Emotion 10406 225894190 2008-07-15T22:11:17Z Underpants 1333703 [[WP:MOSCAPS]] {{otheruses}} {{dablink|"Emotional" redirects here. For other uses see [[Emotional (disambiguation)]]}} {{Nofootnotes|date=March 20078}} An '''emotion''' is a mental and physiological state associated with a wide variety of feelings, thoughts, and behaviours. It is a prime determinant of the sense of subjective [[Quality of life|well-being]] and appears to play a central role in many human activities. As a result of this generality, the subject has been explored in many, if not all of the human sciences and art forms. There is much controversy concerning how emotions are defined and classified. ==Etymology== The English word 'emotion' is derived from the French ''émotion'' and ''émouvoir''. This is based on the Latin ''emovere'', where ''e-'' (variant of ''ex''-) means 'out' and ''movere'' means 'move'.<ref>[http://www.emotionalcompetency.com/emotion.htm Emotional Competency discussion of emotion]</ref> The related term "motivation" is also derived from ''movere''. ==Defining emotion== To begin, many researchers distinguish [[feeling]] and emotion, where feeling refers to the subjective experience of the emotion. Some believe that emotions can occur unconsciously, and hence that emotion is a more general phenomenon than its subjective feeling. Feelings may also more narrowly refer to the experience of bodily changes. A second distinction focuses on the difference between the emotion and the ''cause'' of the emotion. For example do we say that thoughts about a loved one cause the emotion of love or that these thoughts are ''part'' of the emotion? One way to resolve this issue is to see whether the emotion can occur independently of these thoughts. Thus, thoughts about a particular person or situation could not be part of the emotion of love, since one can experience the same emotion about many other things. Yet could one experience love without ''some'' thought or other of a loved person or object? If not, then we may stipulate that thoughts of a loved object are part of the emotion. Some theorists argue that at least some emotions can be caused without any thoughts or indeed 'cognitive activity' at all. They point to very immediate reactions (e.g. LeDoux 1996), as well as the conjectured emotions of infants and animals as justification here. Debate on this point is ongoing but represents a major distinction between what are called 'cognitive' theories of emotions and 'non-cognitive' theories of emotions, where non-cognitive theories regard some other feature of emotions, such as bodily responses to be essential. A related distinction is between the emotion and the results of the emotion, principally behaviours and emotional expressions. People often behave in certain ways as a direct result of their emotional state, such as crying, fighting or fleeing. Yet again, if one can have the emotion without the corresponding behaviour then we may consider the behaviour not to be essential to the emotion. However some theorists such as [[Nico Frijda]] who hold a functionalist approach to emotions point to the idea that emotions have evolved for a particular function, such as to keep the subject safe. If the behaviours associated with an emotion are the determining factor for the very existence of that emotion then goal-directed behaviour should be regarded as essential to the emotion. Yet since we recognise that the behaviour need not necessarily occur, we can stipulate that emotions involve what are called 'action tendencies'. So for instance, fear involves the tendency to flee, which means that the probability that the subject will flee from a given situation is increased when they are undergoing fear. ==Emotion classification== {{Main|Emotion classification}} There has been considerable debate concerning how emotions should be classified. Firstly, are emotions distinctive discrete states or do they vary more smoothly along one or more underlying dimensions? The circumplex model of James Russell (1979) is an example of the latter, placing emotions along bi-polar dimensions of [[Valence (psychology)|valence]] and arousal. Another popular option is to divide emotions into basic and complex categories, where some emotions are considered foundational to the existence of others (e.g. [[Paul Ekman|Ekman]]). In this respect complex emotions may be regarded as developments upon basic emotions. Such development may occur due to cultural conditioning or association. Alternatively, analogous to the way [[primary color]]s combine, ''primary emotions'' could blend together to form the full spectrum of human emotional experience. For example interpersonal anger and disgust could blend to form contempt. The model of [[Robert Plutchik]] is a well known example here.<ref>http://www.fractal.org/Bewustzijns-Besturings-Model/Nature-of-emotions.htm</ref> Some have also argued for the existence of [[meta-emotion]]s which are emotions about emotions.<ref>[http://www.abdn.ac.uk/philosophy/staff/documents/MetaemotionsGPS732006.pdf Jaeger, C., & Bartsch, A. (2006), "Meta-emotions". Grazer Philosophische Studien, 73, 179–204.]</ref> In general discussion centres around which emotions or dimensions should be considered foundational. Combined views are also available. Another important means of distinguishing emotions concerns their occurrence in time. Some emotions occur over a period of seconds (e.g. surprise) where others can last years (e.g. love). The latter could be regarded as a long term ''tendency'' to have an emotion regarding a certain object rather than an emotion proper (though this is disputed). A distinction is then made between emotion episodes and emotional dispositions. Dispositions are also comparable to character traits, where someone may be said to be generally disposed to experience certain emotions, though about different objects. For example an irritable person is generally disposed to feel irritation more easily or quickly than others. Finally some theorists (e.g. [[Klaus Scherer]], 2005) place emotions within a more general category of 'affective states'. Where affective states can also include emotion-related phenomena such as pleasure and pain, motivational states (e.g. hunger or curiosity), moods, dispositions and traits. ==Theoretical traditions in emotion research== Theories about emotions stretch back at least as far as the Ancient Greek [[Stoicism|Stoics]], as well as [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]]. We also see sophisticated theories in the works of philosophers such as [[René Descartes]]<ref>See Philip Fisher (1999) ''Wonder, The Rainbow and the Aesthetics of Rare Experiences'' for an introduction</ref>, [[Baruch Spinoza]]<ref>See for instance Antonio Damasio (2005) ''Looking for Spinoza''.</ref> and [[David Hume]]. More recent theories of emotions tend to be informed by advances in empirical research. Often theories are not mutually exclusive and many researchers incorporate multiple perspectives in their work. ===Somatic theories of emotion=== Somatic theories of emotion claim that bodily responses rather than judgements are essential to emotions. The first modern version of such theories comes from William James in the 1880s. The theory lost favour in the 20th Century, but has regained popularity more recently thanks largely to theorists such as [[Antonio Damasio]], [[Joseph LeDoux]] and [[Robert Zajonc]] who are able to appeal to neurological evidence. ====The James-Lange theory==== [[William James]] in the article 'What is an Emotion?' (''Mind'', 9, 1884: 188-205) argued that emotional experience is largely due to the experience of bodily changes. These changes might be visceral, postural, or facially expressive. Danish psychologist [[Carl Lange]] also proposed a similar theory at around the same time and thus the resulting position is known as the [[James-Lange theory]]. This theory and its derivates state that a changed situation leads to a changed bodily state. As James says 'the perception of bodily changes as they occur IS the emotion.' James further claims that 'we feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble, and not that we cry, strike, or tremble, because we are sorry, angry, or fearful, as the case may be.' This theory is supported by experiments in which by manipulating the bodily state, a desired emotion is induced.<ref>See James Laird ''Feelings; The Perception of Self'' (Oxford: Oxford University press, 2007) for a review of hundreds of experiments confirming this.</ref> Such experiments also have therapeutic implications (e.g. in [[laughter therapy]], [[dance therapy]]). The James-Lange theory is often misunderstood because it seems counter-intuitive. Most people believe that emotions give rise to emotion-specific actions: i.e. "I'm crying because I'm sad," or "I ran away because I was scared." The James-Lange theory, conversely, asserts that ''first'' we react to a situation (running away and crying happen before the emotion), and ''then'' we interpret our actions into an emotional response. In this way, emotions serve to explain and organize our own actions to us. ===Cognitive theories of emotion=== There are a number of theories of emotions that argue that cognitive activity in the form of judgements, evaluations, or thoughts are necessary in order for an emotion to occur. This, it is argued{{{Who|date=July 2008}}, is necessary to capture the fact that emotions are about something or have [[intentionality]]. Such cognitive activity may be conscious or unconscious and may or may not take the form of conceptual processing. An influential theory here is that of [[Richard Lazarus]] (1991). A prominent philosophical exponent is [[Robert Solomon]] (e.g. ''The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life'', 1993). The theory proposed by [[Nico Frijda]] where appraisal leads to action tendencies is another example. ====The perceptual theory==== A recent hybrid of the somatic and cognitive theories of emotion is the perceptual theory. This theory is neo-Jamesian in arguing that bodily responses are central to emotions, yet it emphasises the meaningfulness of emotions or the idea that emotions are about something, as is recognised by cognitive theories. The novel claim of this theory is that conceptually based cognition is unnecessary for such meaning. Rather the bodily changes themselves ''perceive'' the meaningful content of the emotion as a result of being causally triggered by certain situations. In this respect emotions are held to be analogous to faculties such as vision or touch, which provide information about the relation between the subject and the world in various ways. A sophisticated defense of this view is found in philosopher Jesse Prinz's book ''Gut Reactions'' (2004) and psychologist James Laird's book ''Feelings: The Perception of Self'' (2007). Related views are also found in the work of [[Peter Goldie]] and [[Ronald de Sousa]]. ====The Cannon-Bard theory==== {{main|Cannon-Bard theory}} [[Walter Cannon]] argued against the dominance of the James-Lange theory regarding the physiological aspects of emotions in the second edition of ''Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage''. Where James argued that emotional behaviour often precedes or defines the emotion, Cannon and Bard argued that the emotion arises first and then stimulates typical behaviour. ====The two factor theory==== Another cognitive theory is the [[Two factor theory of emotion|Singer-Schachter theory]]. This is based on experiments purportedly showing that subjects can have different emotional reactions despite being placed into the same physiological state with an injection of adrenaline. Subjects were observed to express either anger or amusement depending on whether another person in the situation displayed that emotion. Hence the combination of the appraisal of the situation (cognitive) and whether participants received adrenaline or a placebo together determined the response. This experiment has been criticised in Jesse Prinz (2004) ''Gut Reactions''. ====The component process model==== A recent version of the cognitive theory comes from [[Klaus Scherer]] which regards emotions more broadly as the synchronisation of many different bodily and cognitive components. Emotions are identified with the overall process whereby low level cognitive appraisals, in particular the processing of relevance, trigger bodily reactions, behaviours, feelings,and actions. ==Disciplinary approaches to emotions== Many different disciplines have produced work on the emotions. These include [[psychology]], [[affective neuroscience|neuroscience]], [[sociology]], [[psychiatry]], [[anthropology]], [[ethology]], [[archaeology]], [[economics]], [[criminology]], [[law]], [[political science]], [[history]], [[geography]], [[education]], [[philosophy]], [[linguistics]] and [[literature]]. ===Evolutionary biology of emotions=== {{Unreferencedsection|date=July 2008}} Perspectives on emotions from evolution theory were initiated in the late 19th century with [[Charles Darwin]]'s book ''The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals''.<ref>Darwin, Charles (1872). ''The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals''. Note: This book was originally published in 1872, but has been reprinted many times thereafter by different publishers</ref> Darwin's original thesis was that emotions evolved via natural selection and therefore have cross-culturally universal counterparts. Furthermore animals undergo emotions comparable to our own (see [[emotion in animals]]). Evidence of universality in the human case has been provided by [[Paul Ekman]]'s seminal research on facial expression. Other research in this area focuses on physical displays of emotion including body language of animals and humans (see [[affect display]]). The increased potential in [[neuroimaging]] has also allowed investigation into evolutionarily ancient parts of the brain. Important neurological advances were made from this perspectives in the 1990s by, for example, [[Joseph LeDoux]] and [[Antonio Damasio]]. American evolutionary biologist [[Robert Trivers]] argues that moral emotions are based on the principal of [[reciprocal altruism]]. The notion of [[group selection]] is of particular relevance: * Sympathy prompts a person to offer the first favor, particularly to someone in need for whom it would go the furthest. * Anger protects a person against cheaters who accept a favor without reciprocating, by making him to punish the ingrate or sever the relationship * Gratitude impels a beneficiary to reward those who helped him in the past * Guilt prompts a cheater in danger of being found out to repair the relationship by redressing the misdeed and advertising that he will behave better in the future. ===Sociology of emotions=== {{main|Sociology of emotions}} We try to regulate our emotions to fit in with the norms of the situation, based on many - sometimes conflicting - demands upon us which originate from various entities studied by sociology on a micro level -- such as social roles and 'feeling rules' the everyday social interactions and situations are shaped by -- and, on a macro level, by social institutions, discourses, ideologies etc. For example, (post-)modern marriage is, on one hand, based on the emotion of love and on the other hand the very emotion is to be worked on and regulated by it. The sociology of emotions also focuses on general [[attitude change]]s in a population. Emotional appeals are commonly found in advertising, health campaigns and political messages. Recent examples include no-smoking health campaigns and political campaign advertising emphasizing the fear of terrorism. ===Psychotherapy of emotions=== Depending on the particular school's general emphasis either on cognitive component of emotion, physical energy discharging, or on symbolic movement and facial expression components of emotion, different schools of [[psychotherapy]] approach human emotions differently. While, for example, the school of [[Re-evaluation Counseling]] propose that distressing emotions are to be relieved by ''“discharging”'' them - hence crying, laughing, sweating, shaking, and trembling.<ref>[http://www.rc.org/theory/recovery.html Counseling recovery processes - RC website]</ref> Other more cognitively oriented schools approach them via their cognitive components, such as [[rational emotive behavior therapy]]. Yet other approach emotions via symbolic movement and facial expression components (like in contemporary [[gestalt therapy]]<ref>[http://www.123webpages.co.uk/user/index.php?user=mgc&pn=10713 On Emotion - an article from Manchester Gestalt Centre website]</ref>). ===Computer science of emotions=== {{main|Affective computing}} A flurry of recent work in computer science, engineering, psychology and neuroscience is aimed at developing devices that recognize human affect display and modelling emotions generally (Fellous, Armony & LeDoux, 2002). ==Emotion as a fiction-writing mode== Emotion is the fiction-writing mode whereby a character’s feelings are portrayed. According to Mildred I. Reid, there is only one must in creative writing: the author must transfer an emotional experience to the reader {{Harvard citation | Reid | p = 105}}. [[Gloria Kempton]] provides an avenue for transferring that emotion when she observes that “The only way to connect with our reader on an emotional level is to first connect with our characters.” And, “The way we do this is to make sure our characters connect with themselves.” {{Harvard citation | Kempton | p = 148}} [[Orson Scott Card]] notes that “You can’t control everything the reader feels, and no two members of your audience will ever be emotionally involved in your story exactly to the same degree. Still, there are some things you ''can'' control, and if you use them deftly, without letting them get out of hand, you can lead most of your audience to intense emotional involvement with your characters.” {{Harvard citation | Card | p = 74}} The importance of portraying emotion in fiction is widely accepted. However, recognition of emotion as a distinct fiction-writing mode is a matter of discussion. [http://www.helium.com/items/1093579-emotion-as-a-fiction-writing-mode] ==Notable theorists of emotions== <!-- Do not expand this list without discussion first. This should not be an indiscrimate list of all scientists working on emotion. Undiscussed additions will be removed. --> *[[Magda Arnold]] *[[Lisa Feldman Barrett]] *[[Antonio Damasio]] *[[Paul Ekman]] *[[Barbara Fredrickson]] *[[Nico Frijda]] *[[Peter Goldie]] *[[William James]] *[[Carl Lange]] *[[Richard Lazarus]] *[[Joseph LeDoux]] <!-- Addition of the Portuguese professor Freitas-Magelhães without discussion on the talk page will be reverted as vandalism, this due to repeated addition by a host of anonymous IP 195.xxxx editors. --> *[[Jesse Prinz]] *[[Robert Plutchik]] *[[Klaus Scherer]] *[[Robert Solomon]] *[[Ronald de Sousa]] *[[Robert Zajonc]] ==Closely related terms== * [[Affect]], a synonym for emotion; in psychology and psychiatry, the term "affect" is used when the emotional experience has been qualified (e.g., intense, labile, or appropriate affect) or quantified (e.g., a high score on a scale that measures positive emotion). * [[Affect display]], external display of emotion (e.g., facial expression, body posture, voice quality). * [[Disposition]], referring to a durable differentiating characteristic of a person, a tendency to react to certain classes of situations with a certain emotion; * [[Feeling]], which usually refers to the [[subjective]], [[Phenomenology (psychology)|phenomenological]] aspect of emotion (e.g., the internal experience of anxiety, sadness, love, pride, and so forth); * [[Mood (psychology)|Mood]], which refers to an emotional state of duration intermediate between an emotion and a disposition (e.g., depressed, euphoric, neutral, or irritable mood). * [[Motivation]], a state which generates actions. Similar to desire. * [[Valence (psychology)|Valence]], The distinction of emotions into positive or negative categories. ==See also== {{wiktionary}} *[[Aesthetic emotions]] *[[Affect (psychology)]] *[[Affect display]] *[[Affect theory]] *[[Affective computing]] *[[Affective neuroscience]] *[[Affective science]] *[[Attitude change]] *[[Discrete emotions theory]] *[[Empathy]] *[[Emotion in animals]] *[[Emotions and culture]] *[[Emotional competence]] *[[Emotional contagion]] *[[Emotional expression]] *[[Emotional intelligence]] *[[Sociology of Emotions]] *[[Stoicism]] {{emotion-footer}} {{Psychology}} == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * Anderson, J. (1983). ''The architecture of cognition''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. * Arbib, M. and Fellous, J-M (editors). (2005) ''Who Needs Emotions?: The Brain Meets the Robot''. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. * Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. ''American Psychologist'', 37, 122-147. * Breckler, S. J., & Wiggins, E. C. (1992). On defining attitude and attitude theory: Once more with feeling. In A. R. Pratkanis, S. J. Breckler, & A. G. Greenwald (Eds.) ''Attitude Structure and Function'' (pp. 407-427). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. * Brehm, S. S., & Brehm, J. W. (1981). ''Psychological reactance: A theory of freedom and control''. San Diego, CA: Academic. * Buller, D.B. and J.K. Burgoon (1996). Interpersonal Deception Theory. ''Communication Theory'', 6(3), 203–242. * Chaiken, S., Liberman, A., & Eagly, A. H. (1989). Heuristic and systematic informaiton processing within and beyond the persuasion context. In J. S. Uleman & J. A. Bargh. (Eds.), ''Unintended thought'' (pp. 212-252). New York: Guilford. * Cornelius, R. (1996). ''The science of emotion''. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. * DeLancey, C. (2002/2004). ''Passionate Engines: What Emotions Reveal about Mind and Artificial Intelligence'', Oxford University Press. * Dillard, J. (1994). Rethinking the study of fear appeals: An emotional perspective. ''Communication Theory'', 4, 295-323. * Eagly, A., & Chaiken, S. (1995). Attitude strength, attitude structure and resistance to change. In R. Petty and J. Kosnik (Eds.), ''Attitude Strength''. (pp. 413-432). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. * Freitas-Magalhães, A. (2007).''The Psychology of Emotions: The Allure of Human Face''. Oporto: University Fernando Pessoa Press. * Ekman P. (1999). "[http://www.paulekman.com/pdfs/basic_emotions.pdf Basic Emotions]". In: T. Dalgleish and M. Power (Eds.). ''Handbook of Cognition and Emotion''. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Sussex, UK:. * Ekman P. (1999). "Facial Expressions" in ''Handbook of Cognition and Emotion.'' Dalgleish T & Power M, ''Eds.'' John Wiley & Sons Ltd. New York, New York. * Fazio, R. (1986). How do attitudes guide behavior? In R. H. Sorrentino & E.T. Higgins. (Eds.), ''The handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundation of social behavior''. (pp. 204-243). New York: Guilford. * Fazio, R., & Williams, C. (1986). Attitude accessibility as a moderator of attitude-perception and attitude-behavior relation: An investigation of the 1984 presidential election. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', 51, 505-514. * Fellous, J.M., Armony, J.L., & LeDoux, J.E. (2002). "Emotional Circuits and Computational Neuroscience" in ''The handbook of brain theory and neural networks'' Second Edition. M.A. Arbib (editor), The MIT Press. [http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/fellous02emotional.html] * Frijda, Nico H. (1986). ''The Emotions''. Maison des Sciences de l'Homme and Cambridge University Press. [http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521316006] * Higgins, E. (1996). Knowledge activation: Accessibility, applicability, and salience. In E. T. Higgins, & A. W. Kruganski (Eds.), ''Social Psychology, Handbook of basic principles'' (pp. 133-168). New York: Guilford Press. * Isen, A. M. (2001). An influence of positive affect on decision making in complex situations: Theoretical issues with practical implications. ''Journal of Consumer Psychology'', 11(2), 75–85. * Jaeger, C., & Bartsch, A. (2006), [http://www.abdn.ac.uk/philosophy/staff/documents/MetaemotionsGPS732006.pdf "Meta-emotions"]. ''Grazer Philosophische Studien, 73'', 179–204. * Laird, J. (2007). ''Feelings; The Perception of Self'' Oxford: Oxford University press. * Lazarus, R. (1991). ''Emotion and adaptation''. New York: Oxford University Press. * LeDoux, J.E. (1986). The neurobiology of emotion. Chap. 15 in J E. LeDoux & W. Hirst (Eds.) ''Mind and Brain: dialogues in cognitive neuroscience''. New York: Cambridge. * Loewenstein, G. F., Weber, E. U., Hsee, C.K., & Welch, E. 2001. Risk as feelings. ''Psychological Bulletin'', 127: 267–286 * Loewenstein, G. (2007). Affect regulation and affective forecasting. In Gross, J. J. (Ed.) ''Handbook of Emotion Regulation'' (pp. 180-203). New York: Guilford. * Maase, S. W., Fink, E. L., and Kaplowitz, S. A. (1984). Incongruity in humor: The cognitive dynamics. ''Communication Yearbook'', 8, 80-105. * Mellers, B., &McGraw, A. P. (2001). ''Anticipated emotions as guides to choice. Current Directions in Psychological Science''. 10(6), 210–214. * Moore, S. C. & Oaksford, M. (2002) ''Emotional Cognition: From Brain to Behaviour''. Amsterdam: John Benjamin’s Publishing Company. * Nabi, R. L., Moyer-Guse, E., & Byrne, S. (2007). All joking aside: A serious investigation into the persuasive effect of funny social issue messages. ''Communication Monographs'', 74, 29-54. * Petty, R., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), ''Advances in experimental social psychology'' (Vol 19, pp. 123-205). New York: Academic Press. * Plutchik, R. (1980). A general psychoevolutionary theory of emotion. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), ''Emotion: Theory, research, and experience: Vol. 1. Theories of emotion'' (pp. 3–33). New York: Academic. * Russell, J.A. (1979). Affective space is bipolar. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', 37, 345-356. * Scherer, K. (2005). What are emotions and how can they be measured? ''Social Science Information'' Vol. 44, No. 4: 695-729. * Shavelson, R. J., & Stanton, G. C. (1975). Construct validation: Methodology and application to three measures of cognitive structure. ''Journal of Educational Measurement'', 12, 67-85. * Solomon, Robert. ''The Passions: Emotions and the Meaning of Life''. Hackett Publishing, Indianapolis, 1993. * Witte, K. (1992). Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model. ''Communication Monographs'', 59, 329-349. * Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1985). Measuring the involvement construct. ''The Journal of Consumer Research'', 12(3), 341-352. {{refend}} *{{cite book |title = Character & Viewpoint |first = Orson Scott |last = Card |publisher = Writer's Digest Books |location = Cincinnati, OH |year = 1988 |id = ISBN 0-89879-307-6 }} *{{cite book |title = Write Great Fiction: Dialogue |first = Gloria |last = Kempton |publisher = Writer’s Digest Books |location = Cincinnati, OH |year = 2004 |id = ISBN 1582972893 }} *{{cite book |title = The Writer’s Digest Guide to Good Writing |publisher = Writer’s Digest Books |location = Cincinnati, OH |year = 1994 |id = ISBN 0898796407 }} ==External links== * [http://www.affective-sciences.org/ Swiss Centre for Affective Sciences]. * [http://feelab.ufp.pt/index.swf Facial Emotion Expression Lab]. * [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/emotion/ The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Emotions] (fairly technical). * [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/emotions/about.html Emotions and Disease], an exhibition developed by the History of Medicine Division of the National Library of Medicine. * [http://www.philosophyofmind.net Emotions], a well-organized collection of links on emotion by Michael Speer * [http://emotion.nsma.arizona.edu/emotion.html An emotion research page at Salk Institute, maintained by Jean-Marc Fellous and Eva Hudlicka] * [http://www.bartneck.de/link/affective_portal.html The affective computing portal] * [http://homepages.feis.herts.ac.uk/~comqkd/aaai-social.html Socially intelligent agents page] * [http://www.cnx.org/content/m14358/latest The Psychology of Emotions, Feelings and Thoughts, Free Online Book] * [http://emotion-research.net/ The portal of the Humaine Association, follow-up to the Humaine Network of Excellence on Emotions] [[Category:Emotion|*]] [[Category:Limbic system]] [[ar:مشاعر]] [[bg:Емоция]] [[ca:Emoció]] [[da:Følelse]] [[de:Emotion]] [[et:Emotsioon]] [[es:Emoción]] [[eo:Emocio]] [[fr:Émotion]] [[gl:Emoción]] [[ko:감정]] [[hr:Osjećaji]] [[io:Emoco]] [[is:Tilfinning]] [[it:Emozione]] [[he:רגש]] [[la:Motus animi]] [[lt:Emocija]] [[mk:Емоција]] [[nl:Emotie]] [[ja:感情]] [[no:Emosjon]] [[pl:Emocja]] [[pt:Emoção]] [[ru:Эмоция]] [[sq:Emocioni]] [[scn:Emuzzioni]] [[simple:Emotion]] [[sk:Emócia]] [[sl:Čustvo]] [[sr:Осећање]] [[fi:Tunne]] [[sv:Känsla]] [[ta:உணர்ச்சி]] [[uk:Емоція]] [[yi:געפיל]] [[zh:情绪]]