Electronic stability control
420943
222557334
2008-06-29T23:56:21Z
Greglocock
17250
better grammar
'''Electronic stability control''' (ESC) is a computerized technology that improves the safety of a [[car handling|vehicle's handling]] by detecting and preventing skids. When ESC detects loss of steering control, ESC automatically applies individual brakes to help "steer" the vehicle where the driver wants to go. Braking is automatically applied to individual wheels, such as the outer front wheel to counter [[oversteer]], or the inner rear wheel to counter [[understeer]]. Some ESC systems also reduce engine power until control is regained.<ref>http://www.chooseesc.eu/download/press/ESC%20Background%20Paper.pdf</ref>
==Operation==
ESC compares the driver's intended direction (by measuring [[steering]] angle) to the vehicle's actual direction (by measuring lateral [[acceleration]], vehicle rotation ([[yaw]]) and individual road wheel speeds). If the vehicle is not going where the driver is [[steering]], ESC then brakes individual front or rear wheels and/or reduces excess [[engine]] power as needed to help correct [[understeer]] (plowing) or [[oversteer]] (fishtailing).
ESC incorporates [[yaw rate]] control into the [[anti-lock braking system]] (ABS). [[Yaw]] is rotation around the vertical axis; i.e. spinning left or right. Anti-lock brakes enable ESC to brake individual wheels. ESC usually also incorporates a [[traction control system]] (TCS or ASR), which senses drive-wheel slip under acceleration and individually brakes the slipping wheel or wheels and/or reduces excess engine power until control is regained.
ESC cannot override a car's physical limits or increase traction. If a driver pushes the vehicle's traction beyond its limits, ESC cannot prevent a crash. It is a tool to help the driver maintain control using available traction and grip.
==Components and Design==
The ESC-system uses several [[sensor]]s to determine what the driver wants (input). Other sensors indicate the actual state of the vehicle (response). The control-algorithm compares driver input to vehicle response (25 times per second) and decides, when necessary, to apply brakes and/or reduce throttle.
The sensors used for ESC have to send data at all times in order to detect possible defects as soon as possible. They have to be resistant to possible forms of interference (rain, holes in the road, etc.). The most important sensors are:
*Steering wheel angle sensor : determines the driver's intended rotation; i.e. where the driver wants to steer. This kind of sensor is often based on [[magnetoresistance|AMR-elements]].
*[[Yaw rate sensor]] : measures the rotation rate of the car; i.e how much the car is actually turning. The data from the yaw sensor is compared with the data from the steering wheel angle sensor to determine regulating action.
*Lateral acceleration sensor : often based on the [[Hall effect]]. Measures the lateral acceleration of the vehicle.
*[[Wheel speed sensor]] : measures the wheel speed.
ESC uses a hydraulic modulator to assure that each wheel receives the correct brake force. A similar modulator is used in [[Anti-lock braking system|ABS]]. ABS needs to reduce pressure during braking, only. ESC additionally needs to increase pressure in certain situations.
The heart of the ESC-system is the Electronic Control Unit ([[Electronic control unit|ECU]]). The various control techniques are embedded in it. Often, the same ECU is used for diverse systems at the same time ([[Anti-lock braking system|ABS]], [[Traction control]], climate control, etc.).
The input signals are sent through the input-circuit to the digital controller. The desired vehicle state is determined based upon the steering wheel angle, its gradient and the wheel speed. Simultaneously, the yaw sensor measures the actual state. The controller computes the needed brake or acceleration force for each wheel and directs via the driver circuits the valves of the hydraulic modulator.
Via a [[Controller Area Network|CAN-interface]] the ECU is connected with other systems ([[Anti-lock braking system|ABS]], etc.) in order to avoid giving contradictory commands.
Most ESC systems use an indicator light on the dash to tell the driver when the system is active (i.e. has detected and corrected skidding).
Many ESC systems have an "off" switch so the driver can disable ESC, which may be desirable when badly stuck in mud or snow, or driving on a beach. However, ESC defaults to "On" when the ignition is re-started. Some ESC systems that lack an "off switch", such as on many recent [[Toyota]] and [[Lexus]] vehicles, can be temporarily disabled through an undocumented series of brake pedal and handbrake operations.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.automobilemag.com/features/news/0601_lexus_gs430_vsc/index.html | title = How to switch off VSC on a Lexus GS430 | publisher = Automobile Magazine }}</ref>
==Effectiveness==
Numerous studies around the world confirm that ESC is highly effective in helping the driver maintain control of the car and saving lives and reducing the severity of crashes.<ref>[http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a784407554~db=all~tab=content~order=page The Effectiveness of Electronic Stability Control in Reducing Real-World Crashes: A Literature Review - Traffic Injury Prevention<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In the fall of 2004 in the U.S., the [[National Highway and Traffic Safety Administration]] confirmed the international studies, releasing results of a field study in the U.S. of ESC effectiveness. NHTSA concluded that ESC reduces crashes by 35%. Additionally, [[Sport utility vehicle]]s (SUV's) with stability control are involved in 67% fewer accidents than SUVs without the system. The [[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety]] (IIHS) issued its own study results in 2004 concluding that universal use of ESC could save 7,000 lives a year in the United States. In June 2006, the IIHS released a second study showing that up to 10,000 fatal US crashes could be avoided annually if all vehicles were equipped with ESC<ref>[http://www.iihs.org/news/rss/pr061306.html IIHS news release<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The 2006 study concluded that ESC reduces the likelihood of all fatal crashes by 43%, fatal single-vehicle crashes by 56%, and fatal single-vehicle rollovers by 77-80%.
ESC is described as the most important advance in auto safety since the [[seat belt]] by many experts<ref>{{Citation | title=EU Commission, FIA, And Euro NCAP Recommend — 'No Car Without ESP' | url=http://www.carpages.co.uk/news/esp-09-05-07.asp | accessdate = 2007-12-28}}</ref> including Nicole Nason,<ref>{{Citation | title=U.S. to Require Anti-Rollover Technology on New Cars by 2012 | url=http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2006/09/15/72448.htm | accessdate = 2007-12-28}}</ref> Administrator of the NHTSA,<ref name=cbc>{{Citation | title=U.S. set to mandate Anti-Rollover Technology vehicles | url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/2006/09/13/auto-stability.html | accessdate = 2007-12-28}}</ref> Jim Guest and David Champion<ref>{{Citation | title=Stability system called the best thing since seat belts | url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/06/13/MNG7UJD1451.DTL | accessdate = 2007-12-28}}</ref> of Consumers Union<ref>{{Citation | title=Consumer Reports 2007 Annual Report | url=http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/resources/streaming/PDFs/2007annualreport.pdf | accessdate = 2007-12-28}}</ref> [[Max Mosley]] of the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] (FIA), E-Safety Aware<ref>http://www.esafetyaware.eu/download/related_documents/esafetyaware_flyer.pdf</ref>, Csaba Csere, editor of Car and Driver<ref>{{Citation | title=The Greatest Advance in Safety Since Seatbelts | url=http://www.caranddriver.com/columns/9036/the-greatest-advance-in-safety-since-seatbelts.html?al=128 | accessdate = 2007-12-28}}</ref>, and Bill Kozyra, CEO of [[Continental Automotive Systems]]<ref name=cbc/>.The European New Car Assessment Program (EuroNCAP) "strongly recommends" that people buy cars fitted with stability control.<ref>http://www.euroncap.com/content/safety_ratings/recommendation.php</ref>
On November 21, 2006 the IIHS announced that 13 of the 2007 vehicles had earned its ''TOP SAFETY PICK'' rating which is based primarily on crashworthiness; however, a major new requirement for this top rating is that the vehicle must be equipped with ESC (which helps avoid crashes)<ref>[http://www.iihs.org/news/rss/pr112106.html IIHS news release<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. The NHTSA issued a final research report in July 2007, stating, "ESC reduced all fatal crashes by 14% for passenger cars and 28% for LTVs (Light Trucks and Vans). Only the reduction in LTVs is statistically significant." Although that data was not statistically significant for passenger cars generally, it was found to be statistically significant that "police-reported crash involvements decreased by 8% in passenger cars and 10% in LTVs."
<ref>[http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/810794.PDF DOT 810 794 Statistical Analysis of the Effectiveness of Electronic Stability Control Systems]</ref>.
==Cost==
ESC is built on top of an anti-lock brake ([[Anti-lock braking system|ABS]]) system. The ESC components include a [[Yaw rate sensor]], a Lateral Acceleration Sensor, a Steering Wheel Sensor, and an upgraded Integrated Control Unit. According to [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]] research, [[Anti-lock braking system|ABS]] costs an estimated [[United States dollar|US$]]368 (in 2005) and ESC costs an additional [[United States dollar|US$]]111. The retail price of ESC varies; as a stand-alone option, it retails for as little as $450. Unfortunately, many auto makers bundle ESC with other features so the cost of a package that includes ESC could be several thousands of dollars.
ESC is highly cost-effective<ref>http://www.chooseesc.eu/download/press/University%20of%20Cologne_ESC_cost_benefit.pdf</ref> and it might pay for itself in reduced insurance premiums.<ref>[http://www.wisbusiness.com/index.iml?Article=116777 wisbusiness<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
==Availability==
ESC is not generally available for after-market installation. The only way consumers can get ESC is to buy a vehicle equipped by the manufacturer with standard or optional ESC.
Availability of ESC in passenger vehicles varies between manufacturers and countries. In 2007, ESC was available in roughly 50% of new North American models, whereas that figure is about 75% in Sweden. However, consumer awareness affects buying patterns so that roughly 45% of vehicles sold in North America and the UK are purchased with ESC<ref>[http://www.thatcham.org/esc/ thatcham.org | Electronic Stability Control<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, contrasting with 78-93% in other European countries such as Germany, Denmark, and Sweden. While few vehicles had ESC prior to 2004, increased awareness will increase the number of vehicles with ESC on the used car market.
ESC is available on cars, SUV's, and pickup trucks from all major auto makers. ESC is also available on some motor homes. Elaborate ESC and ESP systems (including Roll Stability Control (RSC)<ref>http://www.esafetysupport.org/en/learn_about_esafety_systems/esafety_systems/roll_stability_control_system_rsc.htm</ref>) are available for many commercial vehicles<ref>http://www.bendix.com/Lists/Bendix%20News/Attachments/122/Bendix_ESP_update.pdf</ref>, including transport trucks, trailers, and buses from manufacturers such as [[Bendix Corporation]]<ref>http://www.bendix.com/en-us/products/abs/Pages/ABS6.aspx</ref>, [[WABCO]] <ref>[http://www.meritorwabco.com/rsc.asp Meritor WABCO - Products - System Saver Air Dryers<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, [[Daimler]],<ref>[http://articles.jimtrade.com/1/69.htm Daimler Increases Safety In Buses Through Electronic Stability<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, [[Scania AB]]<ref>[http://www.scania.ie/bus_coach/technology/eps/ ESP (Electronic Stability Program)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, and [[Prevost]]<ref>[http://www.prevostcar.com/cgi-bin/pages.cgi?page=sh_esp_passenger Prevost – Passenger coaches and bus shells manufacturer<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
The [[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety]] (IIHS) website<ref>[http://www.iihs.org/ratings/esc/esc.aspx Vehicles equipped with ESC<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> shows availability of ESC in individual US models and the [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]] (NHTSA website<ref>[http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/portal/site/nhtsa/menuitem.012c081c5966f0ca3253ab10cba046a0/ Electronic Stability Control (ESC) | National Highway Traffic Safety Administration(NHTSA) | U.S. Department of Transportation<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> lists US models with ESC. The National Roads and Motorists' Association [[NRMA]] shows availability of ESC in Australian models.<ref>[http://www.nrma.com.au/pub/nrma/motor/car-research/electronic-stability-control/index.shtml Electronic Stability Control in Australia - NRMA Insurance<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> CHOOSE ESC! shows availability of ESC in European countries<ref>[http://www.chooseesc.eu/en/facts_about_electronic_stability_control/availability_of_esc/ ChooseESC! Availability of ESC<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
==Laws==
While Sweden used public awareness campaigns to promote ESC use,<ref>[http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-01/esv/esv19/05-0135-O.pdf The Effectiveness of ESC (Electronic Stability Control) in Reducing Real Life Crashes and Injuries<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> others implemented or proposed legislation. Quebec was the first jurisidiction to implement an ESC law, making it mandatory for carriers of dangerous goods (without data recorders) in 2005.<ref>http://www.mtq.gouv.qc.ca/portal/page/portal/entreprises_en/camionnage/matieres_dangereuses/reglement/reglement_modifiant_reglement_transport_matiere_dangeureuses</ref> The United States was next, mandating ESC for all passenger vehicles under 10,000 pounds (4536 kg), phasing in the regulation starting with 55% of 2009 models, 75% of 2010 models, 95% of 2011 models, and 100% of 2012 models.<ref>[http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/portal/site/nhtsa/menuitem.012c081c5966f0ca3253ab10cba046a0/ Electronic Stability Control (ESC) | National Highway Traffic Safety Administration(NHTSA) | U.S. Department of Transportation<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Australia <ref>[http://editorial.carsales.com.au/car-review/2889343.aspx Brumby bats for ESC – Car Reviews, News & Advice – carsales.com.au - Carsales Editorial<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and Canada<ref>[http://www.tc.gc.ca/roadsafety/tp/tp14651/vs200701/menu.htm Electronic Stability Control<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.princegeorgecitizen.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=105366&Itemid=159 Prince George Citizen - MP’s car safety bill reaches Parliament<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> will likely be next, requiring 100% of passenger vehicles to have ESC on September 1, 2011, matching the U.S. The [[United Nations Economic Commission for Europe]] is working on a Global Technical Regulation to harmonize standards for ESC.<ref>[http://www.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/wp29wgs/wp29grrf/grrf-infesc2.html#14 UNECE Transport Division - World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (WP.29) - Working Party on Brake and Running Gear (GRRF) - Informal group on Electronic Stability Control (EVSC) for light vehicles - 2nd meeting<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
==History==
In 1959, [[Mercedes-Benz]] patented a device that prevents drive wheels from spinning by intervening at the engine, transmission, or brakes. In 1987, Mercedes-Benz applied its patent by introducing a [[Traction control system]] that worked under both braking and acceleration. Around the same time, [[BMW]] developed a [[Traction control system]].
From 1987 to 1992, [[Mercedes-Benz]] and [[Robert Bosch GmbH]] co-developed a system called Elektronisches Stabilitätsprogramm ([[German language|Ger.]] "electronic stability programme" trademarked as ESP) a lateral slippage control system, the first electronic stability control (ESC). Meanwhile, [[BMW]], working with [[Robert Bosch GmbH]] and [[Continental Automotive Systems]], developed a system to reduce engine torque to prevent loss of control and applied it to the entire [[BMW]] model line for 1992.
In 1995 [[Mercedes-Benz]] and [[Volvo]] began offering ESC on some of their models while [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], [[General Motors]], [[Toyota]], [[Volkswagen]], and others investigated and developed ESC systems.
In 1996, during a [[moose test]] (swerving to avoid an obstacle) a journalist rolled a [[Mercedes-Benz A-Class]] people-carrier (without ESC) at 37 km/h. Because [[Mercedes-Benz]] promotes its reputation for safety, they recalled and retrofitted 130,000 A-Class cars with ESC. This produced a significant reduction in crashes<ref>http://www.whnet.com/4x4/pix/esp_stat.jpg</ref> and the number of vehicles with ESC rose. Many high-end makes such as [[Mercedes-Benz]], [[BMW]], [[Volvo]], [[Audi]], and [[Lexus]] have made ESC standard on all vehicles, and the number of models with ESC continues to increase.<ref>[http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/portal/site/nhtsa/menuitem.012c081c5966f0ca3253ab10cba046a0/ Electronic Stability Control (ESC) | National Highway Traffic Safety Administration(NHTSA) | U.S. Department of Transportation<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> [[Ford]] and [[Toyota]] have announced that all their North American vehicles will be equipped with ESC by the end of 2009.<ref>[http://media.ford.com/newsroom/release_display.cfm?release=24259 Ford Motor Company - Press Release - FORD TO MAKE ELECTRONIC STABILITY CONTROL STANDARD ON ALL CARS AND TRUCKS BY END OF 2009<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.wheels.ca/article/19503 Imports sweep safety list in U.S<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and [[General Motors]] has made a similar announcement for the end of 2010.<ref>http://www.technologynewsdaily.com/node/3328</ref>
==Future==
The market for ESC is growing at a very robust rate, especially in European countries such as Sweden and Germany. For example, in Sweden, in 2003, the purchase rate on new cars with ESC was 15%. The Swedish road safety administration issued a strong ESC recommendation and in September 2004, 16 months later, the purchase rate was 58%. A stronger ESC recommendation was then given and in December 2004, the purchase rate on new cars had reached 69%<ref>[http://www.vv.se/filer/30825/11_1_antisladdsystem.pdf ESC Effectiveness<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and by 2007 it had grown to 93%. ESC advocates around the world are promoting increased ESC use through legislation and public awareness campaigns and by 2012, most new vehicles should be equipped with ESC.
Just as ESC is founded on the [[Anti-lock braking system]] (ABS), ESC is the foundation for new advances such as roll stability control (RSC) that works in the vertical plane much like ESC works in the horizontal plane. When RSC detects impending rollover (usually on transport trucks<ref>[http://www.meritorwabco.com/rsc.asp Meritor WABCO - Products - System Saver Air Dryers<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> or SUV's<ref>[http://www.canadiandriver.com/articles/jk/021127.htm CanadianDriver: Auto Tech - Volvo's Roll Stability Control<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>), RSC applies brakes, reduces throttle, induces understeer, and/or slows down the vehicle.
The computing power of ESC facilitates the networking of active and passive safety systems, addressing other causes of crashes. For example, sensors may detect when a vehicle is following too closely and slow down the vehicle, straighten up seat backs, and tighten seat belts, avoiding and/or preparing for a crash.
==Product names==
Electronic stability control (ESC) is the generic term recognized by the [[Society of Automotive Engineers]] and other authorities. However, vehicle manufacturers use a variety of different trade names for ESC:
* [[Acura]]: '''Vehicle Stability Assist (VSA)'''
* [[Alfa Romeo]]: '''Vehicle Dynamic Control (VDC)'''
* [[Audi]]: '''ESP - Electronic Stability Programme'''
* [[Bentley]]: '''ESP - Electronic Stability Programme'''
* [[Bugatti]]: '''ESP - Electronic Stability Programme'''
* [[Buick]]: '''[[StabiliTrak]]'''
* [[BMW]]: '''Dynamic Stability Control (DSC)''' (including Dynamic Traction Control)
* [[Cadillac (automobile)|Cadillac]]: '''All-Speed Traction Control & StabiliTrak'''
* [[Chery Automobile]]: '''Electronic Stability Programme'''
* [[Chevrolet]]: '''[[StabiliTrak]]'''; '''Active Handling''' (Corvette only)
* [[Chrysler Corporation|Chrysler]]: '''Electronic Stability Programme (ESP)'''
* [[Citroën]]: '''Electronic Stability Programme (ESP)'''
* [[Dodge]]: '''Electronic Stability Programme (ESP)'''
* [[Daimler AG|Daimler]]: '''Electronic Stability Programme (ESP)'''
* [[Fiat]]: '''Electronic Stability Programme (ESP)''' and '''Vehicle Dynamic Control (VDC)'''
* [[Ferrari]]: '''Controllo Stabilità (CST)'''
* [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]: '''AdvanceTrac with Roll Stability Control (RSC)''' and '''Interactive Vehicle Dynamics (IVD)''' and '''Electronic Stability Programme (ESP)'''; '''Dynamic Stability Control (DSC)''' (Australia only)
* [[General Motors]]: '''[[StabiliTrak]]'''
* [[Honda]]: '''Electronic Stability Control (ESC)''' and '''Vehicle Stability Assist (VSA)''' and '''Electronic Stability Programme (ESP)'''
* [[Holden]]: '''Electronic Stability Programme (ESP)'''
* [[Hyundai]]: '''Electronic Stability Programme (ESP)''', '''Electronic Stability Control (ESC)''', and '''Vehicle Stability Assist (VSA)'''
* [[Infiniti]]: '''Vehicle Dynamic Control (VDC)'''
* [[Jaguar (car)|Jaguar]]: '''Dynamic Stability Control (DSC)'''
* [[Jeep]]: '''Electronic Stability Program (ESP)'''
* [[Kia]]: '''Electronic Stability Programme (ESP)'''
* [[Lamborghini]]: '''ESP - Electronic Stability Programme'''
* [[Land Rover]]: '''Dynamic Stability Control (DSC)'''
* [[Lexus]]: '''Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management (VDIM)''' with '''Vehicle Stability Control (VSC)''' and '''Traction Control (TRAC) systems'''
* [[Lincoln (automobile)|Lincoln]]: '''AdvanceTrac'''
* [[Maserati]]: '''Maserati Stability Programme (MSP)'''
* [[Mazda]]: '''Dynamic Stability Control (DSC)'''
* [[Mercedes-Benz]] (co-inventor): '''Electronic Stability Programme (ESP)'''
* [[Mercury (automobile)|Mercury]]: '''AdvanceTrac'''
* [[BMW MINI|MINI]]: '''Dynamic Stability Control'''
* [[Mitsubishi]]: '''Active Skid and Traction Control MULTIMODE''' and '''Active Stability Control (ASC)'''
* [[Nissan Motors|Nissan]]: '''Vehicle Dynamic Control (VDC)'''
* [[Oldsmobile]]: '''Precision Control System (PCS)'''
* [[Opel]]: '''Electronic Stability Programme (ESP)'''
* [[Peugeot]]: '''Electronic Stability Programme (ESP)'''
* [[Pontiac]]: '''[[StabiliTrak]]'''
* [[Porsche]]: '''Porsche Stability Management (PSM)'''
* [[Renault]]: '''Electronic Stability Programme (ESP)'''
* [[Rover Group]]: '''Dynamic Stability Control (DSC)'''
* [[Saab Automobile|Saab]]: '''Electronic Stability Programme'''
* [[Saturn]]: '''[[StabiliTrak]]'''
* [[SEAT]]: '''ESP - Electronic Stability Programme'''
* [[Škoda Auto|Škoda]]: '''ESP - Electronic Stability Programme'''
* [[Smart (automobile)|Smart]]: '''Electronic Stability Programme (ESP)'''
* [[Subaru]]: '''Vehicle Dynamics Control Systems (VDCS)'''
* [[Suzuki]]: '''Electronic Stability Programme (ESP)'''
* [[Toyota Motor Corporation|Toyota]]: '''Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management (VDIM) with Vehicle Stability Control (VSC)'''
* [[Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]: '''Electronic Stability Programme (ESP)'''
* [[Volvo Cars|Volvo]]: '''Dynamic Stability and Traction Control (DSTC)'''
* [[Volkswagen]]: '''ESP - Electronic Stability Programme'''
==System Manufacturers==
ESC system manufacturers include:
* [[Robert Bosch GmbH]] (co-inventor)
<br>
* [[Aisin Seiki Co.|Aisin Advics]]<ref>[http://www.aisin.com/product/automotive/brake/index.html ADVICS ESC Modulator]</ref>
* [[Bendix Corporation]]
* [[Continental Automotive Systems]]
* [[Delphi (auto parts)|Delphi]]
* [[Hitachi, Ltd.|Hitachi]]
* [[ITT Corporation|ITT Automotive, since 1998 part of [[Continental AG]]
* [[Mando Corporation]]
* [[Nisshin#日信|Nissin Kogyo]]
* [[Teves]], now part of [[Continental AG]]
* [[TRW]]
* [[Westinghouse Air Brake Company|WABCO]]
==See also==
*[[anti-lock braking system|Anti-lock Braking System]] (ABS)
*[[electronic brakeforce distribution|Electronic Brakeforce Distribution]] (EBD)
*[[traction control system|Traction Control System]] (TCS - also known as ASR, or Anti-Slip Regulation)
*[[Hill Start Assist]]
*[[Moose test]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://www.bosch-escential.com/us/language1/index.html Bosch ESC Information]
*[http://www.ChooseESC.eu/ '''ChooseESC!'''] a combined initiative from the [[European Commission]], eSafetyAware, and [[Euro NCAP]]
*[http://www.esafetysupport.org/en/media_centre/press_coverage/ E-Safety list of ESC Media Articles] from eSafety Support
*[http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/portal/site/nhtsa/menuitem.012c081c5966f0ca3253ab10cba046a0/ NHTSA on ESC including US Regulation and list of US vehicles with ESC]
*[http://www.dot.gov.nt.ca/_live/documents/documentManagerUpload/Electronic%20Stability.pdf Canadian Association of Road Safety Professionals on ESC] <small>(PDF)</small>
*[http://www.tc.gc.ca/roadsafety/tp/tp14651/vs200701/menu.htm/ Transport Canada on ESC]
*[http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/Home/RoadSafety/VehicleSafety/Electronic+Stability+Control.htm Australia (Victoria) on ESC]
*[http://www.consumeraffairs.com/news04/2006/09/nhtsa_stability.html NHTSA announces mandatory ESC all light US vehicles by 2012]
*[http://www.princegeorgecitizen.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=105366&Itemid=159 Proposed Canadian ESC Law]
*[http://www.europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/1710 European ESC Mandate for Trucks and Coaches]
*[http://www.roadsafe.com/magazine/2007summer/fleets_play_pivitol.html European ESC Campaign]
*[http://www.cbc.ca/consumer/story/2007/10/30/esc-canada.html Canadian ESC Campaign]
*[http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-01/esv/esv19/05-0135-O.pdf Swedish ESC Study]
*[http://www.sciencealert.com.au/news/20072111-16620.html Australian (Monash) ESC Study]
*[http://www.carcrash.org/mediaweb/00003.pdf Pacific Institute ESC Study]
*[http://idisk.mac.com/mpaineau-Public/PAINE_ESC_TESTS.pdf Paine (2005) review of ESC research and regulations]
*[http://www.whatcar.com/news-article.aspx?NA=219916 UK ESC Video by ''What Car'']
*[http://www.howsafeisyourcar.com.au/electronic_stability_control.php Four Little Words: "Does it have ESC?"]
*[http://abcnews.go.com/Video/playerIndex?id=2431526 ABC News ESC Video]
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