Educational technology 1944675 225800279 2008-07-15T13:39:57Z WeisheitSuchen 1182389 /* Other */ rm link to blog; not written by a recognized authority, doesn't meet [[WP:EL]] '''Educational technology''' (also called '''learning technology''') "is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using and managing appropriate technological processes and resources." <ref>Richey, R.C. (2008). Reflections on the 2008 AECT Definitions of the Field. TechTrends. 52(1) 24-25</ref> The term educational technology is often associated with, and encompasses, [[instructional theory]] and [[Learning theory (education)|learning theory]]. While [[instructional technology]] covers the processes and systems of learning and instruction, educational technology includes other systems used in the process of developing human capability. ==Perspectives and meaning== Educational technology is most simply and comfortably defined as an array of tools that might prove helpful in advancing student learning. Educational Technology relies on a broad definition of the word "[[technology]]". Technology can refer to material objects of use to humanity, such as machines, hardware or utensils, but it can also encompass broader themes, including systems, methods of organization, and techniques. Those who employ educational technologies to explore ideas and communicate meaning are learners or teachers. Consider the ''Handbook of Human Performance Technology''.<ref>''Handbook of Human Performance Technology'' (Eds. Harold Stolovich, Erica Keeps, James Pershing)(3rd ed, 2006)</ref> The word technology for the sister fields of Educational and Human Performance Technology means "applied science." In other words, any valid and reliable process or procedure that is derived from basic research using the "scientific method" is considered a "technology." Educational or Human Performance Technology may be based purely on algorithmic or heuristic processes, but neither necessarily implies physical technology. The word technology, comes from the Greek "[[Techne]]" which means craft or art. Another word technique, with the same origin, also may be used when considering the field Educational technology. So Educational technology may be extended to include the techniques of the educator.{{Fact|date=April 2008}} A classic example of an Educational Technology is Bloom's 1956 book, ''Taxonomy of Educational Objectives''.<ref>Bloom B. S. (1956). ''Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Handbook I: The Cognitive Domain''. New York: David McKay Co Inc.</ref> According to some, an Educational Technologist is someone who transforms basic educational and psychological research into an evidence-based applied science (or a technology) of learning or instruction. But the term seems very stuffy and almost arrogant to those who work with the tools. Educational Technologists typically have a graduate degree (Master's, Doctorate, Ph.D., or D.Phil.) in a field related to educational psychology, educational media, experimental psychology, cognitive psychology or, more purely, in the fields of Educational, Instructional or Human Performance Technology or Instructional (Systems) Design. But few of those listed below as theorists would ever use the term "educational technologist" as a term to describe themselves, preferring less stuffy terms like educator.{{Fact|date=April 2008}} ==History== One comprehensive history of the field is Saettler's ''The evolution of American educational technology''.<ref>Saettler, P. (1990), ''The evolution of American educational technology''. Libraries Unlimited, Inc. Englewood California.</ref> Another worthy title is Larry Cuban's''Oversold and Underused - Computers in the Classroom''.<ref>Larry Cuban, ''Oversold and Underused - Computers in the Classroom''. Harvard University Press, 2001.</ref> For several decades, vendors of equipment such as laptop computers and interactive white boards have been claiming that their technologies would transform classrooms and learning in many positive ways, but there has been little evidence provided to substantiate these claims.{{Fact|date=April 2008}} To some extent, the history of educational technology has been marked by a succession of innovations that arrive with much fanfare but often fade into the background once fully tested, as Cuban argues in the above title.{{Fact|date=April 2008}} http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_technology ==Theories and practices== Three main theoretical schools or philosophical frameworks have been present in the educational technology literature. These are [[Behaviorism]], [[Cognitivism (psychology)|Cognitivism]] and [[Constructivism (learning theory)|Constructivism]]. Each of these schools of thought are still present in today's literature but have evolved as the [[Psychology]] literature has evolved. ===Behaviorism=== This theoretical framework was developed in the early 20th century with the animal learning experiments of [[Ivan Pavlov]], [[Edward Thorndike]], [[Edward C. Tolman]], [[Clark L. Hull]], [[B.F. Skinner]] and many others. Many Psychologists used these theories to describe and experiment with human learning. While still very useful this philosophy of learning has lost favor with many educators. ====Skinner's Contributions==== [[B.F. Skinner]] wrote extensively on improvements of teaching based on his functional analysis of [[Verbal Behavior]],<ref>Skinner, B.F. The science of learning and the art of teaching. Harvard Educational Review, 1954, 24, 86-97., Teaching machines. Science, 1958, 128, 969-77. and others see http://www.bfskinner.org/f/EpsteinBibliography.pdf</ref> and wrote "The Technology of Teaching",<ref>{{cite journal |journal= Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci |date=1965 |volume=162 |issue=989 |pages=427–43 |title= The technology of teaching |author= Skinner BF |doi=10.1098/rspb.1965.0048 |pmid=4378497}}</ref> an attempt to dispel the myths underlying contemporary education, as well as promote his system he called [[programmed instruction]]. [[Ogden Lindsley]] also developed the Celeration learning system similarly based on behavior analysis but quite different from Keller's and Skinner's models. ===Cognitivism=== [[Cognitive science]] has changed how educators view learning. Since the very early beginning of the Cognitive Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s, learning theory has undergone a great deal of change. Much of the empirical framework of Behaviorism was retained even though a new paradigm had begun. Cognitive theories look beyond behavior to explain brain-based learning. Cognitivists consider how human memory works to promote learning. After memory theories like the [[Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model]] and Baddeley's [[Working memory]] model were established as a theoretical framework in [[Cognitive Psychology]], new cognitive frameworks of learning began to emerge during the 1970s, 80s, and 90s. It is important to note that Computer Science and Information Technology have had a major influence on Cognitive Science theory. The Cognitive concepts of working memory (formerly known as short term memory) and long term memory have been facilitated by research and technology from the field of Computer Science. Another major influence on the field of Cognitive Science is [[Noam Chomsky]]. Today researchers are concentrating on topics like [[Cognitive load]] and [[Information Processing]] Theory. ===Constructivism=== [[Constructivism (learning theory)|Constructivism]] is a learning theory or educational philosophy that many educators began to consider in the 1990s. One of the primary tenets of this philosophy is that learners construct their own meaning from new information, as they interact with reality or others with different perspectives. Constructivist learning environments require students to utilize their prior knowledge and experiences to formulate new, related, and/or adaptive concepts in learning. Under this framework the role of the teacher becomes that of a facilitator, providing guidance so that learners can construct their own knowledge. Constructivist educators must make sure that the prior learning experiences are appropriate and related to the concepts being taught. Jonassen (1997) suggests "well-structured" learning environments are useful for novice learners and that "ill-structured" environments are only useful for more advanced learners. Educators utilizing technology when teaching with a constructivist perspective should choose technologies that reinforce prior learning perhaps in a problem-solving environment. ==Instructional technique and technologies== [[Problem Based Learning]] and [[Inquiry-based learning]] are [[active learning]] educational technologies used to facilitate learning. [[Technology]] which includes physical and process applied science can be incorporated into project, problem, inquiry-based learning as they all have a similar educational philosophy. All three are student centered, ideally involving real-world scenarios in which students are actively engaged in critical thinking activities. The process that students are encouraged to employ (as long as it is based on empirical research) is considered to be a technology. Classic examples of technologies used by teachers and Educational Technologists include Bloom's Taxonomy and Instructional Design. ==Theorists== This is an area where new thinkers are coming to the forefront everyday. Many of the ideas spread from theorists, researchers, and experts through their blogs. Extensive lists of educational bloggers by area of interest are available at Steve Hargadon's "SupportBloggers" site or at the "movingforward" wiki started by Scott McLeod.<ref>See http://supportblogging.com/Links+to+School+Bloggers and http://movingforward.wikispaces.com/Blogs</ref> Many of these blogs are recognized by their peers each year through the edublogger awards.<ref>[http://edublogawards.com/ » Welcome to the Eddies! The Edublog Awards<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> [[Web 2.0]] technologies have led to a huge increase in the amount of information available on this topic and the number of educators formally and informally discussing it. Most listed below have been around for more than a decade, however, and few new thinkers mentioned above are listed here. *[[Hall Davidson]]<ref>[http://www.halldavidson.net/ HallDavidson.net<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *[[Lawrence Tomei]]<ref>[http://academics.rmu.edu/~tomei/ Dr. Tomei's Educator Index of Web-Based Resources<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *[[Karl Fisch]]<ref>[http://thefischbowl.blogspot.com/ The Fischbowl<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *[[Ian Jukes]]<ref>http://www.ianjukes.com</ref> *[[Jamie McKenzie]]<ref>[http://fno.org/ FNO educational technology students schools libraries teachers parents staff development<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *[[Scott McLeod]]<ref>[http://www.scottmcleod.net/ Scott McLeod - Home - www.scottmcleod.net<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *[[Alan November]] *[[Seymour Papert]]<ref>[http://www.papert.org/ Professor Seymour Papert<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *[[Will Richardson]] *[[Gary Stager]]<ref>[http://www.stager.org/ Welcome to Stager.org!<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *[[John Sweller]] *[[Joyce Kazman Valenza]]<ref>[http://www.schoollibraryjournal.com/blog/1340000334.html/ NeverEndingSearch - Blog on School Library Journal<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *[[David Warlick]]<ref>http://davidwarlick.com/</ref> *[[David Marcovitz]]<ref>[http://www.loyola.edu/education/facstaff/DavidMarcovitz.html/ David Marcovitz<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ==Other interests== ===Educational technology and the humanities=== Research from the Alberta Initiative for School Improvement (AISI) <ref>[http://education.alberta.ca/media/616853/techprojectsreview.pdf AISI Technology Projects Research Review]</ref> indicates that [[Inquiry-based learning|inquiry]] and [[Project-based learning|project-based]] approaches, combined with a focus on curriculum, effectively supports the infusion of educational technologies into the learning and teaching process. Below are some promising practices and emerging applications specifically related to learning and technology within humanities disciplines: *Social Studies - Under Construction -Global Studies and Citizenship *English Language Arts - Under Construction - Changing Space of Text and Reading ===Societies=== Learned societies concerned with educational technology include: * [[Association for Educational Communications and Technology]] * [[Association for Learning Technology]] * [[ISTE|International Society for Technology in Education - (ISTE)]] * [http://www.cue.org/ Computer-Using Educators - (CUE)] ==See also== {{Portalpar|Education|Nuvola apps bookcase.png}} *[[Learning theory (education)]] *[[Educational psychology]] *[[Educational research]] *[[Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge]] *[[M-learning]] *[[Electronic learning|E-learning]] *[[Flexible Learning]] *[[Confidence-Based Learning]] *[[Mind Map]] *[[Habituation]] *[[Sleep-learning]] *[[Metacognition]] *[[Overlearning]] *[[Operant conditioning]] *[[Observational learning]] *[[Zone of proximal development]] *[[Bloom's taxonomy]] *[[Cooperative learning]] *[[Human Performance Technology]] *[[Instructional design|Instructional Systems Design]] *[[ADDIE Model]] *[[Mind map]] *[[Distance education]] *[[SCORM]] *[[Blended learning]] *[[Mnemonic]] *[[Project-based learning]] *[[Information mapping]] *[[Assistive technology]] *[[Educational animation]] *[[Computer-adaptive test]] *[[Educational evaluation]] *[[Rubrics (education)]] *[[Usability testing]] *[[Personalized system of instruction]] *[[Programmed instruction]] *[[Verbal behavior]] *[[Applied behavior analysis]] ==References== <!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences)/)> tags--> {{reflist}} ==Other== * {{cite web | title=Encyclopedia of Educational Technology | url=http://coe.sdsu.edu/eet/ | accessmonthday=November 10 | accessyear=2005}} * {{cite web | title=AISI Technology Projects Research Review| url=http://www.education.gov.ab.ca/k_12/special/aisi/pdfs/techprojectsreview.pdf| accessmonthday=July 17 | accessyear=2006}} * {{cite web | title=World Almanac of Educational Technology| url=http://www.waet.uga.edu| accessmonthday=August 10 |accessyear = 2006}} * {{cite web | title=Insight Knowledge base for new technology and education | url=http://insight.eun.org/ | accessmonthday=March 20 | accessyear=2008}} ==Further reading== {{Wiktionary}} *Bednar, M. R., & Sweeder, J. J. (2005). Defining and applying idea technologies: A systematic, conceptual framework for teachers. ''Computers in the Schools, 22''(3/4). * {{cite book | first=Alan | last=Januszewski | year=2001 | title=Educational Technology: The Development of a Concept | publisher=Libraries Unlimited | id=ISBN 1-56308-749-9}} *Jonassen, D. (1997). Instructional design models for well-structured and ill-structured problem-solving learning outcomes. ''Educational Technology Research & Development'', 45, 65–94. * {{cite book | first=D H| last= Jonassen | year=2006| title= Modeling with Technology: Mindtools for Conceptual Change| publisher= OH: Merrill/Prentice-Hall}} * [http://www.cogtech.usc.edu/publications/kirschner_Sweller_Clark.pdf Kirschner, P. A., Sweller, J., and Clark, R. E. (2006) Why minimal guidance during instruction does not work: an analysis of the failure of constructivist, discovery, problem-based, experiential, and inquiry-based teaching. Educational Psychologist 41 (2) 75-86] * {{cite book | first=K L | last=Kumar | year=1997 | title=Educational Technology: A Practical Textbook for Students, Teachers, Professionals and Trainers | publisher=New Age International | location=New Delhi | id=ISBN 81-224-0833-8}} * [http://coe.sdsu.edu/eet/ Encyclopedia of Educational Technology], a comprehensive resource of articles about Educational Technology, published by the Department of Educational Technology, [[San Diego State University]] * L Low & M O'Connell, [https://olt.qut.edu.au/udf/OLT2006/gen/static/papers/Low_OLT2006_paper.pdf Learner-Centric Design of Digital Mobile Learning], Queensland University of Technology, 2006. * Liu, G. -Z. (2008). [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2008.00851.x Innovating research topics in learning technology: Where are the new blue oceans?.British Journal of Educational Technology, 39(4), 738-747.] *Professor Brian J. Ford, ''[http://www.brianjford.com/a-05-ZENO.HTM Absolute Zeno]'', Laboratory News p 16, January 2006. * McKenzie, Jamie (2006). [http://fno.org/dec05/writing.html] Inspired Writing and Thinking. * Mishra, P. & Koehler, M.J. (2006). [http://www.tcrecord.org/content.asp?contentid=12516 Technological pedagogical content knowledge: A framework for integrating technology in teacher knowledge]. Teachers College Record, 108(6), 1017-1054. * Monahan, Torin (2005). ''Globalization, Technological Change, and Public Education''. New York: Routledge: ISBN 0-415-95103-8. * {{cite book | last=Randolph | first=J. J. | year=2007| title=Multidisciplinary Methods in Educational Technology Research and Development | publisher=Hameenlinna, Finland: HAMK | accessdate=2008-06-10 | id=ISBN 978-951-784-453-6 | url=http://justus.randolph.name/methods }} * {{cite book | first=S K | last= Soni | year=2004 | title=An Information Resource on Educational Technology for: Technical & Vocational Education and Training (TVET) | publisher= Sarup & Sons Publishers,Location- New Delhi, e-mail <sarupandsonsin@hotmail.com | id=ISBN 81-7625-506-8}} * {{cite book | first=B.F.| last=Skinner| year=1968 | title= The technology of teaching| publisher=New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts | id=Library of Congress Card Number 68-12340 E 81290}} ===Journals=== * ''[[ALT-J - Research in Learning Technology]]'' * ''[[British Journal of Educational Technology]]'' * ''[[Australasian Journal of Educational Technology]]'' * ''[http://www.cjlt.ca Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology]'' * ''[[Educational Technology & Society]]'' * ''[[International Journal of Educational Technology]]'' * ''[http://fno.org From Now On - The Educational Technology Journal]'' * ''[http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/routledge/09523987.html Educational Media International]'' * ''[http://www.baywood.com/journals/previewjournals.asp?id=0047-2395 Journal of Educational Technology Systems]'' * ''[http://kt.flexiblelearning.net.au/ The Knowledge Tree]'' * ''[http://innovateonline.info/ Innovate: Journal of Online Education]'' * ''[http://www.waset.org/ijhss/ International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences]'' * ''[http://www.waset.org/ijss/ International Journal of Social Sciences]'' * ''[http://thenjournal.org/ THEN: Technology, Humanities, Education, & Narrative]'' ===Schools offering degrees in Educational Technology=== * ''[http://gsep.pepperdine.edu/education/ma-educational-technology/ Pepperdine University (offers both an MA and Ed. D)]'' * ''[http://epsy.tamu.edu/articles/educational_technology Texas A&amp;M Department of Educational Technology (offers both a Masters and Doctorate)] * ''[http://www.gwu.edu/~etl The George Washington University (online graduate program)]'' * ''[http://education.wm.edu/programs/index.php The College of William and Mary (offers both an Ed. D and Ph. D)]'' * ''[http://edutech.msu.edu/masters Michigan State University]'' * ''[http://edtech.boisestate.edu/ Boise State University]'' * ''[http://www.umflint.edu/graduateprograms/education_tech.htm University of Michigan - Flint (programs in Michigan and in Geneva, Switzerland)]'' * ''[http://iet.open.ac.uk/courses/phd-ed-tech.cfm The Open University, UK]'' * ''[http://tecfaetu.unige.ch/maltt/ Master of Sciences in Learning and Teaching Technologies, TECFA, University of Geneva]'' {{Technology}} [[Category:Educational technology| ]] [[Category:Educational psychology]] [[ar:تكنولوجيا التعليم]] [[id:Teknologi pendidikan]] [[ja:教育工学]] [[ko:교육공학]] [[nl:Leermiddel]] [[no:Utdanningsteknologi]] [[pt:Tecnologia educacional]] [[th:เทคโนโลยีการศึกษา]] [[tr:Eğitim teknolojisi]]