Ellis Island
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/* Notable immigrants */
{{for|the island in Australia|Ellis Island, Queensland}}
{{ infobox protected area
| name = Ellis Island<br> part of Statue of Liberty National Monument
| iucn_category = III
| image = US_Locator_Blank.svg
| locator_x = 255
| locator_y = 65
| location = [[New York]]/[[New Jersey]], [[United States|USA]]
| nearest_city =[[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City, New Jersey]]
| lat_degrees = 40
| lat_minutes = 41
| lat_seconds = 59
| lat_direction = N
| long_degrees = 74
| long_minutes = 2
| long_seconds = 23
| long_direction = W
| area = 58.38 acres (0.24 km²) (includes [[Statue of Liberty|Statue of Liberty NM]])
| established = [[May 11]], [[1965]] (as a national monument)
| visitation_num = 3,618,054 (includes Statue of Liberty NM)
| visitation_year = 2004
| governing_body = [[National Park Service]]
}}<!-- Note: site is listed in IUCN database, but appears to conform with Category III -->
'''Ellis Island''', at the mouth of the [[Hudson River]] in [[New York Harbor]], is the location of what was at one time the main entry facility for [[immigrants]] entering the [[United States]]; the facility operated from [[January 1]], [[1892]] until [[November 12]], [[1954]]. It is owned by the Federal government and is now part of the [[Statue of Liberty National Monument]], under the jurisdiction of the US [[National Park Service]]. It is situated in [[Jersey City, New Jersey]] and [[New York City]].
Ellis Island was the subject of a border dispute between New York State and New Jersey ([[#Federal jurisdiction and state sovereignty dispute|see below]]). According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the island, which was largely artificially created through [[Land reclamation|landfill]], has an official land area of 129,619 square meters, or 32 [[acres]], more than 83 percent of which lies in the city of Jersey City. The natural portion of the island, lying in [[New York City]], is 21,458 square meters (5.3 acres), and is completely surrounded by the artificially created portion. For New York State tax purposes it is assessed as Manhattan Block 1, Lot 201. Since 1998, it also has a tax number assigned by the state of [[New Jersey]].
== History ==
{{seealso|Immigration to the United States}}
Originally called Little Oyster Island<ref>[http://events.nytimes.com/2006/03/01/books/01grim.html?fta=y ''New York Times'',] March 1, 2006, accessed March 16, 2008</ref>, Ellis Island acquired its name from Samuel Ellis, a colonial New Yorker, possibly from [[Wales]]. {{quote|TO BE SOLD<br>By Samuel Ellis, no. 1, Greenwich Street, at the north river near the Jewish Market, That pleasant situated Island called Oyster Island, lying in New Bay, near Powle’s Hook, together with all its improvements which are considerable; also, two lots of ground, one at the lower end of Queen street, joining Luke’s wharf, the other in Greenwich street, between Petition and Dey streets, and a parcel of spars for masts, yards, brooms, bowsprits, & c. and a parcel of timber fit for pumps and buildings of docks; and a few barrels of excellent shad and herrings, and others of an inferior quality fit for shipping; and a few thousand of red herring of his own curing, that he will warrant to keep good in carrying to any part of the world, and a quantity of twine which he sell very low, which is the best sort of twine, for tyke nets. Also a large Pleasure Sleigh, almost new.|Samuel Ellis advertising in London New York-Packet, 1778}}
The federal immigration station opened on [[January 1]], [[1892]] and was closed on [[November 12]], [[1954]], but not before 12 million immigrants were inspected there by the US Bureau of Immigration (Immigration and Naturalization Service). There are unsubstantiated estimates for immigrants processed there as high as 20 million. In the 35 years before Ellis Island opened, over 8 million immigrants had been processed locally by [[New York State]] officials at [[Castle Clinton|Castle Garden Immigration Depot]] in Manhattan.
[[Image:Ellis Island Entrance.JPG|thumb|right|Entrance to the museum. Ellis Island was the first stop for most immigrants from Europe.]]
Those with visible health problems or diseases were sent home or held in the island's hospital facilities for long periods of time. Then they were asked 29 questions including name, occupation, and the amount of money they carried with them. Generally those immigrants who were approved spent from three to five hours at Ellis Island. However more than three thousand would-be immigrants died on Ellis Island while being held in the hospital facilities. Some unskilled workers and immigrants were rejected outright because they were considered "likely to become a public charge." About 2 percent were denied admission to the U.S. and sent back to their countries of origin for reasons such as chronic contagious disease, criminal background, or insanity.<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/stli/serv02.htm#Ellis National Park Service: Ellis Island], retrieved January 12, 2006.</ref>
Writer [[Louis Adamic]] came to America from [[Slovenia]] in southeastern Europe in 1913. Adamic described the night he spent on Ellis Island. He and many other immigrants slept on bunk beds in a huge hall. Lacking a warm blanket, the young man "shivered, sleepless, all night, listening to snores" and dreams "in perhaps a dozen different languages".
As with all historic areas administered by the [[National Park Service]], Ellis Island, along with [[Statue of Liberty]], was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] on [[October 15]], [[1966]].
Today Ellis Island houses a museum reachable by ferry from [[Liberty State Park]] in [[Jersey City, New Jersey]] and from the southern tip of [[Manhattan]] in New York City. The [[Statue of Liberty]], sometimes thought to be on Ellis Island because of its symbolism as a welcome to immigrants, is actually on nearby [[Liberty Island]], which is about 1/2 mile to the south.
Ellis island was also known as "The Island of Tears" or "Heartbreak Island"<ref>Davis, Kenneth (2003), ''Don't Know Much About American History,'' HarperTrophy, ISBN 0064408361 ("Isle of Tears" or "Heartbreak Island," p. 123)</ref> because of the 2% who were not admitted after the long transatlantic voyage.
The following is a list of the station's commissioners:
*1. 1890-1893 Colonel John B. Weber,
*2. 1893-1897 Dr. Joseph H. Senner,
*3. 1897-1902 Thomas Fitchie,
*4. 1902-1905 William C. Williams,
*5. 1905-1909 Robert Watchorn,
*6. 1909-1913 William C. Williams,
*7. 1914-1919 Dr. Frederic C. Howe,
*8. 1920-1921 Frederick A. Wallis,
*9. 1921-1923 Robert E. Tod,
*10. 1923-1926 Henry C. Curran,
*11. 1926-1931 Benjamin M. Day,
*12. 1931-1934 Edward Corsi,
*13. 1934-1940 Rudolph Reimer,
*14. 1940-1942 Byron H. Uhl,
*15. 1942-1949 W. Frank Watkins,
*16. 1949-1954 Edward J. Shaughnessy,
Other notable officials at Ellis Island included Edward F. McSweeney (assistant commissioner), Joseph Murray (assistant commissioner), Dr. George Stoner (chief surgeon), Augustus Frederick Sherman (chief clerk), Dr. Victor Heiser (surgeon), Thomas W. Salmon (surgeon), Howard Knox (surgeon), Peter Mikolainis (interpreter), Maud Mosher (matron), [[Fiorello H. La Guardia]] (interpreter), and Philip Cowen (immigrant inspector).
Prominent amongst the missionaries and immigrant aid workers were Rev. Michael J. Henry and Rev. Anthony J. Grogan (Irish Catholics), Rev. Gaspare Moretto (Italian Catholic), Alma E. Mathews (Methodist), Rev. Georg Doring (German Lutheran), Rev. Reuben Breed (Episcopalian), Michael Lodsin (Baptist), Brigadier Thomas Johnson ([[Salvation Army]]), Ludmila K. Foxlee ([[YWCA]]), Athena Marmaroff ([[Women's Christian Temperance Union]]), [[Alexander Harkavy]] ([[HIAS]]), Cecilia Greenstone and Cecilia Razovsky ([[National Council of Jewish Women]]).
Noted entertainers that performed for detained aliens and US and allied servicemen at the island included [[Ernestine Schumann-Heink]], [[Enrico Caruso]], [[Rudy Vallee]], [[Jimmy Durante]], [[Bob Hope]], and [[Lionel Hampton]] and his orchestra.
== Immigration ==
[[Image:Ellis island 1902.jpg|thumb|Immigrants arriving at Ellis Island, 1902]]
More than 12 million immigrants passed through Ellis Island between 1892 and 1954. The first immigrant to pass through Ellis Island was [[Annie Moore]], a 15-year-old girl from [[County Cork]], Ireland, on [[January 1]], [[1892]]. She and her two brothers were coming to America to meet their parents, who had moved to New York two years prior. She received a greeting from officials and a $10.00 gold piece.<ref>[http://www.history.com/minisite.do?content_type=Minisite_Generic&content_type_id=1460&display_order=1&mini_id=1459 Ellis Island Timeline]. Retrieved April 21, 2007.</ref> The last person to pass through Ellis Island was a Norwegian merchant seaman by the name of Arne Peterssen in 1954. After [[1924]] when the [[National Origins Act]] was passed, the only immigrants to pass through there were displaced persons or war refugees.<ref>''The Brown Quarterly'', [http://brownvboard.org/brwnqurt/04-1/04-1a.htm Volume 4, No. 1 (Fall 2000) -- Ellis Island/Immigration Issue]</ref> Today, over 100 million Americans can trace their ancestry to the immigrants who first arrived in America through the island before dispersing to points all over the country.
An inaccurate myth persists that government officials on Ellis Island compelled immigrants to take new names against their wishes. In fact, no historical records bear this out. Federal immigration inspectors were under strict bureaucratic supervision and were more interested in preventing inadmissible aliens from entering the country (which they were held accountable for) rather than assisting them in trivial personal matters such as altering their names. In addition, the inspectors used the passenger lists given to them by the [[steamship]] companies to process each foreigner. These were the sole immigration records for entering the country and were prepared not by the U.S. Bureau of Immigration but by steamship companies such as the [[Cunard Line]], the [[White Star Line]] (which owned the ''[[RMS Titanic|Titanic]]''), the North German Lloyd Line, the [[Hamburg-Amerika Line]], the Italian Steam Navigation Company, the [[Red Star Line]], the [[Holland America Line]], the [[Austro-American Line]], and so forth.<ref>[http://149.101.23.2/graphics/aboutus/history/articles/nameessay.html US Dept of Justice] American Names / Declaring Independence, Marian L. Smith, INS Historian, US Citizenship and Immigration Services, last updated January 20, 2006, accessed May 22, 2007</ref>
===Medical inspections===
The symbols below were chalked on the clothing of potentially sick immigrants following the six-second medical examination. The doctors would look at them as they climbed the stairs from the baggage area up to the Great Hall. Immigrants' behaviour would be studied for difficulties in getting up the staircase in any way. Some only entered the country by surreptitiously wiping the chalk marks off or by turning their clothes inside out.<ref>[http://www.geocities.com/musetti.geo/chalk.htm Ellis Island Chalk Marks]. Retrieved April 21, 2007.</ref>
* '''B''' - [[Back]]
* '''C''' - [[Conjunctivitis]]
* '''CT''' - [[Trachoma]]
* '''E''' - [[Eyes]]
* '''F''' - [[Face]]
* '''FT''' - [[Feet]]
* '''G''' - [[Goiter]]
* '''H''' - [[Heart]]
* '''K''' - [[Hernia]]
* '''L''' - [[Lameness]]
* '''N''' - [[Neck]]
* '''P''' - [[Physical]] and [[Lungs]]
* '''PG''' - [[Pregnancy]]
* '''S''' - [[Senility]]
* '''SC''' - [[Scalp]] ([[Favus]])
* '''SI''' - Special [[Inquiry]]
* '''X''' - Suspected Mental Defect
* '''X (circled)''' - Definite signs of Mental Defect
===Notable immigrants===
Ellis Island immigrants attaining success in America include: [[Lucky Luciano]], [[Bob Hope]], [[Irving Berlin]], [[Knute Rockne]], [[Ben Shahn]], [[Arshile Gorky]], [[Pola Negri]], [[Anna Q. Nilsson]], [[Claudette Colbert]], [[Chef Boyardee]] (Ettore Boiardi), [[Erich von Stroheim]], [[Bela Lugosi]], [[Antonio Moreno]], [[Felix Frankfurter]], [[Father Flanagan]], [[Joseph Stella]], [[Jule Styne]], [[Irène Bordoni]], [[Charles Atlas]], [[Isaac Asimov]], [[Rafaela Ottiano]], [[Maria von Trapp|the Trapp Family Singers]], [[Ezio Pinza]], [[Ludwig Bemelmans]], [[John Kluge]], [[Annie Moore]], [[Hubert Julian]], [[Anzia Yezierska]], [[Sig Ruman]], [[Michael Romanoff]], [[Arthur Murray]] and [[Max Factor, Sr.|Max Factor]].
==1941-1948==
In this time, since the beginning of world war II, Ellis Island served as internment camp for [[enemy aliens]] e.g. american civilians or immigrants. Fear of spys etc.
== Museum ==
[[Image:Ellis Island Hall Interior.JPG|thumb|The interior of the hall at Ellis Islands museum.]]
[[Image:Ellis Island immigration footage.ogg|thumb|Scenes at the Immigration Depot and a nearby dock on Ellis Island]]
A bridge connects Ellis Island with Liberty State Park in Jersey City. It was built during the restoration of the island and heavy trucks went across it. In 1995 proposals were made to open it to pedestrians or to build a new bridge for pedestrians. They were defeated by two vested interests: the City of New York and the private operator of the only boat service to the island, the Circle Line. The supposedly inadequate bridge is still in use but closed to the public.<ref>Setha Low, Dana Taplin, Suzanne Sheld (2005), ''Rethinking Urban Parks'', University of Texas Press; chapter 4.</ref>
There is a "Wall of Honor" outside of the main building. A myth that it lists all of the immigrants processed there. It is actually a wall giving people the opportunity to make a donation to honor any immigrant into the United States.
Boston based architecture firm [[Finegold Alexander + Associates Inc]], together with a New York architectural firm, designed the restoration and adaptive use of the Beaux Arts Main Building, one of the most symbolically important structures in American history. A construction budget of US$150 million was required for this significant restoration. The building was opened to the public on [[September 10]], [[1990]].
As part of the National Park Service's Centennial Initiative, the south side of the island will be the target of a project to restore the 28 buildings that have not yet been rehabilitated.<ref>{{cite web | last =Bomar | first =Mary A. | authorlink =Mary A. Bomar | title =Summary of Park Centennial Strategies | publisher =National Park Service | date =August 2007 | url =http://www.nps.gov/2016/assets/files/Summary-of-Park-Centennial-Strategies.pdf | format =PDF | accessdate =2008-02-15}}</ref>
==In film==
Ellis Island attracted the imagination of filmmakers as long ago as the silent era. Early films featuring the station include ''Traffic in Souls'' (1913); ''The Yellow Passport'' (1916), starring Clara Kimbell Young; ''My Boy'' (1921), starring Jackie Coogan; Frank Capra's ''The Strong Man'' (1926), starring Harry Langdon; ''We Americans'' (1928), starring John Boles; ''Ellis Island'' (1936), starring Donald Cook; ''Gateway'' (1938), starring Don Ameche; and ''Exile Express'' (1939), which starred Anna Sten.
More recently, the island was a scene used in ''[[Hitch (movie)|Hitch]]'', a [[motion picture]] starring [[Will Smith]]. He and [[Eva Mendes]] take a [[jet ski]] to the island and explore the building. Also, the 2006 movie, ''[[Golden Door]],'' culminates with scenes on the island.
The IMAX 3D movie, [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0112286/ ''Across the Sea of Time''], about the New York immigrant experience, incorporates both modern footage and historical photographs of Ellis Island.
Ellis Island as a port of entry to the United States of America is described in detail in ''[[Mottel the Cantor's Son]]'' by [[Sholom Aleichem]]. It is also the place where [[Don Corleone]] was held as an immigrant boy in ''[[The Godfather Part II]]'', where he was marked with an encircled X.
In the film ''[[X-Men (movie)|X-Men]]'', a [[UN]] summit held on the island is targeted by [[Magneto (comics)|Magneto]], a former immigrant who attempts to artificially change all the delegates present.
The opening scene of ''[[Brother From Another Planet]]'' takes place on Ellis Island.
The 2006 Italian movie, ''The Golden Door,'' (directed by [[Emanuele Crialese]]) takes place largely at Ellis Island.
A documentary on the hospital at Ellis Island was created by [[Lorie Conway]].
==Federal jurisdiction and state sovereignty dispute==
[[Image:Ellis island air photo.jpg|thumb|right|Overview before restoration; the now-restored side is the right set of buildings.]]
On [[October 15]], [[1965]], Ellis Island was proclaimed a part of [[Statue of Liberty National Monument]], which is managed by the [[National Park Service]]. The island is on the New Jersey side of the Hudson River. During the colonial period, however, New York had taken possession, and New Jersey had acquiesced in that action. In a compact between the two states, approved by [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]] in 1834, New Jersey therefore agreed that New York would continue to have exclusive jurisdiction over the island.
Thereafter, however, the federal government expanded the island by [[Land reclamation#Creating new land|landfill]], so that it could accommodate the immigration station that opened in [[1892]] (and closed in November [[1954]]). Landfilling continued until 1934. Nine-tenths of the current area is [[artificial island]] that did not exist at the time of the interstate compact.
New Jersey contended that the new extensions were part of New Jersey, since they were not part of the previous cession. New Jersey eventually filed suit to establish its jurisdiction, leading New York City Mayor [[Rudolph Giuliani]] dramatically to remark that his father, an Italian who immigrated through Ellis Island, never intended to go to New Jersey.
The dispute eventually reached the [[Supreme Court of the United States]], which ruled in 1998 that New Jersey had jurisdiction over all portions of the island created after the original compact was approved. This caused several immediate problems: some buildings, for instance, fell into the territory of both states. New Jersey and New York soon agreed to share claims to the island. It remains wholly a Federal property, however, and none of this legal maneuvering has resulted in either state taking any fiscal or physical responsibility for the maintenance, preservation, or improvement of any of the historic properties.
== See also ==
* [[Angel Island, California]]
* [[Annie Moore]]
* [[Geography and environment of New York City]]
* [[Hoffman Island]]
* [[Liberty Island]]
* [[List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City]]
* [[Red Star Line]]
* [[Save Ellis Island]]
== Notes ==
{{refs|2}}
== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-show_geoid=Y&-tree_id=4001&-_caller=geoselect&-context=dt&-errMsg=&-all_geo_types=N&-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_P001&-redoLog=true&-transpose=N&-search_map_config=|b=50|l=en|t=4001|zf=0.0|ms=sel_00dec|dw=0.008884371962461743|dh=0.0050482751198916735|dt=gov.census.aff.domain.map.EnglishMapExtent|if=gif|cx=-74.04037740331228|cy=40.69886116280115|zl=1|pz=1|bo=318:317:316:314:313:323:319|bl=362:393:358:357:356:355:354|ft=350:349:335:389:388:332:331|fl=381:403:204:380:369:379:368|g=01000US&-PANEL_ID=p_dt_geo_map&-_lang=en&-penisgeo_id=100$10000US340170047009019&-geo_id=100$10000US340170047009020&-geo_id=100$10000US340170047009021&-geo_id=100$10000US340170047009022&-geo_id=100$10000US340170047009023&-geo_id=100$10000US360610001001000&-CONTEXT=dt&-format=&-search_results=100$10000US340170047009995&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U Ellis Island: Blocks 9019 thru 9023, Block Group 9, Census Tract 47, Hudson County, NJ; and Block 1000, Block Group 1, Census Tract 1, New York County, NY; United States Census Bureau]
* Report of the House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization under joint resolution of Senate and House of January 29, 1892, submitted by Mr. Stump. Ordered to be printed July 28, 1892. By United States Congress, House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization.
{{refend}}
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* Conway, L. ''Forgotten Ellis Island'', 2007;
* Corsi, E. ''In the Shadow of Liberty'', 1935;
* Fairchild, A. ''Science at the Borders'', 2004;
* Moreno, B. ''Children of Ellis Island'', 2005;
* Moreno, B. ''Ellis Island's Famous Immigrants'', 2008;
* Moreno, B. ''Encyclopedia of Ellis Island'', 2004;
* Novotny, A. ''Strangers at the Door'', 1971;
* Pitkin, T.M. ''Keepers of the Gate'', 1975
* Smithers A. "Eliss Island" 2003
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Commonscat}}
* [http://www.nps.gov/elis/ Ellis Island home page]
* [http://nyharborparks.org/visit/elis.html Ellis Island] Visitor information
* [http://www.ellisisland.org/genealogy/ellis_island_timeline.asp Ellis Island Historical Timeline]
* [http://www.historychannel.com/ellisisland/timeline/index.html Ellis Island timeline]
* [http://www.ellisisland.org/ Ellis Island web site]
* [http://www.ellisislandrecords.org/ Free Search of Ellis Island Database - Port of New York Arrivals 1892-1924]
* [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=US&navby=case&vol=000&invol=120ORIG Supreme Court opinion in ''New Jersey v. New York'' (1998)]
* [http://www.ancestry.com/learn/library/article.aspx?article=3893 The Myth of Ellis Island Name Changes]
{{New York City Islands}}
{{Manhattan}}
{{Registered Historic Places}}
[[Category:Artificial islands]]
[[Category:History of immigration to the United States]]
[[Category:History of New York City]]
[[Category:Islands of New Jersey]]
[[Category:Islands of New York City]]
[[Category:Museums in New York City]]
[[Category:Museums in New Jersey]]
[[Category:National Monuments in New York]]
[[ca:Illa d'Ellis]]
[[cy:Ynys Ellis]]
[[da:Ellis Island]]
[[de:Ellis Island]]
[[es:Isla Ellis]]
[[eo:Insulo Ellis]]
[[fr:Ellis Island]]
[[it:Ellis Island]]
[[he:אליס איילנד]]
[[nl:Ellis Island]]
[[ja:エリス島]]
[[no:Ellis Island]]
[[pl:Wyspa Ellis]]
[[pt:Ellis Island]]
[[ro:Insula Ellis]]
[[ru:Остров Эллис - Музей Иммиграции США]]
[[sv:Ellis Island]]
[[uk:Елліс (Нью-Йорк)]]