methods known via [[MHD generator|magneto-hydrodynamic generator]]s. In the various experiments by Lord Kelvin, metal plates were symmetrically perpendicular to the direction of the medium's flow and were carefully placed with respect to a magnetic field which differentially deflected electrons from the flowing stream. The electrodes can be asymmetrically oriented with respect to the source of energy, though. To obtain the natural electricity, experimenters would thrust two metal plates into the ground at a certain distance from each other in the direction of a [[magnetic meridian]], or [[astronomical meridian]]. The stronger currents flow from south to north. This phenomenon possesses a considerable uniformity of current strength and voltage. As the Earth currents flow from south to north, electrodes are positioned, beginning in the south and ending in the north, to increase the voltage at as large a distance as possible.<ref>Bryan, James C., "U.S. Patent 160152 Earth Battery". February 23, 1875. Page 1, Column 1, Lines 29-32.</ref> In many early implementations, the cost was prohibitive because of an over-reliance on extreme spacing between electrodes. It has been found that all the common metals behave relatively similarly. The two spaced electrodes, having a load in an external circuit connected between them, are disposed in an electrical medium, and energy is imparted to the medium in such manner that "''[[Free electron model|free electrons]]''" in the medium are excited. The free electrons then flow into one electrode to a greater degree than in the other electrode, thereby causing electric current to flow in the external circuit through the load. The current flows from that plate whose position in the electropotential series is near the negative end (such as [[palladium]]). The current produced is highest when the two metals are most widely separated from each other in the electropotential series, and when the material nearer the positive end is to the north, while that at the negative end is towards the south. The plates, one copper and another iron or carbon, are connected above ground by means of a wire with as little resistance as possible. In such an arrangement, the electrodes are not appreciably chemically corroded, even when they are in earth saturated with water, and are connected together by a wire for a long time. It had been found that to strengthen the current, it was most advantageous to drive the northerly electropositive electrode deeper into the medium than the southerly electrode. The greatest currents and voltages were obtained when the difference in depth was such that a line joining the two electrodes was in the direction of the [[magnetic dip]], or [[magnetic inclination]]. When the previous methods were combined, the current was tapped and utilized in any well-known manner. In some cases, a pair of plates with differing electrical properties, and with suitable protective coatings, were buried below the ground. A protective or other coating covered each entire plate. A copper plate could be coated with [[Petroleum coke|powdered coke]], a processed [[carbonaceous]] material. To a zinc plate, a layer of [[felt]] could be applied. To use the natural electricity, earth batteries fed electromagnets, the load, that were part of a motor mechanism. ==See also== * [[Water-activated_battery]] * [[Soil science]] : [[soil acidity]] & [[soil moisture]] * [[Soil resistance]] & [[Ground (electricity)|grounding]] * [[Antenna (radio)|antenna]] & [[ground antenna]] * [[Transmission medium]] & [[induction]] * [[electric field]] & [[near and far field]] * [[metal]], [[electrode]]s, & [[contact potential]] * [[Acidity]] & [[Bases]] ==References and articles== ===General information=== * Park Benjamin and Melvin L. Severy, ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=0hopp-XGNm0G-ZrmzwO&id=_N8JAAAAIAAJ The Voltaic Cell: Its Construction and Its Capacity]''. Wiley, 1893. 562 pages. Pages 317 - 319. * George Milton Hopkins, ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=02UwDRDhsZpVuarA_v7&id=yD4AAAAAMAAJ Experimental Science: Elementary, Practical and Experimental Physics]''. Munn & Co., 1902. Pages 437 - 451. * [[Frederick Collier Bakewell]], ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=0G-fa0febg6QPPIQ&id=h4oDAAAAQAAJ Electric science, its history, phenomena and applications]''. 1853. Pages 182 - 184. * James Napier, ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=06pactPJf9c6aHlb&id=EmcDAAAAQAAJ A manual of electro-metallurgy]''. 1876. Pages 48-49. * William Edward Armytage Axon, ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC06972394&id=BsWAyGfKPsEC The Mechanic's Friend]''. Trübner, 1875. 339 pages. Pages 303-304. * Adolph A. Fesquet, Oliver Byrne, and John Percy, ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=0kzjctzvfBotPyoIELl&id=60gKAAAAIAAJ The Practical Metal-worker's Assistant]''. H.C. Baird & Co., 1878. 683 pages. Pages 529-530. * Eugenii Katz, "''[http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/bain.html Alexander Bain]''". The history of electrochemistry, electricity and electronics; Biosensors & Bioelectronics. * Vassilatos, Gerry, "''[http://www.borderlands.com/newstuff/research/ground-myst.htm An Introduction to the Mysteries of Ground Radio]''". * Burns, R. W., "''[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=210782 Alexander Bain, a most ingenious and meritorious inventor]''". Engineering Science and Education Journal, Volume 2, Issue 2, Apr 1993. Pages 85-93. ISSN 0963-7346 * "''[http://www.theverylastpageoftheinternet.com/forsale/plans/earthbattery/ebpage1.htm Earth Battery]''", theverylastpageoftheinternet.com. ([http://www.theverylastpageoftheinternet.com/forsale/plans/earthbattery/ Index of /forsale/plans/earthbattery]) * R.J.Edwards G4FGQ, [http://www.smeter.net/grounds/earthres.php Measurement of Soil Resistivity & Calculation of Earth Electrode Resistance]. 15th February 1998 * ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=0HHUUKkRtytFmWLpxg9S99M&id=7fIIAAAAIAAJ The Gentleman's magazine]''. (1731). London: [s.n.]. Page 587. * Spencer W. Richardson, "''[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0950-1207(19151101)92%3A635%3C101%3ATFOETD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-8 The Flow of Electricity through Dielectrics]''". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 92, No. 635 (Nov. 1, 1915), pp. 101-107. * John Patterson Abernethy, ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=0PRs9hBqy_YICd6j2Y&id=3KWEZZE10IMC The Modern Service of Commercial and Railway Telegraphy]''. 1887. 423 pages. Page 72. * William Dwight, ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=0CYCMf1VMdOLwbTl7KOKJKg&id=ebECAAAAIAAJ Whitney Dictionary: An Encyclopedic Lexicon of the English Language]''. Page 1405. * Thomas Dixon Lockwood, ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=0qLIVWiOJxADn-lkNpq&id=yQEKAAAAIAAJ Electricity, Magnetism, and Electric Telegraphy]''. D. Van Nostrand Co., 1883. 375 pages. Page 42. * Edwin James Houston, ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=0yKeMANhRvKHH7EcDoN&id=UKYJAAAAIAAJ A Dictionary of Electrical Words, Terms and Phrases]''. P.F. Collier & Son, 1903. Page 756. * Henry Minchin , ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=0Ns6wXH3h6xx-eFhtFc&id=GzMJAAAAIAAJ Student's Text-book of Electricity]''. Lockwood, 1867. 519 pages. Pages 477 - 485. ([http://books.google.com/books?vid=0tGXw0eLjYgIa6TX8Xu1&id=IyYZr7IHpsYC Alternative copy]) * Vassilatos, G. (2000). ''Lost science''. Kempton, Ill: Adventures Unlimited. * "''[http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309036801&page=232 Telluric Currents: The Natural Environment and Interactions with Man-made Systems]''". The Earth's Electrical Environment (1986), Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications. * Prescott, G. B. (1860). ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=I7AgstolGNgC History, theory, and practice of the electric telegram]''. Boston: Ticknor and Fields. 468 page. * PowerPedia Earth battery [http://peswiki.com/index.php/PowerPedia:Earth_battery] ===Citations and notes=== <references /> ===Patents=== * A. Bain, "{{US patent|5957}} ''Copying surfaces by electricity''". * A. Bain, "{{US patent|6328}} ''Improvements in electric telegraphs''". * W. P. Piggot, "{{US patent|050314}} ''Telegraph cable''". * W. D. Snow, "{{US patent|155209}} ''Earth-batteries for generating electricity''". * J. Cerpaux, "{{US patent|182802}} ''Electric piles''". * Daniel Drawbaugh, "{{US patent|211322}} ''Earth battery for electric clocks''". * M. Emme, "{{US patent|495582}} ''Ground generator of electricity''". * M. Emme, "{{US patent|728381}} ''Storage Battery''". * Jahr, Emil, "{{US patent|690151}} '' Method of utilizing electrical earth currents''". * Bryan, James C., "{{US patent|160151}} ''Improvements in lightning rods''". * Bryan, James C., "{{US patent|160152}} ''Earth Battery''". [[February 23]], [[1875]]. * Bryan, James C., "{{US patent|160154}} ''Improvements in lightning rods''". * James M. Dices, "{{US patent|2806895}} ''Immersion type battery''". * Dieckmann, George F., "{{US patent|329724}} ''Electric Earth Battery''". [[November 3]], [[1885]]. * Stubblefield, Nathan, "{{US patent|600457}} ''Electric battery''". [[May 8]], [[1898]]. * William T. Clark, "{{US patent|4153757}} ''Method and apparatus for generating electricity''". * Ryeczek, "{{US patent|4457988}} ''Earth battery''". [[July 3]], [[1984]]. ===Further reading=== * Lamont, J. V., "''Der Erdstrom und der Zusammen desselben mit dem Erdmagnetismus''". Leopold-Voss-Verlag, Leipzig und Muenchen, 1862. (Tr., ''Telluric currents and their relationship to geomagnetism'') * Weinstein, "''Electrotechnische Zeitshrift''". 1898, pg., 794. (Tr., ''Electrotechnic magazine'') * John Timbs, ''The Year-book of Facts in Science and Art''. 1868. Page 130. * ''Journal of the Telegraph''. Western Union Telegraph, Co., 1914. [[Category:Electric batteries]]