Ethnic groups in Chinese history
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The following are the '''[[ethnic groups]] in [[Chinese history]]'''. Any non clear-cut connection is denoted by a question mark beside the equivalences. As so many ethnic groups have appeared in history, this table is certainly not complete. The purpose of this page is to stimulate conversation and constructive arguments on connecting Eastern and Western knowledge of those ethnic groups.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
![[Pinyin]] Romanization
!Names in Chinese characters and Pronunciation
!Approximate residence according to Chinese texts
!Time of appearance in the history of China
!Equivalence(s) of non-Chinese names
!Time of appearance outside China
!Possible Descendant(s)
|-
|[[Hmong people|Miao]]
|苗 (miao2)
|Various areas stretching from provinces ([[Hebei]], [[Shanxi]]) north of the [[Huang He]] to [[Yunnan]] province
|As early as 25th century B.C. to present
|[[Hmong people|Hmong]]
|see [[Hmong people|Miao]]
|[[Laos|Laotians]], ethnic groups in [[List of Chinese ethnic groups|China]], America and Europe
|-
|[[Yuezhi]]
|月氏 (Yue4 Zhi1)
|[[Gansu]], [[Xinjiang]]
|6th century B.C. '''?''' to [[162 BC|162 B.C.]], then driven out by Xiongnu.
|[[Kushan]]s, [[Tocharians]]?
|mid 2nd century B.C. in Central Asia
|No known descendants, but possibly absorbed into Uygurs
|-
|[[Wuhuan]]
|烏桓 (wu1 huan2)
|Western portions of [[Manchuria]] ([[Heilongjiang]], [[Jilin]], [[Liaoning]] provinces) and [[Inner Mongolia]]
|4th century B.C. to late [[3rd century]], assimilated into Hans |No known equivalence
|N/A
|N/A
|No known descendants
|-
|[[Xianbei]]
|鮮卑 (xian1 bei1)
|[[Manchuria]] ([[Heilongjiang]], [[Jilin]], [[Liaoning]] provinces), [[Mongolia]] and [[Inner Mongolia]]. Moved into areas north of the [[Huang He]] as they founded a [[Northern Wei Dynasty|dynasty]] there.
|4th century B.C. '''?''' to mid 6th century, assimilated into Hans
|N/A
|N/A
|No known descendants
|-
|[[Qiang]]
|羌 (qiang1)
|[[Gansu]], [[Qinghai]], western portion of [[Sichuan]], eastern portion of [[Xinjiang]] and northeastern portion of Tibet
|Mentioned in [[oracle bone]] inscriptions of the [[Shang Dynasty]] circa 14th century B.C. to circa 1050 B.C.
4th century B.C. '''?''' to late 5th century, assimilated into Hans
|No known equivalence
|N/A
|as minorities in Sichuan
|-
|[[Di (ethnic group)|Di]]
|氐 (di1)
|Areas of neighboring borders of [[Gansu]], [[Qinghai]], [[Sichuan]] and [[Shaanxi]]
|8th century B.C. '''?''' to mid [[6th century]], assimilated into Hans
|No known equivalence
|N/A
|as minorities in Sichuan
|-
|[[Jie (ethnic group)|Jie]]
|羯 (jie2)
|[[Shanxi]] province
|late 2nd century to mid 4th century, assimilated into Hans
|No known equivalence
|N/A
|No known descendants
|-
|[[Dingling]], Gaoche, Shule
|丁零 (ding1 ling2), 高車 (gao1 che1), 疏勒 (shu1 le4)
|Banks of [[Lake Baikal]] and on the borders of present-day [[Mongolia]] and [[Russia]] then migrated to [[Shanxi]] province and [[Xinjiang]] region
|1st century BC to late 5th century, assimilated into Hans
|'''?'''
|'''?'''
|some descendants still living by the lake '''?'''
|-
|[[Rouran]], [[Ruru]],
|柔然 (rou2 ran2), 蠕蠕 (ruan2 ruan2), 茹茹 (ru2 ru2)
|Present-day [[Mongolia]], [[Inner Mongolia]], northern portions of [[Shanxi]], [[Shaanxi]], [[Gansu]], [[Ningxia]] and eastern portion of [[Xinjiang]]
|early 3rd century to early 6th century
|[[Eurasian Avars|Avars]]'''?'''
|late 6th century to early 9th century
|[[Turkish people|Turks]]
|-
|[[Göktürks|Tujue]]
|突厥 (tu2 jue2)
|Present-day [[Mongolia]], [[Inner Mongolia]], northern portions of [[Shanxi]], [[Shaanxi]], [[Gansu]], [[Ningxia]], [[Xinjiang]], eastern portion of [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]]
|late 5th century to mid 10th century
|[[Göktürks]]
|mid 6th century to early 9th century
|The western Turks partly migrated to Transoxiana, Persia, and Anatolia, while the eastern Turks assimilated mainly to the [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] in Xinjiang; mostly nowadays Turkmen and Uyghur in Central Asia along with other Turkic peoples, and to a lesser degree the Turkish-speaking population of modern-day Turkey share that ancestry.
|-
|[[Uyghur people|Huihu]]
|回紇 (hui2 he2)
|Present-day [[Mongolia]], [[Inner Mongolia]], northern portions of [[Shanxi]], [[Shaanxi]], [[Gansu]], [[Ningxia]]
|early 7th century to mid 10th century
|Uyghurs
|early 9th century to present
|[[Uyghurs]] - largest [[List of Chinese ethnic groups|ethnic group]] in [[Xinjiang]] region, and [[Yugurs]]
|-
|[[Tufan]]
|吐蕃(tu3 fan1) sometimes pronounced as 吐播 (tu3 bo1)
|Present-day [[Tibet]], [[Qinghai]], western border of [[Sichuan]], [[Gansu]] and [[Shaanxi]] and Southern border of [[Xinjiang]]
|mid 6th century to present
|[[Tibet|Tibetans]]
|early 6th century to present
|[[Tibet|Tibetans]]
|-
|[[Khitan people|Qidan]]
|契丹 (qi4 dan1)
|Present-day [[Mongolia]], [[Inner Mongolia]], [[Manchuria]], [[Liaoning]], northern border of [[Shanxi]] and [[Hebei]] and later in [[Xinjiang]] and eastern border of [[Kazakhstan]]
| 388-1125
|[[Khitan people|Khitan]]
|388-1211
|[[Daur]] and [[Khamnigan]] people
|-
|Xi or [[Kumo Xi]]
|庫莫奚 (Ku*mo*xi1)
|More or less the same residence of the Khitans since regarded as two ethnic groups with one unique ancestry
|before IVth century to mid 12th century
|No known equivalence
|N/A
|No known descendants
|-
|[[Shiwei]]
|室韋 (shi4 wei2)
|Present-day [[Mongolia]], [[Inner Mongolia]], western [[Manchuria]] and southern [[Siberia]]
|late 6th century - late 10th century
|No known equivalence
|N/A
|conquered by Khitans, splinter groups and remnants re-emerged as [[Mongol]]s
|-
|Menggu
|蒙古 (meng2 gu3)
|Present-day [[Mongolia]], [[Inner Mongolia]], western [[Manchuria]], southern [[Siberia]], eastern and central [[Xinjiang]] before [[Genghis Khan]]
|since late 8th century ('''?''')
|[[Mongol]]
|late 12th century to present
|[[Mongol]]
|-
|Dangxiang
|党項 (dang3 xiang4)
|[[Ningxia]], [[Gansu]], northern portions of [[Shanxi]], southwestern portion of [[Mongolia]], Southeastern portion of [[Xinjiang]]
|mid 8th century to early 13th century
|[[Tanguts]]
|''''''
|Part of Hui nationality (Dungan), Ersu, part of [[Amdo]] [[Tibetans]]
|-
|[[Mohe]]
|靺鞨 (mo4 he2)
|[[Manchuria]] and northern portion of Inner Mongolia, helped to establish [[Balhae]]
|early 7th century to early 10th century.
|[[Malgal]]
|N/A
|Jurchen (see entry below)
|-
|Nüzhen or Manzuren
|女真 (nü3 zhen1), 滿族人 (man3 zu2 ren2), 滿人 (man3 ren2)
|[[Manchuria]] and northern portion of [[Inner Mongolia]]
|early 10th century to present, established [[Jin Dynasty (1115-1234)|Jin Dynasty]] and [[Qing Dynasty]]
|[[Jurchen]], Mancho, [[Manchu]]s or Manchurian
|Since mid 17th century, first encountered by [[Russia]]ns
|Largest minority ethnic group in Dongbei region or [[Manchuria]]. Their culture has very much assimilated with the Han but some distinctive aspects still remain.
|}
== See also ==
*[[China]]
*[[History of China]]
*[[Chinese sovereign]]
*[[Turkic peoples]]
*[[Wu Hu]]
*[[List of ethnic groups in China]]
*[[Ethnic minorities in China]]
*[[Languages of China]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Chinese history]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples of China]]