Ethiopia 187749 226016937 2008-07-16T13:33:33Z 78.82.249.145 /* Ethiopian Empire */ {{otheruses1|the '''African''' country}} {{Contains Ethiopic text}} {{Infobox Country |native_name = {{lang|gez|2={{nobold|የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ <br/> ዲሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ}}}}<br/>''{{transl|gez|ye-Ītyōṗṗyā Fēdēralāwī Dīmōkrāsīyāwī Rīpeblīk}}'' |conventional_long_name = Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia |common_name = Ethiopia |image_flag = Flag of Ethiopia.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Ethiopia.svg |image_map = LocationEthiopia.svg |national_motto = <!-- ETHIOPIA HAS NO NATIONAL MOTTO --> |national_anthem = <span style="line-height:1.33em;">''[[Wodefit Gesgeshi, Widd Innat Ityopp'ya]]''<br/><small>"March Forward, Dear Mother Ethiopia"</small></span> |official_languages = [[Amharic language|Amharic]] |demonym = [[Ethiopian]] |capital = [[Addis Ababa]] |latd=9 |latm=01 |latNS=N |longd=38 |longm=44 |longEW=E |largest_city = capital |government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]] [[Parliamentary republic]]<sup>1</sup> |leader_title1 = [[President of Ethiopia|President]] |leader_name1 = [[Girma Wolde-Giorgis]] |leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Prime Minister]] |leader_name2 = [[Meles Zenawi]] |sovereignty_type = [[History of Ethiopia|Establishment]] |sovereignty_note = 10th century BC |established_event1 = Traditional date |established_date1 = [[Circa|c.]]980 BC |established_event2 = [[Dʿmt|Kingdom of Dʿmt]] |established_date2 = 8th century BC |established_event3 = [[Kingdom of Aksum]] |established_date3 = 1st century BC |area_rank = 27th |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |area_km2 = 1,104,300 |area_sq_mi = 426,371 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = 0.7 |population_estimate = 75,067,000 <!--http://www.csa.gov.et/text_files/2005_national_statistics.htm--> |population_estimate_year = 2006 |population_estimate_rank = 16th<nowiki>²</nowiki> |population_census = 53,477,265 |population_census_year = 1994 |population_density_km2 = 70 |population_density_sq_mi = 181<!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 123rd |GDP_PPP_year = 2005 |GDP_PPP = $69.099 billion |GDP_PPP_rank = 69th |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $823 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 175th |HDI_year = 2007 |HDI = {{increase}} 0.406 |HDI_rank = 169th |HDI_category = <font style="color:#e0584e">low</font> |FSI = 95.3 {{increase}} 3.4 |FSI_year = 2007 |FSI_rank = 18th |FSI_category = <font color="#FF0000">Alert</font> |currency = [[Ethiopian birr|Birr]] |currency_code = ETB |country_code = ETH |time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] |utc_offset = +3 |time_zone_DST = not observed |utc_offset_DST = +3 |cctld = [[.et]] |calling_code = 251 |Gini = 30 |Gini_year = 1999–00 |Gini_category = <font color="#ffcc00">medium</font> |footnote1 = According to ''[[The Economist]]'' in its [[Democracy Index]], Ethiopia is a "hybrid regime", with a [[dominant-party system]] led by the [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front]]. |footnote2 = Rank based on 2005 population estimate by the United Nations. }}<!-- NOTE: This intro is the result of careful [[NPOV]] work. Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page. Thank you. --> '''Ethiopia''' ({{IPAEng|ˌiːθiːˈoʊpiə}}) ([[Ge'ez alphabet|Ge'ez]]: ኢትዮጵያ ''{{transl|gez|ʾĪtyōṗṗyā}}''), officially the '''Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia''', is a landlocked country situated in the [[Horn of Africa]]. Ethiopia is bordered by [[Eritrea]] to the north, [[Sudan]] to the west, [[Kenya]] to the south, [[Somalia]] to the east and [[Djibouti]] to the north-east. Ethiopia is one of the oldest countries in the world<ref>{{cite web | title = Ethiopia | publisher = [[Encyclopedia Britannica]] | url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108373/Ethiopia | accessdate = 2008-02-02}}</ref> and Africa's second-most populous nation.<ref>[http://www.nctimes.com/articles/2007/05/30/news/nation/15_43_415_29_07.txt Ethiopia, Africa's second most populous country]</ref> Ethiopia has yielded some of humanity's oldest traces,<ref>{{cite web | title = Ethiopia is top choice for cradle of Homo sapiens | publisher = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | date = [[16 February]], [[2005]] | url = http://www.nature.com/news/2005/050214/full/050214-10.html | accessdate = 2008-02-02}}</ref> making the area important in the history of [[human evolution]]. Recent studies claim that the vicinity of present-day [[Addis Ababa]] was the point from which human beings migrated around the world.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Worldwide Human Relationships Inferred from Genome-Wide Patterns of Variation|journal=Science|month=February|year=2008|volume=319|issue=5866|pages=1100–1104|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/319/5866/1100|doi=10.1126/science.1153717|author=Li, J. Z.|pmid=18292342}}</ref><ref>[http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601081&sid=awJVkvnk8KjM&refer=australia Humans Moved From Africa Across Globe, DNA Study Says]</ref><ref>[http://www.startribune.com/world/15860017.html Around the world from Addis Ababa]</ref> Ethiopian dynastic history traditionally began with the reign of Emperor [[Menelik I]] in 1000 BC.<ref>Speaking after his signing the disputed treaty between Ethiopia and Italy in 1889, Emperor Menelik II made clear his position: ''"We cannot permit our integrity as a Christian and civilised nation to be questioned, nor the right to govern our empire in absolute independence. The Emperor of Ethiopia is a descendant of a dynasty that is 3,000 years old &mdash; a dynasty that during all that time has never submitted to an outsider. Ethiopia has never been conquered and she never shall be..."'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=7zaniYN-kqUC&pg=PR25&dq=ethiopia+%223000+years%22&lr=&sig=rE1plTiqZ61uD-JMhO0Md1vd4Ao ''Ethiopia Unbound: Studies In Race Emancipation'' - p. xxv by Joseph Ephraim Casely Hayford]</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=w5q7NV-vSPwC&pg=PA319&dq=ethiopia+%223000+years%22&lr=&sig=YSqFflAVmAQK2j9Pu1IvTX0R_E0 ''Ethiopia at Bay: A Personal Account of the Haile Selassie Years'' - p. 319 by John Spencer]</ref> The roots of the Ethiopian state are similarly deep, dating with unbroken continuity to at least the [[Aksumite Empire]] (which adopted the name "Ethiopia" in the 4th century) and its predecessor state, [[D`mt]] (with early 1st millennium BC roots).<ref>Stuart Munro-Hay, Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity. Edinburgh: University Press, 1991, pp.57.</ref><ref>Paul B. Henze, ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'', 2005.</ref> After a period of decentralized power in the 18th and early 19th centuries known as the [[Zemene Mesafint]] ("Era of the Judges/Princes"), the country was reunited in 1855 by Kassa Hailu, who became Emperor [[Tewodros II of Ethiopia|Tewodros II]], beginning Ethiopia's modern history.<ref>Christopher S. Clapham, ''Haile-Selassie's Government'', 1969, p.12.</ref><ref>Teshale Tibebu [http://books.google.com/books?id=DeD4gruvuNEC&pg=PR12&dq=&ei=J9fBR-elBYPaygSa1qCzCA&sig=3G7dkBJmIhU-KxsNMMMPwque5M4 ''The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974''], p. xii.</ref><ref>S. Rubenson, "Modern Ethiopia" in Joseph C. Anene, Godfrey N. Brown, eds. ''Africa in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: A Handbook for Teachers'', p. 216.</ref><ref>Mordechai Abir, ''Ethiopia: The ERA of the Princes: The Challenge of Islam and Re-unification'', p. 183, "The coronation of [[Tewodros II of Ethiopia|Teodros]] is considered by most historians of Ethiopia to be the end of the era of the princes and the beginning of modern Ethiopia."</ref> Ethiopia's borders underwent significant territorial expansion to its modern borders for the rest of the century,<ref>Marcus, ''A History of Ethiopia'' ISBN: [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0520224795 0520224795] (page no?)</ref><ref>B. Holcomb & S. Ibssa, ''The Invention of Ethopia'' (Trenton, 1990) (page no?)</ref><ref>Jalata, ''Oromia and Ethiopia: State Formation and Ethnonational Conflict'' ISBN: [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1569022461 1569022461] (page no?)</ref> especially by Emperor [[Menelik II of Ethiopia|Menelik II]] and [[Ras Gobena]], culminating in its victory over the Italians at the [[Battle of Adwa]] in 1896 with the military leadership of [[Ras Makonnen]], and ensuring its sovereignty and freedom from colonization.<ref>B. Holcomb & S. Ibssa, ''The Invention of Ethopia'' (Trenton, 1990) (page no?)</ref><ref>Jalata, ''Oromia and Ethiopia: State Formation and Ethnonational Conflict'' ISBN: [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1569022461 1569022461] (page no?)</ref> It was brutally occupied by [[Mussolini]]'s [[Fascist Italy|Italy]] from 1936 to 1941,<ref>It was decided at the official [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|Paris Conference]], that, for Ethiopia, WWII began on [[3 October]] 1935. Other dates aside from [[1 September]] 1939 are used for other countries such as China and Japan, as well. Richard Pankhurst, "Italian Fascist War Crimes in Ethiopia: A History of Their Discussion, from the League of Nations to the United Nations (1936-1949)" in ''Northeast African Studies 6.1-2'' (1999). p. 116.</ref> ending with its liberation by British Empire and Ethiopian Patriot forces. Having converted during the [[4th century|fourth century&nbsp;AD]], it is also the second-oldest country to become officially [[Christianity|Christian]], after [[Armenia]].<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/july-dec03/ethiopia_7-3.html Online NewsHour: Famine Risk - July 3, 2003<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Since 1974, it has been secular and has also had a considerable Muslim community since the earliest days of [[Islam]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Goldmann |first=Kjell |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Nationalism and Internationalism in the Post-Cold War Era |year=2000 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location= |isbn=0415238900 }}</ref> Historically a relatively isolated mountain country, Ethiopia by the mid 20th century became a crossroads of global [[International organization|international cooperation]]. It became a member of the [[League of Nations]] in 1923, signed the [[Declaration by United Nations]] in 1942, and was one of the fifty-one original members of the [[United Nations]] (UN). The headquarters of [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] (UNECA) is in Addis Ababa, as is the headquarters of the [[African Union]] (formerly the [[Organisation of African Unity]]), of which Ethiopia was the principal founder. There are about forty-five [[Ethiopian embassies]] and [[consulates]] around the world. ==Name== It is not certain how old the name ''Ethiopia'' is; its earliest attested use is in the ''[[Iliad]]'' , where it appears twice, and in the ''[[Odyssey]]'', where it appears three times. The earliest attested use in the region is as a Christianized name for the [[Kingdom of Aksum]] in the 4th century, in stone inscriptions of [[Ezana of Axum|King Ezana]].<ref>Munro Hay 1991</ref> The [[Ge'ez alphabet|Ge'ez]] name ''{{Unicode|ʾĪtyōṗṗyā}}'' and its English cognate are thought by some recent scholars to be derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word {{polytonic|Αἰθιοπία}} ''Aithiopia,'' from {{polytonic|Αἰθίοψ}} ''Aithiops'' ‘an Ethiopian’, derived in turn from Greek words meaning "of burned face"<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%232329 Aithiops, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', at Perseus]</ref>. However, the ''[[Book of Aksum]]'', a [[Ge'ez language|Ge'ez]] chronicle compiled in the 15th century, states that the name is derived from "'[[Ityopp'is]]" &mdash; a son (unmentioned in the Bible) of [[Biblical Cush|Cush, son of Ham]] who according to [[legend]] founded the city of [[Axum]]. [[Pliny the Elder]]<ref>''Nat. Hist.'' 6.184-187</ref> similarly states the tradition that the nation took its name from someone named [[Aethiops]]. A third etymology, suggested by the late Ethiopian scholar and [[poet laureate]] [[Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin]], traces the name to the "old black Egyptian [sic]" words ''Et'' (Truth or Peace) ''Op'' (high or upper) and ''Bia'' (land, country), or "land of higher peace". In English and generally outside of Ethiopia, the country was also once [[Geographical renaming|historically known as]] '''Abyssinia''', derived from ''Habesh'', an early [[Arabic language|Arabic]] form of the [[Ethiopian Semitic languages|Ethiosemitic]] name "Ḥabaśāt" (unvocalized "ḤBŚT"), modern ''[[Habesha]]'', the native name for the country's inhabitants (while the country was called "Ityopp'ya"). In a few languages, Ethiopia is still called by names cognate with "Abyssinia," e.g., and modern Arabic ''Al Habeshah'', meaning land of the Habesha people. The term ''Habesha'', strictly speaking, refers only to the [[Amhara people|Amhara]] and [[Tigray-Tigrinya people]] who have historically dominated the country politically, and which combined comprise about 36% of Ethiopia's population. However, in contemporary Ethiopian politics, the word Habesha is often used to describe all Ethiopians and Eritreans. Abyssinia can strictly refer to just the North-Western Ethiopian provinces of [[Amhara Region|Amhara]] and [[Tigray Region|Tigray]] as well as central [[Eritrea]], while it was historically used as another name for Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Abyssinia Abyssinia - LoveToKnow 1911<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ==History== {{main|History of Ethiopia}}<!-- Please discuss changes to the Dʿmt part and Sabaeans on the talk page before changing, the "not well-supported by some today" part for Sabaeans is supported by, e.g. the fact that royal inscriptions of Dʿmt were not in the Sabaean language, but instead in Proto-Ge'ez--> ===Early history=== Human settlement in Ethiopia dates back to prehistoric times. Fossilized remains of the earliest ancestors to the human species, discovered in Ethiopia, have been assigned dates as long ago as 5.9 million years.<ref>"Earliest Human Ancestors Discovered In Ethiopia; Discovery Of Bones And Teeth Date Fossils Back More Than 5.2 Million Years" ScienceDaily.com article references a report in the July 12, 2001 issue of Nature</ref> Together with [[Eritrea]] and the southeastern part of the [[Red Sea]] coast of Sudan ([[Beja people|Beja]] lands), it is considered the most likely location of the land known to the [[ancient Egyptians]] as [[Land of Punt|''Punt'']] (or "Ta Netjeru," meaning land of the Gods), whose first mention dates to the twenty-fifth century BC.<ref>Edward J. Keall, ''Possible connections in antiquity between the Red Sea coast of Yemen and the Horn of Africa'' in ''Trade and Travel in the Red Sea Region. Proceedings of Red Sea Project I Held in the British Museum'' by the Society for Arabian Studies Monogrpahs No. 2. Oxford: England, Archaeopress, October 2002, p.53.</ref><ref>Kenneth A. Kitchen, "The Land of Punt", in Shaw, Thurstan; Sinclair, Paul & Andah, Bassey et al., ''The Archaeology of Africa: Foods, Metals, Towns'', vol. 20, London and New York: Routledge, 1993, pp. 587-608.</ref> <!-- Do not change the cited location of Punt to Djibouti and Somalia without discussing first on the talk page --> [[Image:Yeha Tigray Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|The ruins of the temple at [[Yeha]] dates to the 7th or 8th century BC.]] Around the eighth century BC, a kingdom known as [[Dʿmt]] was established in northern Ethiopia and Eritrea, with its capital at [[Yeha]] in northern Ethiopia. Most modern historians consider this civilization to be a native African one, although [[Sabaean]]-influenced due to the latter's hegemony of the [[Red Sea]],<ref>Stuart Munro-Hay, ''Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity''. Edinburgh: University Press, 1991, pp.57. </ref> while others view Dʿmt as the result of a mixture of "culturally superior" Sabaeans and indigenous peoples.<ref>Taddesse Tamrat, ''Church and State in Ethiopia: 1270–1527'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972), pp. 5–13.</ref> However, [[Ge'ez language|Ge'ez]], the ancient Semitic language of Ethiopia, is now thought not to have derived from [[Sabaean language|Sabaean]] (also South Semitic). There is evidence of a Semitic-speaking presence in Ethiopia and Eritrea at least as early as 2000 BC.<ref>''ibid''.</ref><ref>Herausgegeben von Uhlig, Siegbert. ''Encyclopaedia Aethiopica'', "Ge'ez". Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005, pp. 732.</ref> Sabaean influence is now thought to have been minor, limited to a few localities, and disappearing after a few decades or a century, perhaps representing a trading or military colony in some sort of symbiosis or military alliance with the Ethiopian civilization of [[Dʿmt]] or some other proto-Aksumite state.<ref>Munro-Hay, ''Aksum'', pp. 57.</ref> After the fall of Dʿmt in the fourth century BC, the plateau came to be dominated by smaller successor kingdoms, until the rise of one of these kingdoms during the [[1st century BCE|first century BC]], the [[Kingdom of Aksum|Aksumite Kingdom]], ancestor of medieval and modern Ethiopia, which was able to reunite the area.<ref>Pankhurst, Richard K.P. ''Addis Tribune'', "[http://www.addistribune.com/Archives/2003/01/17-01-03/Let.htm Let's Look Across the Red Sea I]", January 17, 2003.</ref> They established bases on the northern highlands of the [[Ethiopian Highlands|Ethiopian Plateau]] and from there expanded southward. The Persian religious figure [[Mani (prophet)|Mani]] listed Aksum with [[Rome]], [[Persian Empire|Persia]], and [[China]] as one of the four great powers of his time.<ref>Stuart Munro-Hay, ''Aksum: A Civilization of Late Antiquity'' (Edinburgh: University Press, 1991), pp. 13.</ref> In 316 [[Common Era|AD]], a Christian philosopher from Tyre, [[Meropius]], embarked on a voyage of exploration along the coast of Africa. He was accompanied by, among others, two Syro-[[Greece|Greeks]], [[Frumentius]] and his brother [[Aedesius]]. The vessel was stranded on the coast, and the natives killed all the travelers except the two brothers, who were taken to the court and given positions of trust by the monarch. They both practiced the [[Christianity|Christian faith]] in private, and soon converted the queen and several other members of the royal court. Upon the king's death, Frumentius was appointed regent of the realm by the queen, and instructor of her young son, Prince [[Ezana]]. A few years later, upon Ezana's coming of age, Aedesius and Frumentius left the kingdom, the former returning to Tyre where he was ordained, and the latter journeying to [[Alexandria]]. Here, he consulted [[Athanasius]], who ordained him and appointed him Bishop of Aksum. He returned to the court and baptized the King Ezana, together with many of his subjects, and in short order Christianity was proclaimed the official state religion again.<ref>Taddesse, ''Church and State'', pp. 22–3.</ref> For this accomplishment, he received the title "''Abba Selama''" ("Father of peace"). [[Image:Bete Giyorgis Lalibela Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|[[Bete Giyorgis]] from above, one of the rock-hewn churches of [[Lalibela]].]] At various times, including a fifty-year period in the sixth century, Aksum controlled most of modern-day [[Yemen]] and some of southern [[Saudi Arabia]] just across the [[Red Sea]], as well as controlling southern Egypt, northern Sudan, northern Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, and northern Somalia.<ref>Munro-Hay, ''Aksum'', pp. 36</ref> The line of rulers descended from the Aksumite kings was broken several times: first by the Jewish (unknown/or pagan) [[Gudit|Queen Gudit]] around 950<ref>Taddesse, ''Church and State'', pp. 38-41.</ref> (or possibly around 850, as in Ethiopian histories).<ref>Tekeste Negash, {{PDFlink|[http://www.arkeologi.uu.se/afr/projects/BOOK/negash.pdf "The Zagwe period re-interpreted: post-Aksumite Ethiopian urban culture."]|51.4&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 52670 bytes -->}}</ref> It was then interrupted by the [[Zagwe dynasty]]; it was during this dynasty that the famous rock-hewn churches of [[Lalibela]] were carved under [[Gebre Mesqel Lalibela|King Lalibela]], allowed by a long period of peace and stability.<ref>Tekeste, "Zagwe period-reinterpreted."</ref> === Ethiopian Empire === {{prose}} {{wikify}} [[John D. Baldwin]] wrote, "This Ethiopia, which existed for long ages before its wonderful power was broken, cannot be limited to the short chronological period of history, that, the facts of geology prove to be in error. The [[Bible]] gives no figures for the epochs of time. It speaks of Creation and its after periods in God cycles that we cannot resolve into figures. We read in [[Prehistoric]] Nations, "In the oldest recorded traditions, [[Cushite]] colonies were established in the valley of the Nile, [[Barabra]] and [[Chaldea]]. This beginning must have been not later than 7000 or 8000 B. C. or perhaps earlier. They brought to development astronomy and the other sciences, which have come down to us. The vast commercial system by which they joined together the "ends of the earth" was created and manufacturing skill established. The great period of Cushite control had closed many ages prior to [[Homer]], although separate communities remained not only in Egypt but in southern Arabia, [[Phoenicia]] and elsewhere." (Prehistoric Nations, pp. 95, 96.) Bunsen wrote "Cushite colonies were all along the southern shores of Asia and Africa and by the archaeological remains, along the southern and eastern coasts of Arabia. The name Cush was given to four great areas, Media, Persia, Susiana and Aria, or the whole territory between the Indus and Tigris in prehistoric times. In Africa the Ethiopians, the Egyptians, the Libyans, the Canaanites and Phoenicians were all descendants. The Cushites were emphatically the monument builders on the plains of Shinar and the valley of the Nile from Meroe to Memphis. In southern Arabia they erected wonderful edifices. They were responsible for the monuments that dot southern Siberia and in America along the valley of the Mississippi down to Mexico and in Peru their images and monuments stand a "voiceless witnesses." This was the ancient Cushite Empire of Ethiopians that covered three worlds. Some of our later books recognizing their indisputable influence in primitive culture, speak of them as a brunet brown race representing a mysterious Heliolithic culture. Newer studies (Wendorf 2001, Wilkinson 1999, et al.) confirm these older analyses. Excavations from Nabta Playa, located about 100km west of Abu Simbel for example, suggest that the Neolithic inhabitants of the region were migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa, based on cultural similarities and social complexity which is thought to be reflective of Egypt's Old Kingdom.[2] Other scholars (Wilkinson 1999) present similar material and cultural evidence- including similarities between predynastic Egypt and traditional African cattle-culture, typical of Southern Sudanese and East African pastoralists of today, and various cultural and artistic data such as iconography on rock art found in both Egypt and in the Sudan.[3] Recent data from other research suggests numerous trade contacts between the Nile Valley peoples from early times. The excavations of German archaeologist Gunter Dreyer (1999) at Predynastic Abydos for example unearthed obsidian bows, a material traced to the nearby Sudan or Ethiopia. Excavations at Hierakonpolis by archaelogist Renee Friedman (1998) also demonstrates ritual masks similar to those used further south of Egypt, and significant amounts of obsidian, also traced to Ethiopian quarry sites.[4]. As regards population types and origins, one contemporary review of older evidence acknowledges that "the ancient Egyptians, especially southern Egyptians, exhibited physical characteristics that are within the range of variation for ancient and modern indigenous peoples of the Sahara and tropical Africa."[5] Rawlinson says the Babylonians were Ethiopians by blood, (Seven Great Monarchies, Vol. I,pp.29,34). Twenty Fifth Ethiopian Dynasty in Egypt. W.M. Flinders Petrie, A History of Egypt - Part Three, (1896), p. 308 states: ". . . . the kings of Napata represented the old civilization of Upper Egypt is clear; and it is probably that they were actually descended from the high priest of Amen, who were the rightful successors of the XVIIIth and XIXth dynasties. So far, then, as '''hereditary''' rights go, they were the true kings of Egypt, rather than the mob of Libyan chiefs who had filtered in the Delta, and who tried to domineer over the Nile valley from that no-man's land." [[Taharqa]], a son and third successor of King Piye, was the greatest of the Nubian pharaohs. His empire stretched from Palestine to the confluence of the Blue and White Niles. About 684 B.C. the Nile rose in a great flood. Taharqa's kingdom brought an exceptional harvest that year, and the kingdom grew rich. He ordered many construction projects, and built or renewed many fine temples in Egypt. The early years of his reign were very prosperous Around 1270, the [[Solomonic dynasty]] came to control Ethiopia, claiming descent from the kings of Aksum. They called themselves ''Neguse Negest'' ("King of Kings," or [[Emperor of Ethiopia|Emperor]]), due to their direct descent from [[Solomon]] and the queen of [[Sheba]].<ref>Taddesse, ''Church and State'', pp. 64–8.</ref> ====Restored contact with Europe==== In the early fifteenth century Ethiopia sought to make diplomatic contact with European kingdoms for the first time since Aksumite times. A letter from King [[Henry IV of England]] to the Emperor of Abyssinia survives.<ref>Ian Mortimer, ''The Fears of Henry IV'' (2007), p.111</ref> In 1428, the Emperor [[Yeshaq I of Ethiopia|Yeshaq]] sent two emissaries to [[Alfons V of Aragon]], who sent return emissaries that failed to complete the return trip.<ref>Girma Beshah and Merid Wolde Aregay, ''The Question of the Union of the Churches in Luso-Ethiopian Relations (1500–1632)'' (Lisbon: Junta de Investigações do Ultramar and Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos, 1964), pp. 13–4.</ref> The first continuous relations with a European country began in 1508 with [[Portugal]] under Emperor [[Dawit II of Ethiopia|Lebna Dengel]], who had just inherited the throne from his father.<ref>Girma and Merid, ''Question of the Union of the Churches'', pp. 25.</ref> [[Image:Gonder.jpg|thumb|[[Fasilides of Ethiopia|King Fasilides' Castle]].]] This proved to be an important development, for when the Empire was subjected to the attacks of the [[Adal]] [[General]] and [[Imam]], [[Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi]] (called "''Grañ''", or "the Left-handed"), Portugal responded to Lebna Dengel's plea for help with an army of four hundred men, who helped his son [[Gelawdewos of Ethiopia|Gelawdewos]] defeat Ahmad and re-establish his rule.<ref>Girma and Merid, ''Question of the Union of the Churches'', pp. 45–52.</ref> However, when Emperor [[Susenyos of Ethiopia|Susenyos]] converted to [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]] in 1624, years of revolt and civil unrest followed resulting in thousands of deaths.<ref>Girma and Merid, ''Question of the Union of the Churches'', pp. 91, 97–104.</ref> The [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionaries had offended the Orthodox faith of the local Ethiopians, and on [[June 25]] [[1632]] Susenyos' son, Emperor [[Fasilides of Ethiopia|Fasilides]], declared the state religion to again be [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity]], and expelled the Jesuit missionaries and other Europeans.<ref>Girma and Merid, ''Question of the Union of the Churches,'' p. 105.</ref><ref>van Donzel, Emeri, "Fasilädäs" in Siegbert von Uhlig, ed., ''Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha'' (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005), p. 500.</ref> ====Zemene Mesafint==== All of this contributed to Ethiopia's isolation from 1755 to 1855, called the ''[[Zemene Mesafint]]'' or "Age of Princes." The Emperors became figureheads, controlled by warlords like Ras [[Mikael Sehul]] of [[Tigray Province|Tigray]], and by the [[Oromo]] [[Yejju dynasty]], which later led to 17th century Oromo rule of Gondar, changing the language of the court from [[Amharic]] to [[Afaan Oromo]].<ref>Pankhurst, Richard, ''The Ethiopian Royal Chronicles'', (London:Oxford University Press, 1967), pp. 139–43.</ref><Ref>[http://gargaaraoromopc.org/OPC_Program.aspx 17th century Oromo rule of Gondar]</ref> Ethiopian isolationism ended following a British mission that concluded an alliance between the two nations; however, it was not until 1855 that Ethiopia was completely reunited and the power in the Emperor restored, beginning with the reign of Emperor [[Tewodros II of Ethiopia|Tewodros II]]. Upon his ascent, despite still large centrifugal forces, he began modernizing Ethiopia and recentralizing power in the Emperor, and Ethiopia began to take part in world affairs once again. [[Image:Yohannesson.jpg|thumb|left|[[Yohannes IV]], Emperor of Ethiopia and King of Zion, with his son, Ras Araya Selassie Yohannis.]] By the 1880s, Sahle Selassie, as king of Shewa, and later as Emperor Menilik II, with the help of [[Ras Gobena]]'s Shewan Oromo milita, began expanding his kingdom to the South and East, expanding into areas that hadn't been held since the invasion of Ahmed Gragn, and other areas that had never been under his rule, resulting in the borders of Ethiopia of today.<ref>''Great Britain and Ethiopia 1897-1910: Competition for Empire'' Edward C. Keefer, International Journal of African Studies'' Vol. 6 No. 3 (1973) page 470''</ref> ====European Scramble for Africa==== The 1880s were marked by the [[Scramble for Africa]] and modernization in Ethiopia, when the [[Italy|Italian]]s began to vie with the British for influence in bordering regions. [[Asseb]], a port near the southern entrance of the Red Sea, was bought in March 1870 from the local [[Afar people|Afar]] sultan, vassal to the Ethiopian Emperor, by an Italian company, which by 1890 led to the Italian colony of [[Eritrea]]. Conflicts between the two countries resulted in the [[Battle of Adwa]] in 1896, whereby the Ethiopians surprised the world by defeating Italy and remaining independent, under the rule of [[Menelik II]]. Italy and Ethiopia signed a [[provisional treaty]] of peace on [[October 26]], [[1896]]. ====Selassie years==== [[Image:Selassie.jpg|79 KB|thumb|upright|[[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie's]] reign as emperor of Ethiopia is the best known and perhaps most influential in all the nation's history. He is seen by [[Rastafarian]]s as [[Jah|Jah incarnate]].]] The early twentieth century was marked by the reign of Emperor [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie I]], who came to power after [[Iyasu V of Ethiopia|Iyasu V]] was deposed. It was he who undertook the modernization of Ethiopia, from 1916, when he was made a Ras and Regent (Inderase) for [[Zewditu I of Ethiopia|Zewditu I]] and became the de facto ruler of the Ethiopian Empire. Following Zewditu's death he was made Emperor on [[2 November]], [[1930]]. Being born from parents of the three main Ethiopian ethnicities of [[Oromo]], [[Amhara]] and [[Gurage]], and after having played a leading role in the formation of the [[African Union]], [[Haile Selassie]] was known as a uniting figure both inside Ethiopia and around Africa. The independence of Ethiopia was interrupted by the [[Second Italo-Abyssinian War]] and Italian occupation (1936&ndash;1941).<ref>Clapham, Christopher, "Ḫaylä Śəllase" in Siegbert von Uhlig, ed., ''Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha'' (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005), pp. 1062–3.</ref> Some of Ethiopia's infrastructure (roads most importantly) was built by the fascist Italian occupation troops (not by [[corvee]]) between 1937 and 1940. Following the entry of Italy into [[World War II]], the [[British Empire]] forces together with patriot Ethiopian fighters liberated Ethiopia in the course of the [[East African Campaign (World War II)]] in 1941, which was followed by [[sovereignty]] on [[January 31]], [[1941]] and British recognition of full sovereignty (i.e. without any special British privileges) with the signing of the [[Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement]] in December 1944.<ref>Clapham, "Ḫaylä Śəllase", ''Encyclopaedia Aethiopica'', p. 1063.</ref> During 1942 and 1943 there was an [[Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia]]. On [[August 26]], [[1942]] [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie I]] issued a proclamation outlawing [[slavery]].<ref>[http://www.globalmarch.org/resourcecentre/world/ethiopia.pdf Ethiopia]</ref><ref>[http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/2691/COS2.html Chronology of slavery]</ref> In 1952 Haile Selassie orchestrated the federation with Eritrea which he dissolved in 1962. This annexation sparked the [[Eritrean War of Independence]]. Although Haile Selassie was seen as a national and African hero, opinion within Ethiopia turned against him due to the worldwide oil crisis of 1973, food shortages, uncertainty regarding the succession, border wars, and discontent in the middle class created through modernization.<ref>[[Black Book of Communism]] p. 687></ref> Haile Selassie's reign came to an end in 1974, when a [[Soviet]] backed [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] military [[military junta|junta]], the "[[Derg]]" led by [[Mengistu Haile Mariam]], deposed him, and established a one-party [[communist state]]. ===Communism=== The ensuing regime suffered several [[coup d'etat|coups]], uprisings, wide-scale [[drought]], and a massive [[refugee]] problem. In 1977, there was the [[Ogaden War]], but Ethiopia quickly defeated [[Somalia]] with a massive influx of Soviet military hardware and a Cuban military presence coupled with East Germany and South Yemen the following year. Hundreds of thousands were killed due to the [[Red Terror (Ethiopia)|red terror]], forced deportations, or from using hunger as a weapon.<ref>[[Black Book of Communism]] p. 687-695</ref> In 2006, after a long trial, [[Mengistu]] was found guilty of genocide.<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Mengistu found guilty of genocide |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6171429.stm |quote=Ethiopia's Marxist ex-ruler, Mengistu Haile Mariam, has been found guilty of genocide after a 12-year trial. |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=[[December 12]], [[2006]] |accessdate=2007-07-21 }}</ref> ===Recent=== In 1993 a referendum was held & supervised by the UN mission UNOVER, with universal suffrage and conducted both in and outside Eritrea (among Eritrean communities in the diaspora), on whether Eritreans wanted independence or unity with Ethiopia. Over 99% of the Eritrean people voted for independence which was declared on [[May 24]], [[1993]]. In 1994, a constitution was adopted that led to Ethiopia's first multi-party elections in the following year. In May 1998, a border dispute with Eritrea led to the [[Eritrean-Ethiopian War]] that lasted until June 2000. This has hurt the nation's economy, but strengthened the ruling coalition. On [[May 15]], [[2005]], Ethiopia held [[Ethiopian general elections, 2005|another multiparty election]], which was a highly disputed one with some opposition groups claiming fraud. Though the [[Carter Center]] appreciated the preelection conditions, it has expressed its dissatisfaction with postelection matters. The 2005 [[EU]] election observers continued to accuse the ruling party of vote rigging. Many from the international community are divided about the issue with Irish officials accusing the 2005 EU election observers of corruption for the "inaccurate leaks from the 2005 EU election monitoring body which led the opposition to wrongly believe they had been cheated of victory."<ref>[http://www.ireland.com/newspaper/breaking/2006/0214/breaking75.htm Corruption in EU monitoring group sited]</ref> In general, the opposition parties gained more than 200 parliament seats compared to the just 12 in the 2000 elections. Despite most opposition representatives joining the parliament, some leaders of the CUD party are in jail following the post-election violence. Amnesty International considers them "[[Prisoner of conscience|prisoners of conscience]]". ==Politics== {{main|Politics of Ethiopia}}<!--Please add new information into relevant articles of the series--> {{seealso|Rulers and Heads of State of Ethiopia|Foreign relations of Ethiopia}} <!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:Meles_Zenawi.jpg|thumb|150px|Prime Minister [[Meles Zenawi]]]] --> Politics of Ethiopia takes place in a framework of a [[federation|federal]] [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[republic]], whereby the [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Prime Minister]] is the [[head of government]]. [[Executive power]] is exercised by the government. Federal [[legislative power]] is vested in both the [[government]] and the two chambers of parliament. On the basis of Article 78 of the 1994 Ethiopian Constitution, the [[Judiciary]] is completely independent of the executive and the legislature.<ref>[http://www.civicwebs.com/cwvlib/constitutions/ethiopia/constitution_1994.htm Constitution of Ethiopia - 8 December 1994]</ref> The current realities of this provision are questioned in a report prepared by [[Freedom House]] (see discussion page for link). According to ''[[The Economist]]'' in its [[Democracy Index]], Ethiopia is a "hybrid regime" situated between a "flawed democracy" and an "authoritarian regime". It ranks 106 out of 167 countries (with the larger number being less democratic). [[Cambodia]] ranks as more democratic at 105, and [[Burundi]] as less democratic at 107, than Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/media/pdf/DEMOCRACY_INDEX_2007_v3.pdf Economist Intelligence Unit democracy index 2006] ([[PDF]] file)</ref> The election of Ethiopia's 547-member constituent assembly was held in June 1994. This assembly adopted the constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia in December 1994. The elections for Ethiopia's first popularly-chosen national parliament and regional legislatures were held in May and June 1995 . Most opposition parties chose to boycott these elections. There was a landslide victory for the [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front]] (EPRDF). International and non-governmental observers concluded that opposition parties would have been able to participate had they chosen to do so. The current government of Ethiopia was installed in August 1995. The first President was [[Negasso Gidada]]. The EPRDF-led government of Prime Minister [[Meles Zenawi]] promoted a policy of ethnic federalism, devolving significant powers to regional, ethnically-based authorities. Ethiopia today has nine semi-autonomous administrative regions that have the power to raise and spend their own revenues. Under the present government, some fundamental freedoms, including [[freedom of the press]], are circumscribed.<ref name="FH Ethiopia">{{cite web |url=http://freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2007&country=7175 |title=Map of Freedom 2007|publisher=Freedom House |accessdate=2007-12-25}}</ref> Citizens have little access to media other than the state-owned networks, and most private newspapers struggle to remain open and suffer periodic harassment from the government.<ref name="FH Ethiopia"/> At least 18 journalists who had written articles critical of the government were arrested following the 2005 elections on genocide and treason charges. The government uses press laws governing libel to intimidate journalists who are critical of its policies.<ref name="HRW Ethiopia">{{cite web |url=http://hrw.org/englishwr2k7/docs/2007/01/11/ethiop14704.htm |title=Essential Background: Overview of human rights issues in Ethiopia|publisher=Human Rights Watch |accessdate=2007-12-25}}</ref> Zenawi's government was elected in 2000 in Ethiopia's first ever multiparty elections; however, the results were heavily criticized by international observers and denounced by the opposition as fraudulent. The EPRDF also won the 2005 election returning Zenawi to power. Although the opposition vote increased in the election, both the opposition and observers from the [[European Union]] and elsewhere stated that the vote did not meet international standards for fair and free elections.<ref name="FH Ethiopia"/> Ethiopian police are said to have massacred 193 protesters, mostly in the capital [[Addis Ababa]], in the violence following the May 2005 elections in the [[Ethiopian police massacre]].<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Ethiopian probe team criticises judge over report.|url=http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/CrisesArticle.aspx?storyId=L07807962&WTmodLoc=World-R5-Alertnet-2 |quote= |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date= |accessdate=2007-07-21 }}</ref> The government initiated a crackdown in the provinces as well; in Oromia state the authorities used concerns over insurgency and terrorism to use torture, imprisonment, and other repressive methods to silence critics following the election, particularly people sympathetic to the registered opposition party [[Oromo National Congress]] (ONC).<ref name="HRW Ethiopia"/> ==Regions, zones, and districts== {{Unreferencedsection|date=May 2008}} {{main|Regions of Ethiopia|Zones of Ethiopia|Districts of Ethiopia}} Before 1996, Ethiopia was divided into 13 [[Provinces of Ethiopia|provinces]], many derived from historical regions. Ethiopia now has a tiered government system consisting of a [[federal government]] overseeing ethnically-based regional states, [[zone]]s, [[district]]s (''[[woreda]]s''), and [[neighborhood]]s (''[[kebele]]''). Ethiopia is divided into nine ethnically-based administrative states (''kililoch'', sing. ''kilil'') and subdivided into sixty-eight zones and two chartered cities (''astedader akababiwoch'', sing. ''astedader akababi''): [[Addis Ababa]] and [[Dire Dawa]] (subdivisions 1 and 5 in the map, respectively). It is further subdivided into 550 ''woredas'' and six ''special woredas''. The constitution assigns extensive power to regional states that can establish their own government and democracy according to the federal government's constitution. Each region has its apex regional council where members are directly elected to represent the districts and the council has legislative and executive power to direct internal affairs of the regions. Article 39 of the Ethiopian Constitution further gives every regional state the right to secede from Ethiopia. There is debate, however, as to how much of the power guaranteed in the constitution is actually given to the states. The councils implement their mandate through an executive committee and regional sectoral bureaus. Such elaborate structure of council, executive, and sectoral public institutions is replicated to the next level (woreda). [[Image:Ethiopia regions numbered.png|thumb|The regions and chartered cities of Ethiopia, numbered alphabetically]] The nine regions and two chartered cities are: <table><td><ol> <li> ''[[Addis Ababa]]'' <li> [[Afar Region|Afar]] <li> [[Amhara Region|Amhara]] <li> [[Benishangul-Gumuz Region|Benishangul-Gumuz]] <li> ''[[Dire Dawa]]'' </ol></td><td><ol start=6> <li> [[Gambela Region|Gambela]] <li> [[Harari Region|Harari]] <li> [[Oromia Region|Oromia]] <li> [[Somali Region|Somali]] <li> [[Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region]] <li> [[Tigray Region|Tigray]] </ol></td></table> ==Geography== [[Image:Ethiopia Map.jpg|thumb|300px|Map of Ethiopia.]] {{main|Geography of Ethiopia}} At 435,071&nbsp;square miles (1,127,127&nbsp;km²<ref>{{cite web | title = CIA World Factbook -Rank Order - Area | url =https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html | accessdate = 2008-02-02}}</ref>), Ethiopia is the world's 27th-largest country (after [[Colombia]]). It is comparable in size to [[Bolivia]], and is about two-thirds as large as the US state of [[Alaska]]. The major portion of Ethiopia lies on the [[Horn of Africa]], which is the eastern-most part of the African landmass. Bordering Ethiopia is [[Sudan]] to the west, [[Djibouti]] and [[Eritrea]] to the north, [[Somalia]] to the east, and [[Kenya]] to the south. Within Ethiopia is a massive highland complex of mountains and dissected plateaus divided by the [[Great Rift Valley]], which runs generally southwest to northeast and is surrounded by lowlands, [[steppe]]s, or semi-desert. The great diversity of [[terrain]] determines wide variations in climate, soils, natural vegetation, and settlement patterns. ===Climate and landforms=== Elevation and geographic location produce three climatic zones: the cool zone above 2,400&nbsp;meters (7,900&nbsp;ft) where temperatures range from near freezing to 16 °[[Celsius|C]] (32 °&ndash;61 °[[Fahrenheit|F]]); the temperate zone at elevations of 1,500 to 2,400&nbsp;meters (4,900&ndash;7,900&nbsp;ft) with temperatures from 16 to 30 °C (61&ndash;86 °[[Fahrenheit|F]]); and the hot zone below 1,500&nbsp;meters (4,900&nbsp;ft) with both tropical and arid conditions and daytime temperatures ranging from 27 to 50 °C (81&ndash;122 °[[Fahrenheit|F]]). The topography of Ethiopia ranges from several very high mountain ranges (the [[Semien Mountains]] and the [[Bale Mountains]]), to one of the lowest areas of land in Africa, the [[Danakil depression]]. [[Image:Ethiopian highlands 01 mod.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ethiopian Highlands]] with [[Ras Dashan]] in the background.]] The normal rainy season is from mid-June to mid-September (longer in the southern highlands) preceded by intermittent showers from February or March; the remainder of the year is generally dry. Ethiopia is an ecologically diverse country, ranging from the deserts along the eastern border to the tropical forests in the south to extensive [[Afromontane]] in the northern and southwestern parts. [[Lake Tana]] in the north is the source of the [[Blue Nile]]. It also has a large number of [[endemic species]], notably the [[Gelada Baboon]], the [[Walia Ibex]] and the [[Ethiopian wolf]] (or [[Simien fox]]). The wide range of altitude has given the country a variety of ecologically distinct areas, this has helped to encourage the evolution of endemic species in ecological isolation. ==Endangered Species== Historically, throughout the African continent, wildlife populations have been rapidly declining due to logging, civil wars, hunting, pollution, poaching, and other human interference.<ref>Bakerova, Katarina et al. (1991) Wildlife Parks Animals Africa. Retrieved May 24, 2008, from the African Cultural Center. http://www.africanculturalcenter.org/3_0wildlife.html</ref> A 17-year long civil war along with severe drought, negatively impacted Ethiopia’s environmental conditions leading to even greater habitat degradation.<ref>Encyclopedia of Nations. Ethiopia Environment. Retrieved on May 24, 2008, from the Encyclopedia of the Nations website. http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Ethiopia-ENVIRONMENT.html</ref> Habitat destruction is a factor that leads to endangerment. When changes to a habitat occur rapidly, it doesn’t allow animals time to adjust. Human impact threatens many species, with greater threats expected as a result of climate change induced by greenhouse gas emissions.<ref>Kurpis, Lauren (2002). How to Help Endangered Species. Retrieved May 25, 2008, from the Endangered Specie website. http://www.endangeredspecie.com/Ways_To_Help.htm </ref> Ethiopia has a large number of species listed as critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable to global extinction. To assess the current situation in Ethiopia, it is critical that the endangered species in this region are identified. The endangered species in Ethiopia can be broken down into three categories; Critically endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable.<ref>Massicot, Paul (2005). Animal Info-Ethiopia. Retrieved May 24, 2008, from Animal Info. http://www.animalinfo.org/country/ethiopia.htm</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Critically Endangered ! Endangered ! Vulnerable |- | Bilen Gerbil | Grevy’s Zebra | African Elephant |- | Black Rhinoceros | Mountain Nyala | Ammodile |- | Ethiopian Wolf | Nubian Ibex | Bailey’s Shrew |- | Guramba Shrew | Wild Dog | Bale Shrew |- | Harenna Shrew | | Beira Antelope |- | MacMillan’s Shrew | | Cheetah |- | Walia Ibex | | Dibatag |- | | | Dorcas Gazelle |- | | | Glass’s Shrew |- | | | Large-eared Free-tailed Bat |- | | | Lesser Horseshoe Bat |- | | | Lion |- | | | Moorland Shrew |- | | | Morris’s Bat |- | | | Mouse-tailed Bat Species |- | | | Natal Free-tailed Bat |- | | | Nikolaus’s Mouse |- | | | Patrizi’s Trident Leaf-nosed Bat |- | | | Red-fronted Gazelle |- | | | Rupp’s Mouse |- | | | Scott’s Mouse-eared Bat |- | | | Soemmerring’s Gazelle |- | | | Speke’s Gazelle |- | | | Spotted-necked Otter |- | | | Stripe-backed Mouse |}<ref>(IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals)</ref> There are 31 endemic species, meaning that a species occurs naturally only in a certain area, in this case Ethiopia.<ref>Massicot, Paul (2005). Animal Info-Ethiopia. Retrieved May 24, 2008, from Animal Info. http://www.animalinfo.org/country/ethiopia.htm</ref> The Ethiopian Wolf is perhaps the most researched of all the endangered species within Ethiopia. '''The Ethiopian Wolf''' Ethiopian wolves are decreasing rapidly in population. Fewer than 500 remain today due to the increased pressure from agriculture, high altitude grazing, hybridization with domestic dogs, direct persecution, and diseases such as rabies.<ref>Humber, David (1996). Ethiopia Conservation Projects. Retrieved May 24, 2008, from the African Conservation Foundation. http://www.africanconservation.org/ethiopia1.html</ref> The EWCP (Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Project) actively works on protecting this species.<ref>Marino, Jorgelina (2003). Threatened Ethiopian Wolves. Retrieved on May 24,2008, from the Wildcru organization. http://www.wildcru.org/research/es/ethiopianwolf/Marino%20Oryx%202003.pdf</ref> Scientists working with this project have found that this species has some resistance to the effects of small population sizes and some resilience to fragmentation.<ref>Marino, Jorgelina (2003). Threatened Ethiopian Wolves. Retrieved on May 24,2008, from the Wildcru organization. http://www.wildcru.org/research/es/ethiopianwolf/Marino%20Oryx%202003.pdf</ref> A 2003 study on the Ethiopian wolf resulted in the conclusion that the key to its survival resides in securing its habitat and isolating its population from the impact of people, livestock and domestic dogs.<ref>Marino, Jorgelina (2003). Threatened Ethiopian Wolves. Retrieved on May 24,2008, from the Wildcru organization. http://www.wildcru.org/research/es/ethiopianwolf/Marino%20Oryx%202003.pdf</ref> The interaction between humans and Ethiopian wolves have become increasingly threatening to their conservation as these negative interactions increase as human density increases. Human interactions include poisoning, persecution in reprisal for livestock losses, and road kills.<ref>Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Programme. Retrieved on June 7, 2008 from the EWCP Website 2005. www.ethiopianwolf.org </ref> Mountainous areas are critical for Ethiopian wolves survival to provide a healthy habitat.<ref>Marino, Jorgelina (2003). Threatened Ethiopian Wolves. Retrieved on May 24,2008, from the Wildcru organization. http://www.wildcru.org/research/es/ethiopianwolf/Marino%20Oryx%202003.pdf</ref> Protecting this unique creature entails securing protected status for conservation areas where ecological processes are preserved in an ecosystem, and addressing and counteracting direct threats to survival (human persecution, fragmented populations and coexistence with domestic dogs.) Biologists also recommend the goal of preserving a minimum of 90% of the existing genetic diversity of the species for 100 years, which may require establishing a Nucleus I captive breeding population (preferably in Ethiopia). These aspirations are being pursued by a group called the Ethiopian Wolf Recovery Programme (EWRP).<ref>Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio and Macdonald, David. (2002) The Ethiopian Wolf. Retrieved on May 20, 2008, from the Canids website. http://www.canids.org/PUBLICAT/EWACTPLN/ewaptoc.htm</ref> '''Outreach''' Several conservation programs are in effect to help endangered species in Ethiopia. A group was created in 1966 called The Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society, which focuses on studying and promoting the natural environments of Ethiopia along with spreading the knowledge they acquire, and supporting legislation to protect environmental resources.<ref>Humber, David (1996). Ethiopia Conservation Projects. Retrieved May 24, 2008, from the African Conservation Foundation. http://www.africanconservation.org/ethiopia1.html</ref> There are multiple conservation organizations one can access online to make donations, one which connects directly to the Ethiopian Wolf. Funding supports the World Wildlife Fund’s global conservation efforts. The majority of the funds received (83%) goes towards conservation activities, while only 6% goes towards finance and administration. The remaining 11% of funds are allocated for fundraising, which is much needed. The WWF Chairman of the Board, Bruce Babbitt holds this organization accountable for the best practices in accountability, governance and transparency throughout all tiers within the organization.<ref>Babbit, Bruce (2008). World Wildlife Organization. Retrieved on May 25, 2008, from the WWF website. http://www.worldwildlife.org/who/index.html </ref> A critical way to help threatened animals survive would be to protect their habitat permanently through national parks, wilderness areas and nature reserves. By protecting the places where animals live, human interference is limited. Protecting farms, and any place along roadsides that harbor animals helps encourage protection.<ref>Kurpis, Lauren (2002). Causes of Endangerment. Retrieved May 25th, 2008, from the Endangered Specie website. http://www.endangeredspecie.com/causes_of_endangerment.htm </ref> == Deforestation == {{main|Environmental issues in Ethiopia}} Deforestation is a major concern for Ethiopia as studies suggest loss of forest contributes to soil erosion, loss of nutrients in the soil, loss of animal habitats and reduction in biodiversity. At the beginning of the Twentieth century around 420,000 km² or 35% of Ethiopia’s land was covered by trees but recent research indicates that forest cover is now approximately 11.9% of the area.<ref>Mongabay .com Ethiopia statistics. (n.d).Retrieved November 18, 2006, from http://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/2000/Ethiopia.htm. </ref> Ethiopia is one of the seven fundamental and independent centers of origin of cultivated plants of the world. Ethiopia loses an estimated 1,410 km² of natural forests each year. Between 1990 and 2005 the country lost approximately 21,000 km².{{Fact|date=February 2008}} Current government programs to control deforestation consist of education, promoting reforestation programs and providing alternate raw material to timber. In rural areas the government also provides non-timber fuel sources and access to non-forested land to promote agriculture without destroying forest habitat. Organizations such as SOS and Farm Africa are working with the federal government and local governments to create a system of forest management.<ref>Parry, J (2003). Tree choppers become tree planters. Appropriate Technology, 30(4), 38-39. Retrieved [[November 22]], [[2006]], from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 538367341). </ref> Working with a grant of approximately 2.3 million Euros the Ethiopian government recently began training people on reducing erosion and using proper irrigation techniques that do not contribute to deforestation. This project is assisting more than 80 communities. ==Urbanization== Population growth, migration, and urbanization are all straining both governments and ecosystems’ capacity to provide people basic services.<ref>Racin, L. “Future Shock: How Environmental Change and Human Impact Are Changing the Global Map” Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2008. http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1413&fuseaction=topics.event_summary&event_id=395038</ref> Urbanization has steadily been increasing in Ethiopia, with two periods of significantly rapid growth. First, in 1936-1941 during the Italian occupation of Mussolini’s fascist regime, and from 1967-1975 when the populations of urban centers tripled.<ref>Ofcansky, T and Berry, L. “Ethiopia: A Country Study.” Editied by Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991. http://countrystudies.us/ethiopia </ref> In 1936, Italy annexed Ethiopia, building infrastructure to connect major cities, and a dam providing power and water.<ref>Shivley, K. “Addis Ababa, Ethiopia” http://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/kshively/index.html Accessed May 15th, 2008.</ref> This along with the influx of Italians and laborers was the major cause of rapid growth during this period. The second period of growth was from 1967-1975 when rural populations migrated to urban centers seeking work and better living conditions.<ref>Ofcansky, T and Berry, L. “Ethiopia: A Country Study.” Editied by Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991. http://countrystudies.us/ethiopia </ref> This pattern slowed after to the 1975 Land Reform program instituted by the government provided incentives for people to stay in rural areas. As people moved from rural areas to the cities, there were fewer people to grow food for the population. The Land Reform Act was meant to increase agriculture since food production was not keeping up with population growth over the period of 1970-1983.<ref>Anderson, Frank. Belete, Abenet, Dillon, John L. “Development of Agriculture in Ethiopia since the 1975 land reform” Agricultural Economics. Blackwell. December 2nd, 1991. Pages 159-175</ref> This program proliferated the formation of peasant associations, large villages based on agriculture.<ref>Anderson, Frank. Belete, Abenet, Dillon, John L. “Development of Agriculture in Ethiopia since the 1975 land reform” Agricultural Economics. Blackwell. December 2nd, 1991. Pages 159-175</ref> The act did lead to an increase in food production, although there is debate over the cause; it may be related to weather conditions more than the reform act.<ref>Anderson, Frank. Belete, Abenet, Dillon, John L. “Development of Agriculture in Ethiopia since the 1975 land reform” Agricultural Economics. Blackwell. December 2nd, 1991. Pages 159-175</ref> Urban populations have continued to grow with an 8.1% increase from 1975-2000.<ref>World Bank http://worldbank.org Accessed 5-10-08</ref> '''Rural Vs. Urban Life''' Migration to urban areas is usually motivated by the hope of better living conditions. In peasant associations daily life is a struggle to survive. Only 45% of rural households in Ethiopia consume the World Health Organization’s minimum standard of food per day, (2,200 kilocalories), with 42% of children under 5 years old being underweight.<ref>Crawley, Mike. “Breaking the Cycle of Poverty in Ethiopia” International Development Research Centre. April, 2003. Encyclopedia of Nations. Ethiopia Environment. Retrieved on May 24, 2008, from the Encyclopedia of the Nations website. http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Ethiopia-ENVIRONMENT.html </ref> Most poor families (75%) share their sleeping quarters with livestock, and 40% of children sleep on the floor, where night time temperatures average 5 degrees Celsius in the cold season.<ref>Crawley, Mike. “Breaking the Cycle of Poverty in Ethiopia” International Development Research Centre. April, 2003. Encyclopedia of Nations. Ethiopia Environment. Retrieved on May 24, 2008, from the Encyclopedia of the Nations website. http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Ethiopia-ENVIRONMENT.html </ref> The average family size is six or seven, living in a 30 square meter mud and thatch hut, with less than two hectares of land to cultivate.<ref>Crawley, Mike. “Breaking the Cycle of Poverty in Ethiopia” International Development Research Centre. April, 2003. Encyclopedia of Nations. Ethiopia Environment. Retrieved on May 24, 2008, from the Encyclopedia of the Nations website. http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Ethiopia-ENVIRONMENT.html </ref> These living conditions are deplorable, but are the daily lives of peasant associations. The peasant associations face a cycle of poverty. Since the land holdings are so small, farmers cannot allow the land to lie fallow, which reduces soil fertility.<ref>Crawley, Mike. “Breaking the Cycle of Poverty in Ethiopia” International Development Research Centre. April, 2003. Encyclopedia of Nations. Ethiopia Environment. Retrieved on May 24, 2008, from the Encyclopedia of the Nations website. http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Ethiopia-ENVIRONMENT.html </ref> This land degradation reduces the production of fodder for livestock, which causes low amounts of milk production.<ref>Crawley, Mike. “Breaking the Cycle of Poverty in Ethiopia” International Development Research Centre. April, 2003. Encyclopedia of Nations. Ethiopia Environment. Retrieved on May 24, 2008, from the Encyclopedia of the Nations website. http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Ethiopia-ENVIRONMENT.html </ref> Since the community burns livestock manure as fuel, rather than plowing the nutrients back into the land, the crop production is reduced.<ref>Crawley, Mike. “Breaking the Cycle of Poverty in Ethiopia” International Development Research Centre. April, 2003. Encyclopedia of Nations. Ethiopia Environment. Retrieved on May 24, 2008, from the Encyclopedia of the Nations website. http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Ethiopia-ENVIRONMENT.html </ref> The low productivity of agriculture leads to inadequate incomes for farmers, hunger, malnutrition and disease. These unhealthy farmers have a hard time working the land and the productivity drops further.<ref>Crawley, Mike. “Breaking the Cycle of Poverty in Ethiopia” International Development Research Centre. April, 2003. Encyclopedia of Nations. Ethiopia Environment. Retrieved on May 24, 2008, from the Encyclopedia of the Nations website. http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Ethiopia-ENVIRONMENT.html </ref> Although conditions are drastically better in cities, all of Ethiopia suffers from poverty, and poor sanitation. In the capital city of Addis Ababa, 85% of the population lives in slums.<ref>Shivley, K. “Addis Ababa, Ethiopia” http://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/kshively/index.html Accessed May 15th, 2008.</ref> Although there are some wealthy neighborhoods with mansions, most people make their houses using whatever materials are available, with walls made of mud or wood. Only 12% of homes have cement tiles or floors.<ref>Shivley, K. “Addis Ababa, Ethiopia” http://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/kshively/index.html Accessed May 15th, 2008.</ref> Sanitation is the most pressing need in the city, with most of the population lacking access to waste treatment facilities. This contributes to the spread of illness through unhealthy water.<ref>Shivley, K. “Addis Ababa, Ethiopia” http://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/kshively/index.html Accessed May 15th, 2008.</ref> Despite the living conditions in the cities, the people of Addis Ababa are much better off than people living in the peasant associations due to their educational opportunities. Unlike rural children, 69% of urban children are enrolled in primary school, and 35% of those eligible for secondary school attend.<ref>Shivley, K. “Addis Ababa, Ethiopia” http://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/kshively/index.html Accessed May 15th, 2008.</ref> Addis Ababa has its own university as well as many other secondary schools. The literacy rate is 82%.<ref>Shivley, K. “Addis Ababa, Ethiopia” http://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/kshively/index.html Accessed May 15th, 2008.</ref> Health is also much greater in the cities. Birth rates, infant mortality rates, and death rates are lower in the city than in rural areas, due to better access to education and hospitals.<ref>Shivley, K. “Addis Ababa, Ethiopia” http://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/kshively/index.html Accessed May 15th, 2008.</ref> Life expectancy is higher at 53, compared to 48 in rural areas.<ref>Shivley, K. “Addis Ababa, Ethiopia” http://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/kshively/index.html Accessed May 15th, 2008.</ref> Despite sanitation being a problem, use of improved water sources is also greater; 81% in cities compared to 11% in rural areas.<ref>World Bank http://worldbank.org Accessed 5-10-08</ref> This encourages more people to migrate to the cities in hopes of better living conditions. The continued urbanization and migration poses a threat to environmental sustainability in Ethiopia. As more migration occurs, there will be decreased food production to sustain the population. Rather than fixing the problems of degraded land and water resources, people move to cities in hopes of a better life. If nothing is done about the problem, the capacity to grow food will decrease as populations continue to increase, while poverty and health conditions get worse. This is a problem many NGOs (Non-Government Organizations) are working on fixing. But there is clear evidence that most are far apart, less coordinated, and working in isolation, with no effective mechanisms for them to relate with other NGOs.<ref>World Bank http://worldbank.org Accessed 5-10-08</ref> This is why a consortium is required to solve the problem. The good news is that the Sub-Saharan Africa NGO Consortium is already coordinating efforts among NGOs in Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Ethiopia, Sudan, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Senegal, Ivory Coast, Mali, Ghana, and Nigeria.<ref>World Bank http://worldbank.org Accessed 5-10-08</ref> By sharing information, techniques, and resources, NGOs are better equipped to help the rural farmers of Ethiopia. ==Economy== [[Image:Mymom52^.jpg|thumb|Coffee farmer filling cups with coffee]] {{main|Economy of Ethiopia}} {{see also|Foreign aid to Ethiopia}} Ethiopia has remained one of the poorest countries in the world. Recently, Ethiopia has showed a fast growing annual GDP and it is the fastest growing non-oil dependent African nation in 2007.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} Since 1991, there have been attempts to improve the economy. This is reflected in the ten percent economic growth registered for the past six consecutive years. Yet, a daunting task of maintaining this growth and reducing urban poverty remains to be done. Provision of telecommunications services is left to a publicly owned monopoly. It is the view of the current government that maintaining public ownership in this vital sector is essential to ensure that telecommunication infrastructures and services are extended to the rural Ethiopia, which would not be attractive to private enterprises. There are some sectors which are reserved to Ethiopians only. The financial sector is one of them. There are now more than seven private banks in the country but none of them are owned by foreigners. The Ethiopian [[constitution]] defines the right to own land as belonging only to "the state and the people", but citizens may only lease land (up to 99 years), and are unable to mortgage or sell. Renting of land for a maximum of twenty years is allowed and this is expected to ensure that land goes to the most productive user. Agriculture accounts for almost 41 percent of the [[gross domestic product]] (GDP), 80 percent of exports, and 80 percent of the labour force.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} Many other economic activities depend on agriculture, including marketing, processing, and export of agricultural products. Production is overwhelmingly by small-scale farmers and enterprises and a large part of commodity exports are provided by the small agricultural cash-crop sector. Principal crops include [[coffea|coffee]], [[Pulse (legume)|pulse]]s (''e.g.,'' beans), [[rapeseed|oilseeds]], [[cereal]]s, potatoes, [[sugarcane]], and vegetables. Recently, Ethiopia has had a fast growing annual GDP and it was the fastest growing non-oil dependent African nation in 2007.<ref>{{cite web | first = Tamrat G. | last = Giorgis | title = IMF Positive on Ethiopia’s Growth Outlook | publisher = Addis Fortune | date = 2007-01-27 | url = http://www.addisfortune.com/IMF%20Positive%20on%20Ethiopia%92s%20Growth%20Outlook.htm | accessdate = 2008-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Ethiopia has fastest growing African economy that is not Oil dependent | publisher = Jimma Times | date = 2008-01-09 | url = http://www.jimmatimes.com/article.cfm?articleID=17566 | accessdate = 2008-02-02}}</ref> Exports are almost entirely agricultural commodities, and coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. Ethiopia is Africa's second biggest maize producer.<ref>{{cite web | title = Get the gangsters out of the food chain | publisher = The Economist | date = 2007-06-07 | url = http://www.economist.com/world/africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9304411 | accessdate = 2008-02-02}}</ref> Ethiopia's [[livestock]] population is believed to be the largest in Africa, and as of 1987 accounted for about 15 percent of the GDP.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} Despite recent improvements, the rapidly exploding population means that Ethiopia remains one of the poorest nations in the world. According to a recent UN report the GNP per capita of Ethiopia has reached $160.The same report indicated that the life expectancy had improved substantially in recent years. The life expectancy of men is reported to be 52 and women 54 years. === Exports === Ethiopia was the original source of the coffee bean, and coffee beans are the country's largest export commodity.<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Starbucks in Ethiopia coffee vow |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6225514.stm |quote=Starbucks has agreed a wide-ranging accord with Ethiopia to support and promote its coffee, ending a long-running dispute over the issue. ... Ethiopia is Africa's largest coffee producer, ahead of Uganda and the Ivory Coast, and coffee is its largest source of foreign exchange. |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=[[June 21]], [[2007]] |accessdate=2007-06-21 }}</ref> Ethiopia is also the 10th largest producer of livestock in the world. Other main export commodities are [[khat]], gold, leather products, and oilseeds. Recent development of the [[floriculture]] sector means Ethiopia is poised to become one of the top flower and plant exporters in the world.<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Ethiopia's flower trade in full bloom |url=http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=264689&area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__business/ |quote=Floriculture has become a flourishing business in Ethiopia in the past five years, with the industry's exports earnings set to grow to $100-million by 2007, a five-fold increase on the $20-million earned in 2005. Ethiopian flower exports could generate an estimated $300-million within two to three years, according to the head of the government export-promotion department, Melaku Legesse. |publisher=[[Mail & Guardian]] |date=[[February 19]], [[2006]] |accessdate=2007-06-21 }}</ref> With the private sector growing slowly, designer leather products like bags are becoming a big export business, with Taytu becoming the first luxury designer label in the country.<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Ethiopia's designs on leather trade |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6703551.stm |quote=The label inside the luxuriously soft black leather handbag reads Taytu: Made In Ethiopia. But the embroidered print on the outside, the chunky bronze rings attached to the fashionably short straps and the oversized "it" bag status all scream designer chic. |publisher=[[BBC]] |date= |accessdate=2007-06-21 }}</ref> Additional small-scale export products include cereals, pulses, cotton, sugarcane, potatoes and hides. With the construction of various new dams and growing hydroelectric power projects around the country, it has also begun exporting electric power to its neighbors.<ref>[http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?sc=2037246 water resource revenue potentials being tackled in ethiopia]</ref><ref>[http://english.people.com.cn/200604/12/eng20060412_257767.html largest hydro electric power plant goes smoothly]</ref><ref>[http://www.addistribune.com/Archives/2004/02/27-02-04/New.htm Hydroelectric Power Plant built]</ref> However, coffee remains its most important export product and with new trademark deals around the world, including recent deals with [[Starbucks]], the country plans to increase its revenue from coffee.<ref>[http://www.alternet.org/story/51936/ new coffee deal with Starbucks]</ref> Most regard Ethiopia's large water resources and potential as its "white oil" and its coffee resources as "black gold".<ref>[http://www.ethiopianreporter.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=7303 Ethiopia water resources referred as "White oil"]</ref><ref>[http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=87&art_id=qw1145360700509B231 Ethiopia hopes to power neighbours with dams]</ref> The country also has large mineral resources and oil potential in some the less inhabited regions; however, political instability in those regions has harmed progress. Ethiopian geologists were implicated in a major gold swindle in 2008. Four chemists and geologists from the Ethiopian Geological Survey were arrested in connection with a fake gold scandal, following complaints from buyers in South Africa. Gold bars from the National Bank of Ethiopia were found to be gilded metal by police, costing the state around US$17 million, according to the Science and Development Network website. [http://www.scidev.net/en/sub-suharan-africa/news/sub-saharan-africa-news-in-brief-13-25-march.html] == Demographics == {{main|Demographics of Ethiopia}} {{see also|People of Ethiopia}} [[Image:Nakempte Boys.jpg|thumb|Schoolboys in western [[Oromia]], Ethiopia.]] Ethiopia's population has grown from 33.5 million in 1983 to 75.1 million in 2006.<ref>''Diercke Landerlexicon'', 1983</ref> The country's population is highly diverse. Most of its people speak a [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] or [[Cushitic languages|Cushitic language]]. The [[Oromo]], [[Amhara (ethnicity)|Amhara]], and [[Tigray-Tigrinya people|Tigray]] make up more than three-quarters of the population, but there are more than 80 different ethnic groups within Ethiopia. Some of these have as few as 10,000 members. Ethiopians and Eritreans, especially Semitic-speaking ones, collectively refer to themselves as ''[[Habesha people|Habesha]]'' or ''Abesha'', though others reject these names on the basis that they refer only to certain ethnicities.<ref>[http://www.abesha.com/abesha18/aboutus.php Abesha.com — About us]</ref> The [[Arabic language|Arabic]] form of this term (Al-Habasha) is the etymological basis of "Abyssinia," the former name of Ethiopia in English and other European languages.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/europe/timetrails/selassie/hs260809.html Time Europe — Abyssinia: Ethiopian Protest] 9 August 1926</ref> According to the Ethiopian national census of 1994, the [[Oromo]] are the largest ethnic group in Ethiopia at 32.1%. The [[Amhara people|Amhara]] represent 30.2%, while the [[Tigray-Tigrinya people|Tigray]] people are 6.2% of the population. Other ethnic groups are as follows: [[Somali people|Somali]] 6%, [[Gurage]] 4.3%, [[Sidama]] 3.4%, [[Welayta people|Wolayta]] 2%, [[Afar people|Afar]] 2%, [[Hadiya]] 2%, Gamo 1%.<ref name="bx">Berhanu Abegaz, {{PDFlink|[http://bxabeg.people.wm.edu/Ethiopia.Census%20Portrait.pdf Ethiopia: A Model Nation of Minorities]|51.7&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 52996 bytes -->}} (accessed 6 April 2006)</ref><ref>[http://www.ethiopianembassy.org/population.shtml Embassy of Ethiopia, Washington, DC] (accessed 6 April 2006)</ref> [[Image:Senay.jpg|left|250px|thumb|View from the [[Sheraton Hotel]] in [[Addis Ababa]].]] There are 1.2 million Ethiopians in the US as part of the Ethiopian diaspora. <ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=A loveless liaison. |url=http://www.economist.com/world/africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10979876 |quote=Many in Ethiopia's 1.2 m-strong diaspora in the United States have lobbied their congressional representatives to condemn Mr Zenawi's government as tyrannical. |publisher=[[Economist]] |date=2008-04-03 |accessdate=2008-04-11 }}</ref> In 2007, Ethiopia hosted a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 201,700. The majority of this population came from [[Somalia]] (approximately 111,600 individuals), [[Sudan]] (55,400) and [[Eritrea]] (23,900). The Ethiopian government required nearly all refugees to live in refugee camps.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2008">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2008|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|date=2008-06-19|url=http://www.refugees.org/survey}}</ref> ===Religion=== {{main|Religion in Ethiopia}} {{Mergeto|Religion in Ethiopia|date=April 2008}} [[Image:Ethiopian Painting 2005 SeanMcClean.JPG|thumb|This leather painting depicts [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Ethiopian Orthodox]] priests playing [[Sistrum|sistra]] and a [[drum]].]] According to the most recent 1994 National Census,<ref name="bx"/> Christians make up 61.6% of the country's population, Muslims 32.8%, and practitioners of traditional faiths 5.6%. This agrees with the updated CIA World Factbook, Christianity is the most widely practiced religion in Ethiopia.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/et.html CIA - The World Factbook - Ethiopia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> but the US State department has contradictory figures, putting Islam as being about equal or a slight majority, so a review of the figures might be needed (Sunnis Islam=45%-50%, Orthodoxy= 40%, Protestant 5% and the rest traditional).<ref>[http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2859.htm Ethiopia (03/08)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Orthodox Christianity has a dominant presence in central and northern Ethiopia, while both Orthodox & Protestant Christianity has large representations in the South and Western Ethiopia. A small ancient group of [[Jews]], the [[Beta Israel]], live in northwestern Ethiopia, though most have emigrated to [[Israel]] in the last decades of the twentieth century as part of the rescue missions undertaken by the Israeli government, [[Operation Moses]] and [[Operation Solomon]]. [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/ejhist.html] Some Israeli and Jewish scholars consider these Ethiopian Jews as the historical "[[Lost Tribe of Israel]]". Sometimes Christianity in Africa is thought of as a European import that arrived with colonialism, but this is not the case with Ethiopia. The [[Kingdom of Aksum]] was one of the first nations to officially adopt [[Christianity]], when St. [[Frumentius]] of [[Tyre (Lebanon)|Tyre]], called Fremnatos or Abba Selama ("Father of Peace") in Ethiopia, converted King [[Ezana of Axum|Ezana]] during the [[4th century|fourth century]] [[Anno Domini|AD]]. Many believe that the Gospel had entered Ethiopia even earlier, with the royal official described as being baptised by [[Philip the Evangelist]] in chapter eight of the [[Acts of the Apostles]]. (Acts 8:26-39) Today, the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church]], part of [[Oriental Orthodoxy]], is by far the largest denomination, though a number of [[Protestant]] ([[Pentay]]) churches and the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tehadeso Church]] have recently gained ground. Since the [[18th century|eighteenth century]] there has existed a relatively small [[Uniate]] [[Ethiopian Catholic Church]] in [[full communion]] with [[Rome]], with adherents making up less than 1% of the total population.<ref name="bx"/> [[Image:Mosque in Harar, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|left|Mosque in [[Harar]]]] The name "Ethiopia" (Hebrew ''Kush'') is mentioned in the Bible numerous times (thirty-seven times in the [[Authorised Version|King James version]]). Abyssinia is also mentioned in the [[Qur'an]] and [[Hadith]]. While many Ethiopians claim that the Bible references of Kush apply to their own ancient civilization, pointing out that the [[Gihon]] river, a name for the [[Nile]], is said to flow through the land, most non-Ethiopian scholars believe that the use of the term referred to the [[Kingdom of Kush]] in particular or Africa outside of Egypt in general. Some have argued{{Fact|date=February 2007}} that biblical [[Kush]] was a large part of land that included Northern Ethiopia, [[Eritrea]] and most of present day [[Sudan]]. The capital cities of biblical Kush were in Northern Sudan.<!-- Eritrea and northern Ethiopia might have been part of the Kushite empire, but there should be no doubt left that the center of Cushite civilization is northern sudan) --> <!-- Please note that it is only Northern Ethiopian Christians that came up with the theory that Kush is indeed Axum and is therefore Ethiopia. Kingdom of Kush is in Northern Sudan as you know and does not refer to Axum. In fact did Axum not destroy Meroe? Were they destroying themselves? At most, Northern Ethhiopia might have been part of periphery of the Kushite Kingdom. Kush is Sudan and I don't understand why modern Ethiopians need to claim they are Kush, Punt, Saba and so on. Let us stick to facts and not fiction. --> [[Image:Ethiopia African potrayal of Jesus.JPG|thumb|right|A traditional Ethiopian depiction of Jesus and Mary.]] [[Islam in Ethiopia]] dates back to the founding of the religion; in 615, when a group of Muslims were counseled by Muhammad to escape persecution in [[Mecca]] and [[Migration to Abyssinia|travel to Ethiopia]], which was ruled by [[Ashama ibn Abjar]], a pious Christian king. Moreover, [[Bilal ibn Ribah|Bilal]], the first [[muezzin]], the person chosen to call the faithful to prayer, and one of the foremost companions of Muhammad, was from Ethiopia. There are numerous indigenous [[African religions]] in Ethiopia, mainly located in the far southwest and western borderlands. In general, most of the (largely members of the [[Oriental Orthodox|non-Chalcedonian]] [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church]]) [[Christianity|Christians]] generally live in the highlands, while [[Islam|Muslims]] and adherents of traditional African religions tend to inhabit more lowland regions in the east and south of the country. Ethiopia is also the spiritual homeland of the [[Rastafari movement]], whose adherents believe Ethiopia is [[Zion]]. The Rastafari view [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Emperor Haile Selassie I]] as [[Jesus]], the human incarnation of God, a view apparently not shared by Haile Selassie I himself, who was staunchly Ethiopian Orthodox Christian. The concept of Zion is also prevalent among Ethiopian Orthodox Christians, though it represents a separate and complex concept, referring figuratively to St. [[Blessed Virgin Mary|Mary]], but also to Ethiopia as a bastion of Christianity surrounded by Muslims and other religions, much like [[Mount Zion]] in the Bible. It is also used to refer to [[Axum]], the ancient capital and religious centre of Ethiopian Orthodox Christians, or to its primary church, called [[Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion]].<ref>Taddesse Tamrat, ''Church and State''.</ref> The [[Bahá'í Faith]] has been established in Ethiopia since the 1950s, and today is concentrated primarily in Addis Ababa, but also in the suburbs of Yeka, Kirkos and Nefas Silk Lafto.<ref>[http://news.bahai.org/story/486 Families and youth identified as keys to reducing poverty<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ==Health== {{main|Health in Ethiopia}} According to the head of the [[World Bank]]'s [[Global HIV/AIDS Program]], Ethiopia has only 1 medical doctor per 100,000 people.<ref>[[BBC]], [[The World Today]], 24 July, 2007</ref> However, the [[World Health Organization]] in its 2006 World Health Report gives a figure of 1936 physicians (for 2003),<ref>{{cite web | title = Global distribution of health workers in WHO Member States | work = The World Health Report 2006 | publisher = World Health Organization | date = | url = http://www.who.int/whr/2006/annex/06_annex4_en.pdf | format = [[PDF]] | accessdate = 2008-02-02}}</ref> which comes to about 2.6 per 100,000. Globalization is said to affect the country, with many educated professionals leaving Ethiopia for a better economic opportunity in the [[Western world|West]]. Ethiopia's main health problems are said to be communicable diseases caused by poor sanitation and malnutrition. These problems are exacerbated by the shortage of trained manpower and health facilities.<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/ethiopia/75.htm Ethiopia - Health and Welfare]</ref> There are 119 hospitals (12 in Addis Ababa alone) and 412 health centers in Ethiopia.<ref> [http://www.etharc.org/publications/june2005whoestimate_eth.pdf etharc.org - Ethiopia] </ref> Ethiopia has an incredibly low life expectancy at birth with the current average age being 45 years old.<ref>Aids Action (The International News Letter on AIDS Prevention and Care): Issue 46, Health Link World Wide (October-December 1999)</ref> In America the average life expectancy is over three decades longer at the age of 77. <ref>Aids Action (The International News Letter on AIDS Prevention and Care): Issue 46, Health Link World Wide (October-December 1999)</ref> In addition to the life expectancy rate being so low, there is also a very high infant mortality rate with over 10 percent of babies dying after or shortly after birth. <ref>Aids Action (The International News Letter on AIDS Prevention and Care): Issue 46, Health Link World Wide (October-December 1999)</ref>Currently Ethiopia only has 3 doctors per 100,000 people. These numbers are dangerously low compared to America, which has 550 available for every one hundred thousand Americans. <ref>Kifleyesus, Neghsti: Impact of Traditional Medical Practitioners in Urban Ethiopia. Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa (1991).</ref> Currently Ethiopia, as a whole is fighting a losing battle against the AIDS epidemic.<ref>Aids Action (The International News Letter on AIDS Prevention and Care): Issue 46, Health Link World Wide (October-December 1999)</ref> The low proportion of doctors with western medical expertise leaves the door wide open for potentially less reliable traditional healers that use home-based therapies to heal common ailments. High rates of unemployment leave many Ethiopian citizens unable to support their families. In Ethiopia an increasing number of “false healers” using home based medicines have grown with the rising population.<ref>Courtright, Paul, Lewallen, Susan, Chana, Harjinder, Kamjaloti, Steve and Chirambo, Moses, Collaboration with African Traditional Healers for the Prevention of Blindness. World Scientific Publishing Co. Pre. Ltd., Singapore (2000)</ref> The differences between real and false healers are almost impossible to distinguish. However, only about ten percent of practicing healers are true Ethiopian healers.<ref>Bodeker, Gerard: Planning for Cost-effective Traditional Health Services. International Symposium on Traditional Medicine. 11-13 September 2000.</ref> Much of the false practice can be attributed to commercialization of medicine and the high demand for healing.<ref>Bodeker, Gerard: Planning for Cost-effective Traditional Health Services. International Symposium on Traditional Medicine. 11-13 September 2000.</ref> Both men and women are known to practice medicine from their homes.<ref>Bodeker, Gerard: Planning for Cost-effective Traditional Health Services. International Symposium on Traditional Medicine. 11-13 September 2000.</ref> It is most commonly the men that dispense herbal medicine similar to an out of home pharmacy.<ref>Bodeker, Gerard: Planning for Cost-effective Traditional Health Services. International Symposium on Traditional Medicine. 11-13 September 2000.</ref> Ethiopian healers are more commonly known as traditional medical practitioners. Before the onset of Christian missionaries and westernized medicine, traditional medicine was the only form of treatment available.<ref>Kloos, H: The Geography of Pharmacies, Druggist Shops and Rural Medicine Vendors and the Origin of Customers of such Facilities in Addis Ababa. Journal of Ethiopian Studies 12: 77-94 (1974).</ref> Traditional healers extract healing ingredients from wild plants, animals and rare minerals.<ref>Kloos, H: The Geography of Pharmacies, Druggist Shops and Rural Medicine Vendors and the Origin of Customers of such Facilities in Addis Ababa. Journal of Ethiopian Studies 12: 77-94 (1974).</ref> Among the leading number of disease that leads to death include aids, malaria, tuberculosis and dysentery.<ref>Kloos, 1974</ref> Largely because of the costs, traditional medicine continues to be the most common form of medicine practiced. Many Ethiopians are unemployed which makes it difficult to pay for most medicinal treatments.<ref>Kloos, H: The Geography of Pharmacies, Druggist Shops and Rural Medicine Vendors and the Origin of Customers of such Facilities in Addis Ababa. Journal of Ethiopian Studies 12: 77-94 (1974).</ref> Ethiopian medicine is heavily reliant on magical and supernatural beliefs that have little or no relation to the actual disease itself.<ref>Pankhurst, Richard: A Historical Examination of Traditional Ethiopian Medicine and Surgery, In: An Introduction of Health and Health Education in Ethiopia. E. Fuller Torry (Ed.). Berhanena Selam Printing Press, Addis Ababa (1996).</ref> Many physical ailments are believed to be caused by the spiritual realm which is the reason healers are most likely to integrate spiritual and magical healing techniques.<ref>Pankhurst, Richard: A Historical Examination of Traditional Ethiopian Medicine and Surgery, In: An Introduction of Health and Health Education in Ethiopia. E. Fuller Torry (Ed.). Berhanena Selam Printing Press, Addis Ababa (1996).</ref> Traditional medicinal practice is strongly related to the rich cultural beliefs of Ethiopia, which explains the emphasis of its use.<ref>Pankhurst, Richard: A Historical Examination of Traditional Ethiopian Medicine and Surgery, In: An Introduction of Health and Health Education in Ethiopia. E. Fuller Torry (Ed.). Berhanena Selam Printing Press, Addis Ababa (1996).</ref> In Ethiopian culture there are two main theories of the cause of disease. The first is attributed to God or other supernatural forces, while the other is attributed to external factors such as unclean drinking water and unsanitary food. <ref>Giel, R., Gezahegn, Yoseph and Van Luijk, J. N; Faith Healing and Spirit Possession in Ghion, Ethiopia. Social Science and Medicine, 2: 63-79 (1968).</ref> Most genetic diseases or deaths are viewed as the will of God. Miscarriages are thought to be the result of demonic spirits.<ref>Giel, R., Gezahegn, Yoseph and Van Luijk, J. N; Faith Healing and Spirit Possession in Ghion, Ethiopia. Social Science and Medicine, 2: 63-79 (1968).</ref> One medical practice that is commonly practiced irrespective of religion or economic status is female genital mutilation.<ref>Pankhurst, Richard.: A Historical Examination of Traditional Ethiopian Medicine. Ethiopian Medical Journal, 3:157-172 (1965).</ref> Nearly four out of five Ethiopian women are circumcised.<ref>Pankhurst, Richard.: A Historical Examination of Traditional Ethiopian Medicine. Ethiopian Medical Journal, 3:157-172 (1965).</ref> There are three levels of circumcision that involve different degrees of cutting the clitoris and vaginal area.<ref>Pankhurst, Richard.: A Historical Examination of Traditional Ethiopian Medicine. Ethiopian Medical Journal, 3:157-172 (1965).</ref> Many of these practices are done with an unsanitary blade with little or no anesthetics.<ref>Pankhurst, Richard.: A Historical Examination of Traditional Ethiopian Medicine. Ethiopian Medical Journal, 3:157-172 (1965).</ref> It can result in heavy bleeding, high pain, and sometimes death.<ref>Pankhurst, Richard.: A Historical Examination of Traditional Ethiopian Medicine. Ethiopian Medical Journal, 3:157-172 (1965).</ref> It was not until Christian missionaries traveled to Ethiopia bringing new religious beliefs and education that westernized medicine was infused into Ethiopian medicine.<ref>Giel, R., Gezahegn, Yoseph and Van Luijk, J. N; Faith Healing and Spirit Possession in Ghion, Ethiopia. Social Science and Medicine, 2: 63-79 (1968).</ref> Today there are three medical schools in Ethiopia that began training students in 1965 two of which are linked to Addis Ababa University.<ref>Giel, R., Gezahegn, Yoseph and Van Luijk, J. N; Faith Healing and Spirit Possession in Ghion, Ethiopia. Social Science and Medicine, 2: 63-79 (1968).</ref> There is only one psychiatric facility treatment in the whole country because Ethiopian culture is resistant to psychiatric treatment.<ref>Giel, R., Gezahegn, Yoseph and Van Luijk, J. N; Faith Healing and Spirit Possession in Ghion, Ethiopia. Social Science and Medicine, 2: 63-79 (1968).</ref> Although there have been huge leaps and bounds in medical technology there is still a large problem in the distribution of medicine and doctors in Ethiopia. <ref>Giel, R., Gezahegn, Yoseph and Van Luijk, J. N; Faith Healing and Spirit Possession in Ghion, Ethiopia. Social Science and Medicine, 2: 63-79 (1968).</ref> ==Education == {{main|Education in Ethiopia}} {{see also|Universities and colleges in Ethiopia}} Education in Ethiopia has been dominated by the Orthodox Church for many centuries until secular education was adopted in the early 1900s. The elites, mostly Christians and central ethnic Amhara population, had the most privilege until 1974, when the government tried to reach the rural areas. In fact, until right now, it is only the elite Christians who have better chance to higher education. Languages other than Amharic are supressed. Oromo, for example wasn't allowed in the educational institutions. The current system follows very similar school expansion schemes to the rural areas as the previous 1980s system with an addition of deeper regionalisation giving rural education in their own [[languages]] starting at the elementary level and with more budget allocated to the Education Sector. The sequence of general education in Ethiopia is six years of primary school, four years of lower secondary school and two years of higher secondary school.<ref># Damtew Teferra and Philip. G. Altbach, eds., ''African Higher Education: An International Reference Handbook'' Indiana University Press, 2003), pp. 316-325</ref> ===Cuisine=== [[Image:Alicha 1.jpg|thumb|right|Typical Ethiopian cuisine: ''[[Injera]]'' (pancake-like bread) and several kinds of ''wat'' (stew).]] {{main|Ethiopian cuisine}} The best known [[Ethiopian cuisine]] consists of various [[vegetable]] or [[meat]] side dishes and entrees, usually a ''[[Wat (food)|wat]]'', or thick [[stew]], served atop [[injera]], a large [[sourdough]] [[flatbread]]. One does not eat with utensils, but instead uses injera to scoop up the entrees and side dishes. Tihlo prepared from roasted barley flour is very popular in Amhara, Agame, and Awlaelo (Tigrai). Traditional Ethiopian cuisine employs no [[pork]] or [[shellfish]] of any kind, as they are forbidden in the [[Islamic]], [[Jewish]], and [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Ethiopian Orthodox Christian]] faiths. It is also very common to eat from the same big dish in the center of the table with a group of people. ===Music=== [[Image:Mahmoudahmedfeature.jpg|thumb|[[Mahmoud Ahmed]], an Ethiopian [[singer]] of [[Gurage]] ancestry, in 2005.]] {{main|Music of Ethiopia}} The [[Music of Ethiopia]] is extremely diverse, with each of the country's 80 ethnic groups being associated with unique sounds. Ethiopian music uses a unique [[Musical mode|modal system]] that is [[pentatonic]], with characteristically long intervals between some notes. Influences include ancient Christian elements and [[Muslim]] and [[folk music]] from elsewhere in the [[Horn of Africa]], especially [[Sudan]] and [[Somalia]]. Popular musicians include [[teddy Afro]], [[Tilahun Gessesse]], [[Aster Aweke]], Hamelmal Abate, Tewodros Tadesse, Ephrem Tamiru, [[Muluken Melesse]], Bizunesh Bekele, [[Mahmoud Ahmed]], [[Tadesse Alemu]], [[Alemayehu Eshete]], Neway Debebe, [[Asnaketch Worku]], [[Ali Birra]], [[Gigi (singer)|Gigi]], Dawit (Messay) Mellesse, and [[Mulatu Astatke]]. == Sports == Ethiopia has some of the best [[middle-distance]] and [[long-distance]] runners in the world. [[Kenya]] and [[Morocco]] are often its opponents in [[World Championship]]s and [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] middle and long-distance events. As of March 2006, two Ethiopians dominate the long-distance running scene, mainly: [[Haile Gebreselassie]] (World champion and Olympic champion) who has set over twenty new [[world record]]s and currently holds the 20&nbsp;km, [[half-marathon]], 25&nbsp;km, and [[marathon]] world record,{{Fact|date=February 2008}} and [[Kenenisa Bekele]] (World champion, World cross country champion, and Olympic champion), who holds the 5,000&nbsp;m and 10,000&nbsp;m world records.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} Ethiopia has also had various successful sweeps by taking all three medals in various world races including during the Olympics. The last few years Ethiopian women runners have joined the men in dominating athletics, particularly the multi-gold medalists [[Meseret Defar]] and [[Tirunesh Dibaba]].<ref>[http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/athlete=181712/BioPopUp.html Tirunesh Dibaba]</ref><ref>[http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/athlete%3D171229/ Ethiopian legend Meseret Defar]</ref><ref>[http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90779/6219195.html Meseret Defar takes gold at the all africa games]</ref> Ethiopia has added more events to the list of its preeminence in athletics, including the steeplechase which Legese Lamiso recently took the top honors.<ref>[http://www.theworlds.org/WYC07/news/Kind=4/newsId=39652.html Legese Lamiso takes over steeplechase]</ref> Ethiopian distance-runners include [[Derartu Tulu]], [[Abebe Bikila]], [[Mamo Wolde]], [[Miruts Yifter]], [[Addis Abebe]], [[Gebregziabher Gebremariam]], [[Belayneh Densamo]], [[Werknesh Kidane]], [[Tirunesh Dibaba]], [[Meseret Defar]], [[Million Wolde]], [[Assefa Mezgebu]], etc. [[Derartu Tulu]] was the first woman from Africa to win an Olympic gold medal, doing so over 10,000 metres at Barcelona. Abebe Bikila, the first Olympic champion Θ representing an African nation, won the Olympic marathon in 1960 and 1964, setting world records both times. He is well-known to this day for winning the 1960 marathon in Rome while running [[barefoot]]. Miruts Yifter, the first in a tradition of Ethiopians known for their brilliant finishing speed, won gold at 5,000 and 10,000 metres at the Moscow Olympics. He is the last man to achieve this feat. == Archaeology == Ethiopia offers a greater richness in archaeological finds and historical buildings than any other country in Sub-Saharan Africa (including Sudan). In April 2005 , the [[Obelisk of Axum]], one of Ethiopia's religious and historical treasures, was returned to Ethiopia by [[Italy]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4458105.stm Obelisk arrives back in Ethiopia] [[BBC]] 19 April 2005</ref> Under the orders of dictator [[Benito Mussolini]], Italian troops seized the obelisk in 1937 and took it to [[Rome]]. Italy agreed to return the obelisk in 1947 in a [[United Nations|UN]] agreement, and it was finally returned in 2005 . As of January 2007 the obelisk has not been erected in Ethiopia. The monument was returned to Ethiopia in three or four large segments to facilitate easier transport. The pieces are so large that the Ethiopian government has been unable to erect it or even devise a way it could feasibly be done. The original site of the obelisk is an unexcavated area that would be damaged by heavy machinery, if that were determined to be an appropriate method of erection. There have been plenty of significant discoveries including the oldest known, complete fossilized human skeleton, [[Lucy (Australopithecus)|Lucy]]. Other discoveries are still being made.<ref> [http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2006/09/20/lucy_arc.html?category=archaeology&guid=20060920150030] [[Discovery]] Fossil Sheds Light on Ape-Man Species 21 September 2006</ref> Recently, archeologists uncovered the ruins of the legendary ancient [[Islamic]] kingdom of [[Shewa|Shoa]], that included evidence of a large urban settlement as well as a large mosque.<ref>Hailu , Tesfaye. (2000). ''History and Culture of the Argobba: Recent Investigations'', In: Annale D'Éthiopie, 16, pp. 195–206, ISBN 2-86877-154-8</ref> == See also == * [[List of topics related to Black and African people]] * [[Communications in Ethiopia]] * [[Ethiopia Scout Association]] * [[Ethiopian calendar]] * [[Famines in Ethiopia]] * [[Foreign relations of Ethiopia]] * [[List of Ethiopia-related topics]] * [[List of Ethiopian companies]] * [[List of Ethiopians]] * [[Military of Ethiopia]] * [[Monarchies of Ethiopia]] * [[National parks in Ethiopia]] * [[Transport in Ethiopia]] * [[Universities and colleges in Ethiopia]] * [[Water supply and sanitation in Ethiopia]] ==Peoples and Languages== ===Nations, Nationalities and Peoples=== {{columns |col1 = * [[Afar]] * [[Agnwak]] * [[Agaw]]-[[Awi]] * [[Agaw]]-[[Himra]] * [[Alaba]] * [[Amhara]] * [[Argobba]] * [[Ari]] * [[Basketo]] * [[Bench]] * [[Benishangul]] * [[Berta]] * [[Bode]] * [[Burji]] * [[Chaha]] * [[Daworo]] * [[Derashe]] |col2 = * [[Dasanech]] * [[Dime]] * [[Dizi]] * [[Arbore]] * [[Gamo]] * [[Gambella]] * [[Gedio]] * [[Ghidicho]] * [[Gnagnatom]] * [[Gofa]] * [[Gawada]] * [[Gumuz]] * [[Gurage]] * [[Hadiya]] * [[Hamer]] * [[Harari]] * [[Irob]] * [[Kambata]] |col3 = * [[Kabena]] * [[Kaficho]] * [[Komo]] * [[Konso]] * [[Konta]] * [[Kore]] * [[Kunama]] * [[Kusme]] * [[Majangir]] * [[Maale]] * [[Mao]] * [[Mareko]] * [[Mashillie]] * [[Meinit]] * [[Mursi]] * [[Nao]] * [[Nuer]] |col4 = * [[Omo]] * [[Opo]] * [[Oromo]] * [[Oyidda]] * [[Shekicho]] * [[Sheko]] * [[Shinasha]] * [[Sidama]] * [[Somali]] * [[Surma]] * [[Tigray|Tigai]] [http://www.tigraionline.com/tigraistate.html] * [[Tigre Wurgi]] * [[Timbaro]] * [[Tsamay]] * [[Wolayta]] * [[Yem]] * [[Zayse]] * [[Zulman]] }} ===Languages=== {{main|Languages of Ethiopia}} Ethiopia has eighty-four indigenous languages. Some of these are: {{columns |col1 = * [[Afar language|Afar]] * [[Amharic language|Amharic]] * [[Anfillo language|Anfillo]] * [[Awngi language|Awngi]] * [[Berta language|Berta]] * [[Bussa language|Bussa]] |col2 = * [[Burji language|Burji]] * [[Gamo-Gofa]] * [[Gurage language|Gurage]] * [[Hadiya language|Hadiya]] * [[Harari language|Harari]] * [[Kambata language|Kambata]] |col3 = * [[Konso language|Konso]] * [[Ongota language|Ongota]] * [[Oromo language|Oromo]] * [[Saho language|Saho]] * [[Sidamo language|Sidama]] * [[Silt'e language|Silt'e]] |col4 = * [[Soddo language|Soddo]] * [[Somali language|Somali]] * [[Tigrigna language|Tigrinya]] * [[Wolaytta language|Wolaytta]] * [[Xamtanga language|Xamtanga]] * [[Zay language|Zay]] }} [[English language|English]] is the most widely spoken foreign language and is the medium of instruction in secondary schools. [[Amharic language|Amharic]] was the language of primary school instruction, but has been replaced in many areas by local languages such as [[Oromo language|Oromifa]] and [[Tigrigna language|Tigrinya]]. Ethiopia has its own alphabet, called [[Ge'ez alphabet|Ge'ez]] or [[Ethiopic]] (ግዕዝ), and [[Ethiopian calendar|calendar]]. ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Bibliography== {{loc}} {{factbook}} *{{cite book |last=Bahru Zewde|first= |title=A History of Modern Ethiopia, 1855–1974 |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1991 |publisher=Ohio University Press |location=Athens, OH |isbn=0852550677 }} *{{cite book |last=Haile Selassie I. |first= |title=My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I |authorlink=Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia |others=Translated by Edward Ullendorff |year=1999 |publisher=Frontline |location=Chicago |isbn=0948390409 }} *{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2004 |publisher=Shama Books |location= |isbn=1-931253-28-5 |pages= }} *{{cite book |last=Marcus |first=Harold G. |title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia, 1844–1913 |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1975 |publisher=Clarendon |location=Oxford, U.K. |isbn= }} Reprint, Trenton, NJ: Red Sea, 1995. ISBN 1569020094. *{{cite book |last=Marcus |first=Harold G. |title=A History of Ethiopia |edition=updated ed. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2002 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0520224795 }} *{{cite book |last=Mockler |first=Anthony |title=Haile Selassie's War |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1984 |publisher=Random House |location=New York |isbn= |pages= }} Reprint, New York: Olive Branch, 2003. ISBN 1902669533. * Pankhurst, Richard. {{cite web |title=History of Northern Ethiopia — and the Establishment of the Italian Colony or Eritrea |work=Civic Webs Virtual Library |url=http://www.civicwebs.com/cwvlib/africa/ethiopia/pankhurst/history_of_northern_ethiopia.htm |accessmonthday=April 05 |accessyear=2008}} *{{cite book |last=Rubenson |first=Sven |title=The Survival of Ethiopian Independence |edition=4th ed. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2003 |publisher=Tsehai |location=Hollywood, CA |isbn=0972317279 }} ==External links== {{sisterlinks|Ethiopia}} {{Wikinews|Category:Ethiopia}} '''Overview''' *[http://www.ruralpovertyportal.org/english/regions/africa/eth/index.htm Rural poverty in Ethiopia] ([[IFAD]]) *[http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/2005/wb-eth-28feb.pdf Fighting Hunger and poverty in Ethiopia] ([[Peter Middlebrook]]) '''Education''' *[http://www.d-univ.edu.et Debub University] *[http://www.aau.edu.et/ Addis Ababa University] *[http://www.ju.edu.et Jimma University] *[http://www.mu.edu.et/ Mekelle University] *[http://www.telecom.net.et/~bdu Bahir Dar University] *[http://www.haramaya.edu.et/ Haramaya University] *[http://www.hirmata.com/ Ethiopian Discussion Forum] '''Health''' *[[List of hospital in Ethiopia|List of Hospitals in Ethiopia]] '''Directory''' *[http://www.ethiofile.com/ EthioFile.com] '''Tourism''' * [http://www.ethiographer.com Ethiopia Photo Gallery] *{{wikitravel}} *[http://www.ethiopianairlines.com/ Ethiopian Airlines] *[http://www.tourismethiopia.org Ethiopian Tourism Commission] *[http://www.realethiopia.com Ethiopian Tourism information] *[http://www.meetethiopia.com Meet Ethiopia] *[http://www.asmat.eu/html/fotografie_etiopie_e.html Ethiopian photogallery] *[http://www.pascalmeunier.com/reportages_photos_en.php?piId=952 Photos of the Harar city, a Muslim wedge in Ethiopia] by Pascal Meunier '''Government''' *[http://www.ena.gov.et/ Official Ethiopian News online] *[http://www.mfa.gov.et Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ethiopia] *[http://www.waltainfo.com Walta Information Center] *[http://www.aigaforum.com Aiga Forum] '''Independent Ethiopian Web sites''' *[http://www.ecachicago.org/ Ethiopian Community Association of Chicago] *[http://www.ethiotube.net EthioTube - Broadcast Ethiopia] *[http://www.addisfortune.com Addis Fortune] *[http://www.yebbo.com yebbo travel] *[http://www.jimmatimes.com Jimma Times] *[http://www.capitalethiopia.com Capital Ethiopia] *[http://www.nazret.com nazret.com] *[http://www.CyberEthiopia.com CyberEthiopia] *[http://www.ethioindex.com Ethioindex] *[http://www.madeinethiopia.net Made in Ethiopia] *[http://www.ethio2k.com Ethio2k] *[http://www.ethiofact.com Ethiofact] *[http://www.ethiostartpage.com EthioStartPage] *[http://www.ethiotrans.com Ethiotrans] *[http://www.ethiopianmillennium.com Ethiopian Millennium] *[http://www.semret.org/golgool Golgool - Ethiopian Search Engine] *[http://www.saveethiopians.net Ethiopian Cult Information Center] {{Template group |title = Geographic locale |list = {{Countries of Africa}} }} {{Template group |title = International membership |list = {{African Union (AU)}} {{Afro-Asiatic-speaking nations}} }} <!--Categories--> [[Category:Ethiopia| ]] [[Category:Federal countries]] [[Category:African Union member states]] [[Category:Landlocked countries]] [[Category:Titular Sees of the Coptic Orthodox Church]] [[Category:Least Developed Countries]] <!--Other languages--> [[af:Ethiopië]] [[als:Äthiopien]] [[am:ኢትዮጵያ]] [[ar:إثيوبيا]] [[an:Etiopia]] [[arc:ܟܘܫ]] [[frp:Ètiopie]] [[ast:Etiopía]] [[az:Efiopiya]] [[bn:ইথিওপিয়া]] [[zh-min-nan:Ityop'iya]] [[be:Эфіопія]] [[be-x-old:Этыёпія]] [[bcl:Etiopia]] [[bo:ཨའེ་ཟི་འོ་པི་ཡ]] [[bs:Etiopija]] [[br:Etiopia]] [[bg:Етиопия]] [[ca:Etiòpia]] [[ceb:Etiopia]] [[cs:Etiopie]] [[cy:Ethiopia]] [[da:Etiopien]] [[de:Äthiopien]] [[dv:ޙަބުޝްކަރަ]] [[et:Etioopia]] [[el:Αιθιοπία]] [[es:Etiopía]] [[eo:Etiopio]] [[eu:Etiopia]] [[fa:اتیوپی]] [[fo:Etiopia]] [[fr:Éthiopie]] [[ga:An Aetóip]] [[gv:Yn Eetoip]] [[gd:An Itiop]] [[gl:Etiopía - Ityop'iya]] [[ko:에티오피아]] [[hy:Եթովպիա]] [[hsb:Etiopiska]] [[hr:Etiopija]] [[io:Etiopia]] [[ig:Ethiopia]] [[ilo:Etiopia]] [[bpy:ইথিওপিয়া]] [[id:Ethiopia]] [[ia:Ethiopia]] [[ie:Ethiopia]] [[os:Эфиопи]] [[is:Eþíópía]] [[it:Etiopia]] [[he:אתיופיה]] [[jv:Etiopia]] [[pam:Ethiopia]] [[kn:ಇತಿಯೋಪಿಯ]] [[ka:ეთიოპია]] [[kk:Ефиопия]] [[kw:Ethiopi]] [[ky:Эфиопия]] [[sw:Ethiopia]] [[kg:Itiopia]] [[ht:Etyopi]] [[lad:Etiopia]] [[la:Aethiopia]] [[lv:Etiopija]] [[lb:Ethiopien]] [[lt:Etiopija]] [[lij:Etiòpia]] [[li:Ethiopië]] [[ln:Etiopi]] [[jbo:itiopiat]] [[hu:Etiópia]] [[mk:Етиопија]] [[mg:Etiopia]] [[ml:എത്യോപ്യ]] [[mr:इथियोपिया]] [[ms:Habsyah]] [[mn:Этиоп]] [[nah:Etiopia]] [[na:Ethiopia]] [[nl:Ethiopië]] [[ja:エチオピア]] [[no:Etiopia]] [[nn:Etiopia]] [[nov:Etiopia]] [[oc:Etiopia]] [[om:Ethiopia]] [[uz:Efiopiya]] [[ps:اېتوپيا]] [[pms:Etiòpia]] [[nds:Äthiopien]] [[pl:Etiopia]] [[pt:Etiópia]] [[crh:Abeşistan]] [[ro:Etiopia]] [[rm:Etiopia]] [[qu:Ithiyupya]] [[ru:Эфиопия]] [[se:Etiopia]] [[sa:ईथ्योपिया]] [[sq:Etiopia]] [[scn:Etiopia]] [[simple:Ethiopia]] [[sk:Etiópia]] [[cu:Еѳїопїꙗ]] [[sl:Etiopija]] [[so:Itoobiya]] [[sr:Етиопија]] [[sh:Etiopija]] [[fi:Etiopia]] [[szl:Etjopja]] [[sv:Etiopien]] [[tl:Ethiopia]] [[ta:எதியோப்பியா]] [[th:ประเทศเอธิโอเปีย]] [[vi:Ethiopia]] [[ti:ኢትዮጵያ]] [[tg:Этиупия]] [[tr:Etiyopya]] [[uk:Ефіопія]] [[ur:ایتھوپیا]] [[vec:Etiopia]] [[vo:Lätiopän]] [[wo:Ecoopi]] [[ts:Ethiopia]] [[yi:עטיאפיע]] [[yo:Ethiopia]] [[zh-yue:埃塞俄比亞]] [[diq:Etyopya]] [[bat-smg:Etiopėjė]] [[zh:埃塞俄比亚]]