Eos
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[[Image:William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825-1905) - Dawn (1881).jpg|thumb|right|Eos depicted in a painting entitled ''Dawn'' by [[William-Adolphe Bouguereau]] in [[1881]].]]
:''For other uses of the name Eos, see [[Eos (disambiguation)]]. For the Slavic goddesses called the Auroras, see [[The Zorya]].''
'''Eos''' (Greek Η{{Polytonic|ώς}}, or Έως "dawn") is, in [[Greek mythology]], the [[Titan (mythology)|Titanic]] [[goddess]]<ref>[[Lycophron]] calls her by an archaic name, ''Tito'' ("the Titaness") Kerenyi, noting this observes that Tito shares a linguistic origin with Eos' lover [[Tithonus]], that belonged to an older, pre-Greek language (Kerenyi 1951:199 note 637).</ref> of the dawn, who rose from her home at the edge of [[Oceanus]], the Ocean that surrounds the world, to herald her brother [[Helios]], the sun.
The Greek worship of the dawn as a goddess is believed to be inherited from [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Indo-European]] times. The name '''''Eos''''' is [[cognate]] to [[Latin]] [[Aurora (mythology)|Aurora]], to [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]] [[Ushas]].
==Eos in Greek literature==
{{Greek myth (Titan)}}
As the dawn goddess, Eos with "rosy fingers" opened the gates of heaven<ref>[[Nonnus]]: "Eos had just shaken off the wing of carefree sleep (Hypnos) and opened the gates of sunrise, leaving the lightbringing couch of [[Caphalus|Kephalos]]." (''[[Dionysiaca]]'' 27. 1f, in A.L. Rouse's translation).</ref> so that Helios could ride his chariot across the sky every day. In [[Homer]] (''Iliad'' viii.1; xxiv.695), her [[saffron (color)|saffron-colored]] robe is embroidered or woven with flowers (''Odyssey'' vi:48 etc); rosy-fingered and with golden arms, she is pictured on Attic vases as a supernaturally beautiful woman, crowned with a [[tiara]] or [[diadem (personal wear)|diadem]] and with the large white-feathered wings of a bird.
From ''The [[Iliad]]'' :
:''Now when Dawn in robe of saffron was hastening from the streams of [[Okeanos]], to bring light to mortals and immortals, [[Thetis]] reached the ships with the armor that the god had given her.'' (19.1)
:''But soon as early Dawn appeared, the [[rose (color)|rosy]]-fingered, then gathered the folk about the [[pyre]] of glorious [[Hector]].'' (24.776)
[[Quintus Smyrnaeus]] pictured her exulting in her heart over the radiant horses (Lampos and Phaithon) that drew her chariot, amidst the bright-haired [[Horae]], the feminine Hours, climbing the arc of heaven and scattering sparks of fire (''Posthomerica'' 1.48).
[[Image:Eos chariot 430-420 BC Staatliche Antikensammlungen.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Eos in her chariot flying over the sea, red-figure [[krater]] from South [[Italy]], 430–420 BC, [[Staatliche Antikensammlungen]]]]
She is most often associated with her Homeric [[epithet]] "rosy-fingered" (''rhododactylos''), but Homer also calls her '''Eos Erigeneia:'''
: "That brightest of stars appeared, ''[[Eosphorus|Eosphoros]],'' that most often heralds the light of early-rising Dawn (''Eos Erigeneia'')."
::—''[[Odyssey]]'' 13.93
[[Hesiod]] wrote: "And after these Erigeneia ["Early-born"] bore the star [[Eosphorus|Eosphoros]] ("Dawn-bringer"), and the gleaming stars with which heaven is crowned."
::—''Theogony'' 378-382
Thus Eos, preceded by the [[Morning Star]] ([[Venus]]), is seen as the genetrix of all the stars and planets; her tears are considered to have created the morning dew, personified as [[Ersa]] or [[Herse]].
==Genealogy==
Eos is the daughter of [[Hyperion (mythology)|Hyperion]] and [[Theia]] (or [[Pallas (son of Crius)|Pallas]] and [[Styx (mythology)|Styx]]) and sister of [[Helios]] the sun and [[Selene]] the moon, "who shine upon all that are on earth and upon the deathless Gods who live in the wide heaven" [[Hesiod]] told in ''[[Theogony]]'' (371-374). The generation of Titans preceded all the familiar deities of Olympus, who supplanted them.
==Lovers==
Eos is free with her favors and had many consorts, both among the generation of Titans and among the handsomest mortals. With [[Astraeus|Astraios]], she bore all the winds and stars. Her passion for the Titan [[Orion (mythology)|Orion]] was unrequited. Eos kidnapped [[Cephalus]], [[Clitus]], [[Ganymede (mythology)|Ganymede]], and [[Tithonus]] to be her lovers. Eos' most faithful consort was Tithonus, from whose couch the poets imagine her arising. When [[Zeus]] stole Ganymede from her to be his cup-bearer, she asked for Tithonus to be made immortal, but forgot to ask for eternal youth. Tithonus indeed lived forever but grew more and more ancient, eventually turning into a cricket.
In the more restrictive Hellenic world, [[Apollodorus]], a later Greek poet, claimed, in an anecdote rather than a myth, that her disgraceful abandon was a torment from [[Aphrodite]], who found her on the couch with [[Ares]].<ref>Apollodorus. ''The Library'', 1.27.</ref>
==Children==
According to Hesiod (''Theogony'' 984ff) by Tithonus Eos had two sons, [[Memnon (mythology)|Memnon]] and [[Emathion]]. Memnon fought among the Trojans in the [[Trojan War]] and was slain. Her image with the dead Memnon across her knees, like [[Thetis]] with the dead [[Achilles]] and [[Isis]] with the dead [[Osiris]], are [[icon]]s that inspired the Christian [[Pietà]].
[[Image:Eos Memnon Louvre G115.jpg|thumb|left|140px|Eos and the slain Memnon on an Attic red-figure cup, ca. 490–480 BCE, the so-called "Memnon Pietà" found at [[Capua]] ([[Musée du Louvre|Louvre]]).]]
The abduction of Cephalus had special appeal for an Athenian audience because Cephalus was a local boy,<ref>Mary R. Lefkowitz, "'Predatory' Goddesses" ''Hesperia'' '''71'''.4 (October 2002, pp. 325-344) p. 326.</ref> and so this myth element appeared frequently in Attic vase-paintings and was exported with them. In the literary myths<ref>(Hesiod ''Theogony'' 984; pseudo-Apollodorus ''[[Bibliotheke]]'' iii. 14.3; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] i. 3.1; [[Ovid]] ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' vii. 703ff; Hyginus ''Fabula 189.</ref> Eos kidnapped [[Cephalus]] when he was hunting and took him to Syria. The second-century CE traveller Pausanias was informed that the abductor of Cephalus was [[Hemera]], goddess of Day.<ref>Pausanias remarking on the subjects shown in the Royal Stoa, Athens (1.3.1) and on the throne of Apollo at Amyklai (3.18.10ff).</ref> Although Cephalus was already married to [[Procris]], Eos bore him three sons, including [[Phaeton]] and [[Hesperus]], but he then began pining for Procris, causing a disgruntled Eos to return him to her — and put a curse on them. in Hyginus' report<ref>Hyginus, ''Fabula'' 189.</ref> telling Cephalus accidentally killed Procris some time later after he mistook her for an animal while hunting; in Ovid's ''Metamorphoses'' vii, Procris, a jealous wife, was spying on him and heard him singing to the wind, "Aura", but thought he was serenading his ex-lover Aurora (Eos).
==Etruscan interpretations==
Among the Etruscans, the generative dawn-goddess was [[Thesan]]. Depictions of the dawn-goddess with a young lover became popular in Etruria in the fifth century, probably inspired by imported Greek vase-painting.<ref>Marilyn Y. Goldberg, "The 'Eos and Kephalos' from Cære: Its Subject and Date" ''American Journal of Archæology'' '''91'''.4 (October 1987, pp. 605-614) p 607.</ref> Though Etruscans preferred to show the goddess as a nurturer (''Kourotrophos'') rather than an abductor of young men, the late Archaic sculptural [[acroterion]] from Etruscan Cære ([[Cerveteri]]), now in Berlin, showing the goddess in archaic running pose adapted from the Greeks, and bearing a boy in her arms, has commonly been identified as Eos and [[Cephalus]].<ref> Goldberg 1987:605-614 casts doubt on the boy's identification, in the context of Etruscan and Greek abduction motifs.</ref> On an Etruscan mirror Thesan is shown carrying off a young man, whose name is inscribed <small>TINTHU[N]</small>.<ref>Noted by Goldberg 1987: in I. Mayer-Prokop, ''Die gravierten etruskischen Griffspiegel archaischen Stils'' (Heidelberg) 1966, fig. 61.</ref>
==Roman interpretation==
Her [[Roman mythology|Roman]] equivalent is [[Aurora (mythology)|Aurora]], her [[Etruscan mythology|Etruscan]] equivalent is [[Thesan]]. The Dawn became associated in Roman cult with Matuta; later known as Mater Matuta she was also associated with the sea harbors and ports. She had a temple on the [[Forum Boarium]]. On [[June 11]], the [[Matralia]] was celebrated at that temple in honor of Mater Matuta; this festival was only for women in their first marriage.
==List of consorts and children==
[[Image:Eos.jpg|thumb|right|Eos Painting by Evelyn De Morgan (British, 1850-1919)]]
The following are lovers of Eos, described in various myths, and her children by them.
# With [[Astræus|Astraios]]
## [[Boreas]]
## [[Eurus]]
## [[Eosphorus|Eosphoros]]
## [[Hesperus|Hesperos]]
## [[Notus]]
## All the stars/planets
## [[Zephyrus]]
# With [[Tithonus]]
## [[Emathion]]
## [[Memnon (mythology)|Memnon]]
# With [[Cephalus]]
## [[Phaëton]]
## [[Tithonos]]
# With [[Zeus]]
## [[Ersa]]
## [[Carae]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Sources==
*[[Karl Kerenyi|Kerenyi, Karl]]. ''The Gods of the Greeks''. Thames and Hudson, 1951.
==External links==
{{Commonscat|Eos}}
*[http://www.theoi.com/Titan/Eos.html Theoi Project - Eos]
[[Category:Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Greek goddesses]]
[[Category:Solar goddesses]]
[[Category:Titans]]
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