Enucleation 2820040 222766497 2008-07-01T00:31:30Z Dr B2 1961662 /* Reasons for eye removal */ {{Interventions infobox | Name = {{PAGENAME}} | Image = | ICD10 = | ICD9 = 16.4 | OtherCodes = | }} '''Enucleation''' is removal of the [[eye]], leaving the eye muscles and remaining orbital contents intact. This type of [[eye surgery|ocular surgery]] is indicated for a number of different [[eye cancer|ocular tumor]]s, in eyes that have suffered severe trauma, and in eyes that are blind and painful due to other disease.<ref name="titleEnucleation">{{cite web |url=http://192.188.148.10/Education/anomalies/enucleation.htm |title=Enucleation |accessdate=2007-12-21 |format= |work=}}</ref> Auto-enucleation or oedipism and other forms of serious self inflicted eye injury are an extremely rare form of severe [[self-harm]] which usually results from serious mental illnesses such as schizophrenia <ref>Large M, Andrews D, Babidge N, Hume F, Nielssen O. Self-inflicted eye injuries in first-episode and previously treated psychosis. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2008 Mar;42(3):183-91.</ref> ==Classification== There are three types of eye removal * [[Evisceration (Ophthalmology)|Evisceration]] - removal of the internal eye contents, but the [[sclera]] is left behind with the extraocular muscles still attached. * Enucleation - removal of the [[eyeball]], but the adjacent structures of the eye socket and eyelids remain. An intraocular tumor excision requires an enucleation, not an evisceration. * [[Exenteration]] - removal of the contents of the eye socket (orbit) including the eyeball, fat, muscles and other adjacent structures of the eye. The eyelids may also be removed in cases of cutaneous cancers and unrelenting infection. Exenteration is sometimes done together with Maxillectomy which is removal of the maxilla or the upper jaw bone/cheekbone == Reasons for eye removal == [[Image:Picture058.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Photograph of basset hound whose eyes were surgically removed due to glaucoma.]] * [[Cancer]] of the eye ([[retinoblastoma]], melanomas, any other cancers of the eye or orbit) * Severe injury of the eye when the eye cannot be saved or attempts to save the eye have failed * End stage [[glaucoma]] * [[Pain]]ful, blind eye * In cases of [[sympathetic ophthalmia]] (inflammation of the eye) to prevent travel to other eye, in which, if untreated can cause [[blindness]] * Congenital cystic eye * Torture, in which case the eye is removed without anesthetic * In a deceased person, for their [[cornea]] so their cornea can be used for when a living person needs a [[corneal transplant]] by surgical operation called keratoplasy. == Orbital implants and ocular prostheses == Removal of the eye by enucleation or evisceration can relieve pain and minimize further risk to life and well-being of an individual with the above noted conditions. In addition, procedures to remove the eye should address the resulting appearance of the orbit. Orbital implants and ocular prostheses are used by the surgeon to restore a more natural appearance. An orbital implant is placed after removal of the eye to restore volume to the eye socket and enhance movement or motility of an ocular prosthesis and eyelids. The eyeball is a slightly elongated sphere with a diameter of approximately 24 millimetres. To avoid a sunken appearance to the eye socket, an implant approximating this volume can be placed into the space of the removed eye, secured, and covered with [[Tenon's capsule]] and conjunctiva (the mucous membrane covering the natural sclera). Implants can be made of many materials with the most common being plastic, [[hydroxylapatite]], metal alloy or glass. Later, once the conjunctiva has healed and post-operative swelling has subsided, an [[ocular prosthesis]] can be placed to provide the appearance of a natural eye. The prosthesis is fabricated by an ocularist. Its form is that of a cupped disc so that it can fit comfortably in the pocket behind the eyelids overlying the conjunctiva that covers the orbital implant. The external portion of the ocular prosthesis is painted and finished to mimic a natural eye color, shape and luster. It can be removed and cleaned periodically by the individual or a care giver. The two part system of orbital implant and ocular prosthesis provides a stable, and well tolerated aesthetic restoration of the eye socket. Although vision is not restored by removal of the eye with placement of an orbital implant and ocular prosthesis, a natural appearance can result. The implant can be moved by intact extraocular muscles that will track or move simultaneously with the other eye. The visible ocular prosthesis can couple with the orbital implant and thus move simultaneously with the other eye. The eyelids can move and blink over the prosthesis as well. ==See also== *[[Phantom eye syndrome]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [http://www.vetspecialists.co.uk/06_Animal_Welfare/Ophthalmology_Facts/Eye_Removal.html Removal of the Eye, Enucleation by Davies Veterinary Specialists] * [http://www.steen-hall.com/enuc.html Steen-Hall Eye Institute: Enucleation: Removal Of An Eye] * [http://www.losteye.com/ LostEye.com (Support and Information)] * [http://www.ericksonlabs.com/eye-conditions.html Leading conditions of Eye Loss] [[Category:Ophthalmology]] [[Category:Surgery]] {{treatment-stub}} {{Eye surgery}} [[de:Enukleation]] [[ru:Энуклеация]] [[zh:眼球摘除术]]