Ethnic groups in the Philippines
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{{Unreferenced|article's first few paragraphs|date=January 2008}}
[[Image:Philippine ethnic groups per province.PNG|thumb|250px|Ethnic groups with the highest number of members per province.]]
The various '''ethnic groups in the Philippines''' identify themselves based on one or several factors like [[ancestry]], [[language]], [[religion]] or a shared [[history]]. The large majority of the population is composed of lowland groups whose languages are [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]], and who had converted to [[Christianity]] from [[Animism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]] or [[Islam]] in the three centuries of [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colonial rule]]. From north to south, the most numerous of these groups are the [[Ilocano people|Ilocanos]], the [[Pangasinan people|Pangasinan]], the [[Kapampangan people|Kapampangans]], the [[Tagalog people|Tagalogs]], the [[Bicolano people|Bicolanos]] and the [[Visayan people|Visayan]]. These groups are sometimes said to be part of the [[Austronesian people|Austronesian race]] and/or [[Malay race]]; however, the delineation based on "[[Race (classification of human beings)|race]]" is considered by many to have no scientific basis, especially since [[Negrito]]s in the Philippines are also considered as Filipinos.
In [[Mindanao]], there are several ethnic groups of similar ancestry, but whose religion is [[Islam]], and whose culture is not as "[[Western culture|Westernized]]" on the surface as that of the Christian [[Filipino people|Filipinos]]. They are collectively called [[Moro people|Moros]]. There are also various [[Tribal groups of the Philippines|tribal groups]] throughout the Philippine archipelago who are generally neither Muslim nor Christian, and are least influenced by Islamic or western cultures. There also exist groups whose members are not concentrated in one specific region but who are spread throughout the country, particularly in major cities as well as in areas having considerable agricultural importance during the colonial period; these groups include the [[Filipinos of Spanish descent|Hispanics]], [[Chinese Filipino|Chinese]] and the [[South Asians in the Philippines|Indians]] the majority of whom are [[Filipino mestizo|mestizos]].
The Philippines is one of the most diverse countries in terms of ethnicity.<ref>The [[Philippines]] ranks 8th among 240 countries in terms of diversity. YEOH Kok Kheng, ''Towards an Index of Ethnic Fractionalization'', Table 1.</ref>
==Ethnic identity==
{{Unreferenced|section called "Ethnic identity"|date=January 2008}}
{{seealso|Philippine nationality law}}
Ethnic identity in the Philippines, quite unlike neighboring Asian countries, is relatively fluid, informal and depends greatly on context. The most common mark of ethnic identity is language. For instance, a [[Kapampangan people|Kapampangan]] may identify himself as such by the fact that his mother tongue is the [[Kapampangan language]]. Many also identify themselves based on [[ancestry]]. For example, a woman who has [[Bicolano people|Bicolano]] ancestry but has spent most of her life in Manila may identify herself as Bicolano, even if she doesn’t speak any of the [[Bikol languages]]. Others are lumped together to a certain grouping based on some shared characteristics. Tribal groups are commonly grouped together in spite of having very different customs and languages, and having had very little interaction with each other. [[Moro people|Moros]] are similarly diverse and independent from each other, and they are many times grouped together due to a shared history, culture and religion. Similarly, lowland Christian Filipinos are many times lumped together due to their similar culture, despite having different languages or different ancestries.
Given that ethnolinguistic boundaries are gradually blurring due to migration and intermarriage, [[Administrative divisions of the Philippines|regional identity]] (i.e. the place where one was brought up and whose language one speaks) serves as another very common identifier. One may identify oneself, for example, as a [[Davao]]eño, [[Negros|Negrense]], [[Iloilo (province)|Ilonggo]], [[Zamboangueño]], [[Metro Manila|Metromanileño]], etc. Unlike [[Nationalities of China|China]] or the [[Race (United States Census)|United States]], there are no official ethnicities or "nations" in the Philippines, and migration and intermarriages between people of different ethnicities have been common throughout the past centuries. This has made ethnic identities of Filipinos greatly dependent on context, aside from being relatively fluid. For instance, a person who has [[Ilocano people|Ilocano]] ancestry but who has spent his whole life in Davao may be identified as an Ilocano when he is in Davao and a Davaoeño when he is in Manila. And a [[Cebu (province)|Cebuano]] of [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] ancestry may identify himself either as [[Chinese Filipino]] due to his ancestry; or as a [[Visayan people|Visayan]] because his primary language is [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]], a [[Visayan language]]; or Cebuano, based on his mother tongue (Cebuano) and the land of his birth (Cebu). People who identify themselves with multiple ethnicities and/or regional affiliations is not uncommon, particularly in major cities and in areas where a lot of migration has taken place, like [[Metro Manila]], [[Metro Cebu]], and many parts of [[Mindanao]]. The term [[Filipino mestizo|mestizo]] (of mixed-ancestry) is used most commonly to those with part-[[Caucasian race|Caucasian]] ancestry, and occasionally to those with part-Chinese ancestry.
There are also a number of Filipinos who consider themselves of an ethnocultural origin distinct from that of the Philippines, and who tend to affiliate with either or both. Their "hyphenated" identities, as in the case of [[Chinese-Filipinos]], apart from indicating ancestry, may connote a sense that they as individuals straddle two worlds—one experience is specific to their unique [[ethnicity|ethnic]] [[cultural identity|identity]], while the other is that of broader [[Culture of the Philippines|Philippine society]]. These "hyphenated" Filipinos, many of whom have profound and immediate connections to their homelands, have often been accused and criticized of holding loyalties to other countries. However, they claim that critics miss important points. There are many "hyphenated" Filipinos who, while being unable to sacrifice half of who they are, do not define or desire to define themselves as such, but rather are defined as such by other people with different treatment. The result is that even if these Filipinos are, in the words of the ''[[Panatang Makabayan]]'', "a true Filipino in thought, in word, [and] in deed," they still may end up having a different experience, and for that reason may develop shared understandings with others of their type, whether they want that or not. This in itself becomes, ironically, a reason for them to be interested in their "hyphenated" identity, as they learn how to cope with the unique experiences dealt them.
==Population history==
{{Unreferenced|section called "Population history"|date=January 2008}}
[[Image:Phillanguages.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Map of the [[Ethnolinguistics|ethnolinguistic]] groups of the Philippines.]]
The first humans in the Philippines are the [[Tabon Man]], who was postulated to have lived at 0-1 BC, and the [[Cagayan Man]], who is in turn thought to live at about 250,000-500,000 BC. The archaeological evidences indicate similarities of the two aforementioned fossils to fossils found in China and Indonesia.
The next group that arrived are the nomadic [[Negrito]]s, whose ancestors were similar to the ancestors of the [[Andamanese]] and occupied several scattered areas throughout the islands. Unlike the following groups, they arrived before the [[Last Ice Age]] ended and were able to use [[land bridge]]s.
Current archaeological evidences subscribe to the "Mainland Theory" of [[Peter Bellwood]], that the ancestors of the present-day Filipinos, as well as that of the Malays, Indonesians, and the Pacific Islanders first crossed the [[Taiwan Strait]] 4,000 years ago, during the [[Iron Age]]. These early voyagers are thought to be the [[Austronesian people|Austronesians]]. They used [[barangay|balangays (boats)]] to cross the Bashi Channel to the Philippines. This is attested by the fact that in [[Taiwan]] and the Philippines, the peoples are subdivided into several small tribes, whereas in [[Malaysia]] and [[Indonesia]], most peoples are homogenous or are divided into large tribes, indicating that Taiwan, then the Philippines, was the starting point for Austronesian migration, and that the present-day Malays and Indonesians, as well as the [[Pacific Islander]]s instead came from the Philippines, and not from Malaya or Sumatra.{{Fact|date=April 2007}}
By the 14th century, the ethnic landscape in the country was already relatively fixed. The Austronesians from Taiwan gradually supplanted the Negritos then occupied the plains, deltas, and the coastal areas. Together with the later migrant Southern Chinese, they formed the primary ancestral lineage of the present-day Filipinos.
Frequent trades with [[China]] and [[Japan]] in the north, and with the [[Malays]], [[India]]ns, [[Persians]], and [[Arabs]] from the west and south also contributed to the ethnic and cultural make-up of the coastal areas. These included th adoption of [[Baybayin]], [[Islam]], as well as the [[Gabâ|concept of Karma]].
With the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, two new groups of people were introduced to the country. These are the Spaniards and the American Indians. The Spaniards settled in the plains around Manila and Cavite, and some of them intermarried with the natives and the Southern Chinese. These gave rise to the [[Filipino Mestizo|Mestizos]] for peoples of mixed Austronesian and Spanish descent, and the ‘’[[Tornatras]]’’ for peoples of mixed Austronesian and Southern Chinese descent. Over time, Mestizo and Tornatra communities have also sprung up in various parts of the archipelago, particularly in Cebu, Iloilo, and Bacolod. The American Indians that were brought here, according to author [[Austin Craig]], nearly numbered similar to the native population. Most of them are of [[Nahuatl]] (Aztec) or [[Yaqui]] descent, or are [[Mexican]] [[mestizo]]s themselves. Many of them intermarried with the indigenous population, particularly in Luzon. By the opening of the [[Suez Canal]] in 1867, the Philippines was opened for foreign trade, and there are many Europeans, particularly Britons, Germans, and French, who have settled in the islands. By the end of the Spanish domination, the loosely-bound ethnic groups of the islands, including those of half-foreign descent, began calling themselves Filipinos, a term that is originally reserved for a person of pure Spanish descent born in the Philippines.
American colonization in 1898 brought in a new ethnic group, the [[English American|Anglo-Americans]], and the Philippines was held by most American authors as the westernmost outpost of American ethnic and territorial expansion. A plan formulated by the American government was to transfer all the [[African Americans]] in the Mainland United States to the Philippines, but this never materialized, due to the [[Philippine-American War]]. From 1898 until the present-day, a continuous trickle of American immigration to the Philippines, mostly [[White Americans]], has resulted to the country’s having the largest American and Amerasian population outside of North America.
Presently, the Philippines has over 160 distinct indigenous ethnic groups, over half of which are unique linguistic groups, but aside from this, there has been a great deal of intermarriage between the indigenous population and the foreign colonizers and immigrants that it is nearly impossible to set the proportion constants between the various groups. Prehistoric movements of people throughout the region have resulted to the country’s having a large minority comprised of Southern Chinese, Indians, and Arabs, while contemporary migrations have also led to a sizeable Spanish and American populations. More modern immigrations to the country have seen large numbers of [[United States|Americans]], [[Koreans]], [[Japanese people|Japanese]], and [[Indonesians]] settle in the islands, particularly during the 21st century. As of now, about 10% of all Filipinos have Southern Chinese ancestry, and 10% of the population is at least partly descended from the European and American colonizers and immigrants. Current increasing trends in immigration and interracial marriage with Caucasians, particularly Americans, as well as with East Asians, particularly Chinese and Japanese, are expected to result to a significant rise in the number of [[Filipino mestizo]]s by the end of the first half of this century.
==Indigenous ethnic groups==
===Bicolano===
{{Unreferenced|section called "Bicolano"|date=January 2008}}
[[Image:Bicolano11.JPG|100px|thumb|left|[[Bicolandia]]]][[Image:Raulroco1.JPG|100px|thumb|right|[[Raul Roco]]]]
{{main|Bicolano people}}
The Bicolanos originate from the southeastern tip of [[Luzon]]: Bicolandia or the [[Bicol]] region. There are several [[Bikol language|Bicolano languages]], of which there is a total of 3.5 million speakers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bcl|title=Bicolano, Central|publisher=Ethnologue: Languages of the world|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref>
Bicol played a major role in shipbuilding for the [[Manila Galleon|Manila-Acapulco trade]].<ref name=CCP_Bicolano>CCP Encyclopedia or Philippine Art, Peoples of the Philippines, Bicolano</ref>{{Rp|3}} However, possibly due to its being located in the typhoon belt,<ref name=CCP_bicolano+quote>CCP Encyclopedia or Philippine Art, Peoples of the Philippines, Bicolano "Located in the typhoon belt which subjects the region to about 12 storms yearly, Bicol has had annual floods inundating 42,000 hectares of prime land for one month with an estimated damage of 20 million pesos."</ref>{{Rp|8}} Bicol remains one of the country’s most economically depressed areas, with the lowest income recorded among the regions,<ref name=CCP_Bicolano/>{{Rp|8}} despite its abundant mineral reserves, and its lumber, abaca and tourism industries.<ref name=CCP_Bicolano/>{{Rp|7}}
The most popular religious icon of Bicol is the ''Nuestra Señora de Peñafrancia'', Patroness of Bicol. This image of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]] is endearingly addressed as ''"ina"'' (mother).<ref name=CCP_Bicolano/>{{Rp|7}}
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===Ibanag===
{{main|Ibanag people}}
The Ibanags are an [[ethnic minority]] numbering a little more than half a million people, who inhabit the provinces of [[Cagayan]], [[Isabela province|Isabela]] and [[Nueva Vizcaya]]. They are one of the largest ethnic minorities in the [[Philippines]].
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===Ilocano===
[[Image:Ilocos11.JPG|100px|thumb|left|The [[Ilocos]]]][[Image:Marcos1.JPG|100px|thumb|right|[[Ferdinand Marcos]]]]
{{main|Ilocano people}}
Akin to the [[Ibanag people|Ibanag]]s and [[Ivatan]]s, the Ilocanos are the inhabitants of the lowlands and coastal areas of northern [[Luzon]]. Throughout the centuries of the Spanish colonial era up to the present, the Ilocano were noted for their tendency to migrate.<ref name=CCP_Ilocano>CCP Encyclopedia or Philippine Art, Peoples of the Philippines, Ilocano</ref>{{Rp|4}} Today, there is Ilocano presence in central Luzon, [[Manila]], and some towns in the [[Visayas]] and [[Mindanao]]. <ref name=CCP_Ilocano/>{{Rp|1}} Many [[Filipino-American]]s are of Ilocano descent. In [[Hawaii]], they make up 85% of the Filipino-American population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/cps//fil-community.html|title=The filipino Community in Hawaii|publisher=University of Hawaii, Center for Philippine studies|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref>
There are more than 8 million speakers of the [[Ilocano language]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ilo|title=Ilocano|publisher=Ethnologue: Languages of the world|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref>, making it the third most widely spoken language in the Philippines. Most Ilocanos are Catholics; however, Ilocanos comprise the largest membership within the [[Philippine Independent Church]].
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===Ivatan===
{{main|Ivatan people}}
The Ivatan are predominant in the [[Batanes]] Islands of the [[Philippines]].
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===Kapampangan===
[[Image:Kapampangan11.JPG|100px|thumb|left|[[Pampanga]]]]
{{main|Kapampangan people}}
The Kapampangan or Capampañgan ([[Philippine English|English]]: ''Pampangan''; [[Spanish language in the Philippines|Spanish]]: ''pampangueño'' or ''pampango'') people originate from the central plains of [[Luzon]], starting from [[Bataan]] up to [[Nueva Ecija]]. The [[Kapampangan language]] is spoken by more than two million people, and has been shown to be related to some Indonesian dialects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pam|title=Pampangan|publisher=Ethnologue: Languages of the world|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> Most Kapampangans are [[Catholics]].
In the Spanish colonial era, Pampanga was known to be a source of valiant soldiers. There was a Kapampangan contingent in the colonial army who helped defend Manila against the Chinese Pirate [[Limahon]]. They also helped in battles against the [[Netherlands|Dutch]], the [[England|English]] and Muslim raiders.<ref name=CCP_Kapampangan>CCP Encyclopedia or Philippine Art, Peoples of the Philippines, Kapampangan</ref>{{Rp|3}} Kapampangans, along with the Tagalogs, played a major role in the [[Philippine Revolution]].<ref>Nick Joaquin, Culture and History: Occasional Notes on the Process of Philippine Becoming (Pasig: Anvil Publishing, 2004), 236.</ref>
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===Moro===
<!-- Image with inadequate rationale removed: [[Image:Abidin.jpg|100px|thumb|right|[[Abdulwahid Bidin]]]] -->
[[Image:moro11.JPG|100px|thumb|left|[[Bangsamoro]]]]
{{main|Moro people}}
The Moros comprise of various ethnolinguistic groups in southern and western [[Mindanao]] who have a similar ancestry to other lowland Filipinos, but whose religion is [[Islam]]. The largest of these are the [[Tausug]], the [[Maguindanao]], the [[Maranao]], the [[Samal]], the [[Yakan]], and the [[Banguingui]]. These ethnolinguistic groups are very diverse in terms of language and culture, and have been politically independent from each other up until recently.<ref>Nick Joaquin, Culture and History: Occasional Notes on the Process of Philippine Becoming (Pasig: Anvil Publishing, 2004), 226.</ref> Collectively, they are also called Moros. The word ''Moro'' in English means 'moor'. Hence, it has been used by other ethnic groups as a pejorative term. However, some Muslims have used the word ''moro'' and have taken pride in it, that they have applied the term ''[[Bangsamoro]]'', meaning 'Moro nation', to their homeland. Muslim Filipinos have an independent justice and education system centrally based in [[Cotabato City]]. All in all, they comprise 5% of Filipinos,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/philippines/38.htm|title=Muslim Filipinos|publisher=U.S. Library of congress: Country Studies|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> making them the sixth largest ethnic group in the country.
<!--Spanish conflict, MILF, MNLF, self determination-->
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===Pangasinense===
[[Image:Pangasinense11.JPG|100px|thumb|left|[[Pangasinan]]]][[Image:Fidelramos1.JPG|100px|thumb|right|[[Fidel Ramos]]]]
{{main|Pangasinan people}}
The Pangasinan are the ninth largest Filipino ethnic group. They originate from the northwestern seaboard of Luzon. Anthropologically speaking, the Pangasinan and dwellers of the Cordilleras are linguistically related. However, it has not yet been established whether the [[Cordillerano]]s descended from the Pangasinan or vice-versa.
The Pangasinan are one of the first peoples in the Philippines to have contacts with the Chinese through regular trade as well as the permanent settling of the Chinese, especially in the towns bordering [[Lingayen Gulf]]. [http://www.geocities.com/lppsec/pp/pangasinan.htm]
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===Sambal===
{{main|Sambal people}}
The Sambal are the original [[Austronesian people|Austronesian]] inhabitants of the [[Provinces of the Philippines|province]] of [[Zambales]] and the [[Cities of the Philippines|city]] of [[Olongapo]] in the [[Philippines]]. They have traditionally been a highly [[superstitious]] [[warrior culture]]. Sambals currently make up a large proportion of the population in the municipalities of Zambales province north of [[Iba, Zambales|Iba]].
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===Tagalog===
[[Image:Tagalog11.JPG|100px|thumb|left|[[Katagalugan]]]][[Image:Rizal1.JPG|100px|thumb|right|[[Jose Rizal]]]]
{{main|Tagalog people}}
Tagalog territory stretches from the central plains of [[Luzon]] to the islands of [[Mindoro]] and [[Marinduque]].<ref name=CCP_Tagalog>CCP Encyclopedia or Philippine Art, Peoples of the Philippines, Tagalog</ref>{{Pg|2}} The Tagalogs were initially animists. From the 14th to the 16th century, [[Islam]] had made inroads among the Tagalog ruling class.<ref>see Joaquin, Nick: Manila, my Manila</ref> The Tagalogs were Christianized, as were most ethnic groups in the Philippines, during the Spanish colonial era between the sixteenth and nineteenth century.
The Tagalogs are the first settlers of [[Manila]]. In the late 16th century, [[Spain]] chose Manila as the capital of its Philippine colony.<ref name=CCP_Tagalog/>{{Rp|3}} From then onwards, it has been the political and economic center of the Philippines. Manila and the surrounding Tagalog areas played a leading role in the [[Philippine Revolution]] and the [[People Power Revolution]]. Throughout the centuries, there have been massive migrations by other ethnic groups to Manila, and many of them have intermarried with the Tagalog population.<ref name=CCP_Tagalog/>{{Rp|1}}
The [[Tagalog language]] was chosen as the basis for a national language in 1937. Today, [[Filipino language|Filipino]], a ''[[de facto]]'' [[standard language|standardized version]] of Tagalog, is taught nationwide, and is the language of national television, cinema and popular music.<ref>Rubrico, Jessie Grace (1998): The Metamorphosis of Filipino as National Language</ref> There are more than 15 million native speakers of Tagalog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tgl|title=Tagalog|publisher=Ethnologue: Languages of the world|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> However, around 70% of Filipinos can speak the national language.<ref name=CCP_Tagalog/>{{Rp|1}}
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===Visayan===
[[Image:Bisaya11.JPG|100px|thumb|left|[[Kabisay-an]]]][[Image:Pedrocalungsod1.jpg|100px|thumb|right|[[Pedro Calungsod]]]]
{{main article|Visayans|Cebuano people|Hiligaynon people|Waray people}}
Visayans are a [[multilingual ethnic group]]{{Fact|date=February 2007}} located in the [[Visayas]] and a large part of [[Mindanao]]. [[Visayan languages]] with the most number of native speakers are [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]], with 20 million;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ceb|title=Cebuano|publisher=Ethnologue: Languages of the world|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> [[Hiligaynon language|Ilonggo]] (or Hiligaynon), with 7 million;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=hil|title=Hiligaynon|publisher=Ethnologue: Languages of the world|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> and [[Waray-Waray]], with 2.5 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=war|title=Waray-Waray|publisher=Ethnologue: Languages of the world|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> There are some ethnolinguistic groups however that have languages which are classified as Visayan but do not refer to themselves as Visayan. For instance, the [[Filipino Muslim|Muslim]] ethnolinguistic group [[Tausug]] only use Bisaya to refer to those who are Christian. Meanwhile, there are people who identify as Visaya (primarily those from [[Metro Manila]]<ref name=CCP_Tagalog/>{{Rp|1}} and the [[United States]]{{Fact|date=February 2007}}) but do not speak Visayan languages.
Visayans were initially animists who were known for being traders and raiders.<ref name=CCP_Cebuano>CCP Encyclopedia or Philippine Art, Peoples of the Philippines, Cebuano</ref>{{Rp|1}} [[Ferdinand Magellan|Magellan]]’s landing in the Visayas in 1521 marks the start of Christianization of the Visayas and the rest of the Philippines. This event is celebrated by the feast of the [[Sto. Niño]], the most popular religious icon of the Visayas.
Major Visayan cities like [[Cebu City|Cebu]] , [[Bacolod]] and [[Iloilo City|Iloilo]] played major political, economic and cultural roles during the Spanish colonial era.<ref name=CCP_Cebuano/> Visayans were also involved in the [[Philippine Revolution]],<ref name=CCP_Cebuano/>{{Rp|4}} and in the modern [[Philippines|Philippine Republic]]; so far, there has been three Presidents from the Visayas.
Aside from the three largest groups, namely [[Hiligaynon people|Hiligaynon]], [[Cebuano people|Cebuano]], and [[Waray people|Waray]], who speak Visayan languages, there are also the [[Romblomanon language|Romblomanon]], [[Masbateño language|Masbateño]], [[Karay-a]], [[Aklanon]], and [[Cuyonon]], to name a few others.
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===Tribal groups===
{{Unreferenced|section called "Tribal groups"|date=January 2008}}
[[Image:Phtribal11.JPG|100px|thumb|left|Areas with tribal groups]]
{{main|Tribal groups of the Philippines}}
There are 100 or so different sea-based or highland-based [[tribe|tribal]] groups in the Philippines. Among Filipinos, they are ones least influenced by western or Islamic cultures. While some tribal groups living in Luzon have been Americanized and Westernized--an example of which is the predominance of Protestantism in [[Cordillera Administrative Region]]—the tribal groups living in [[Mindoro]] and [[Palawan]] are still generally animistic, while many of those in [[Mindanao]] practice folk Islam.
====Badyao====
The '''[[Badyao]]''' of the [[Sulu Archipelago]] are sometimes described as the ''sea gypsies'' due to their semi-nomadic nature. Despite being [[Muslim]], they are distinct from the [[Moro (ethnic group)|Moro]].
====Igorot====
The '''[[Cordillerano]] or [[Igorot]],''' live in the highlands of [[Luzon]]. They are primarily located in the [[Cordillera Administrative Region]].
====Lumad====
[[Image:Tboli1.JPG|100px|thumb|right|A [[T'Boli]] woman]]
The '''[[Lumad]]''' of [[Mindanao]] includes several tribes such as the ''Manobo, the Tasaday, the Mamanwa, the Mandaya, and the Kalagan''. They primarily inhabit eastern parts of Mindanao such as the [[Caraga]] and [[Davao Region]]s.
====Mangyan====
The '''[[Mangyan]]''' of are the primary inhabitants of [[Mindoro]]. They are known for their [[Buhid script|Buhid]] and [[Hanuno'o script]]s.
====Negrito groups====
[[Image:Ati woman.jpg|100px|thumb|right|An [[Ati (tribe)|Ati]] woman]]
The scattered '''[[Negrito]]s''' include the '''[[Aeta]]''' in [[Luzon]] and the '''[[Ati (tribe)|Ati]]''' of [[Panay]], the [[Batak (Philippines)|Batak]] of [[Palawan]], and the [[Lumad#Mamanwa|Mamanwa]] of [[Mindanao]]. They have features that are distinct from the majority.
====Palawan tribes====
The '''[[Ethnic Groups of Palawan|tribes of Palawan]]''' are a diverse group of tribes primarily located in the island of [[Palawan]]. The Tagbanwa is know for their [[Tagbanwa|script]].
==Non-indigenous ethnic groups==
===Chinese===
{{main|Chinese Filipino}}
There has been [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] presence in the Philippines since the ninth century;<ref>Teodoro A. Agoncillo, History of the Filipino People (Quezon
City: Garotech Publishing, 1990), p. 24</ref> although large scale migrations of Chinese to the Philippines only started during the Spanish colonial era, when the world market was opened to the Philippines.<ref>Nick Joaquin, Culture and History: Occasional Notes on the Process of Philippine Becoming (Pasig: Anvil Publishing, 2004), 42.</ref>
Most Chinese Filipinos, or '''Tsinoys''', are located in centers of commerce. They have been instrumental in the growth of [[Small and Medium-sized Enterprise|small and medium-sized businesses]] and large [[corporation]]s in the past centuries up to the present. Not surprisingly, the old center of trade and industry in Manila is [[Binondo]], the biggest [[Chinatown]] in the Philippines. Many Filipinos with Chinese ancestry played major roles in the Philippine Revolution.<ref>Benedict Anderson, ‘Cacique Democracy in the Philippines: Origins and Dreams’, New Left Review, 169 (May-June 1988)</ref>
The Philippines has one of the most assimilated Chinese communities in Asia.<ref>Gavin Sanson Bagares, Philippine Daily Inquirer, A16 (January 28, 2006)</ref> It is estimated that among Filipinos, 9% have some Chinese ancestry and 2% are "full-blooded" Chinese.
===Spanish===
{{main|Filipinos of Spanish descent}}
[[Image:QuezonUS.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Manuel Luis Quezon]]]]
There has been a [[History of the Philippines (1521-1898)|Spanish presence in the Philippines]] since the early sixteenth century. The [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colonial era]] in the country (1565-1898) was limited almost entirely to government administrators, military men and religious missionaries. Many of these came from [[Mexico]], as the Philippines was, for many years, governed as a province attached to it. Later in the colonial era, Spanish entrepreneurs, most of whom where [[Basque people|Basque]]s, also arrived. There has been a significant [[Hispanic culture in the Philippines|Hispanic influence on Philippine religion and culture]];<ref>See John Leddy Phelan's "The Hispanization of the Philippines"</ref> 85% of Filipinos are [[Catholic]]s, and [[Languages of the Philippines|Philippine languages]] contain thousands of Spanish loanwords. Since Spanish was only taught to a small minority, the ''ilustrados'', and migrations of Spanish speakers was small compared to that of [[Latin America]], [[Spanish language in the Philippines|Spanish language speakers in the Philippines]] never went beyond 5% of the population.<ref>Benedict Anderson, ‘Cacique Democracy in the Philippines: Origins and Dreams’, New Left Review, 169 (May-June 1988)</ref>
According to a genetic study which included 28 genotyped individuals from the Philippines, "Some
European introgression was also evident in Southeast
Asia (2.3%–7.8%) and the Philippines (3.6%)."<ref name=Capelli2001>{{cite journal | author=Cristian Capelli ''et al.'' | title=A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania | journal=American Journal of Human Genetics | year=2001 | volume=68 | issue= | pages= 432–443 | url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2001_v68_p432.pdf | doi=10.1086/318205 }}</ref>.<sup>{p.434}</sup> A large part of this European introgression is very likely of Spanish origin. Filipinos with a mix of Spanish ancestry, [[Filipino mestizo|Spanish mestizos]], are particularly visible in show business, and some leaders in Philippine business and comerce are of Spanish descent.<ref>e.g., the Zobel de Ayalas of Manila and the Aboitizes of Cebu</ref> Spanish and Spanish-speaking families are mostly found in areas that had agricultural importance during the Spanish colonial era, like [[Bacolod]] and [[Iloilo]], and old centers of commerce, like [[Cebu City|Cebu]] and [[Manila]]. Today, the Spanish-Filipinos are estimated to be numbering around several hundreds of thousands of the Philippine population and constitute the seventh largest Filipino ethnic group.{{Fact|date=September 2007}}
Despite being a minority, the Spanish maintains control over major industries in the Philippines, including banking, power and transportation.
===American===
{{main|Filipinos of American descent}}
[[History of the Philippines (1898-1946)|American presence in the Philippines]] is contemporaneous and relatively high, owing to the half a century of colonization of the Philippines by the United States. The Philippines has the second largest population of American citizens outside of the [[United States]], many of whom have been naturalized. Many [[:Category:Filipinos of American descent|Filipinos of U.S. origin]] predominate in religious and educational sectors, as well as in several multinational businesses.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} There are 110,000 Americans in [[Manila]] alone, excluding temporary embassy officials, military staff, and temporary residents.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} The most important contribution of the United States to the Philippines include secular [[democracy]], [[English language|English]] as a second language, and the [[public school]] system. However, the U.S. nationals are also blamed for making the Philippines economically dependent to the United States, the effects of which are still felt by Filipinos of today.<ref>Nick Joaquin, Culture and History: Occasional Notes on the Process of Philippine Becoming (Pasig: Anvil Publishing, 2004), 318.</ref> A continuous trickle of Americans who opt to live in the country contribute to an increasing number of [[Amerasians]] in the country, particularly in Angeles City, Metro Manila and Metro Cebu.
===Arab===
{{main|Filipinos of Arab descent}}
[[Arab]]s have also contributed especially to [[Islam in the Philippines|Filipino Muslim]] society. Most Filipinos of [[Lebanese diaspora|Lebanese descent]], however, are Christians and, like many Lebanese Christians, do not consider themselves Arabs.
===Indian===
{{main|Filipinos of Indian descent}}
[[Non-resident Indian and Person of Indian Origin|Indian]] or [[South Asia]]n presence in the Philippines has been ongoing since prehistoric times, predating even the coming of the [[Europe]]ans by at least two centuries. Some people of [[Cainta, Rizal]] have some South Asian ancestry due to the British occupation of Manila during the [[Seven Years' War]].
===Japanese===
{{main|Filipinos of Japanese descent}}
The [[Japanese people|Japanese]] as well as the [[Ryukyuans|Okinawans]], who have been present even before the Spanish in areas such as [[Paco, Manila|Paco]]<ref>City of Manila, [http://www.cityofmanila.com.ph/evolution.htm Evolution of the City of Manila]. accessed [[February 5]], [[2007]].</ref> and [[Davao City|Davao]]. Currently most are businessmen and many have intermarried with [[Filipina]]s.
===Jewish===
{{main|Jews in the Philippines}}
[[Jew]]s have also been and still are present in the country, albeit in lesser numbers, and even had a temple in [[Manila]],<ref>Frank Ephraim, Escape to Manila: From Nazi Tyranny to Japanese Terror (ISBN 0-252-02845-7), <small>Narrates the story of the newly arrived Jews in the Philippines; from their day of their arrival, their daily life in Manila, to their departure to other destinations a decade later</small>.</ref> and currently a synagogue in [[Makati]].<ref>Bet Ya‘aqov Synagogue</ref> Current estimates peg their number to be approximately 900.
===Korean===
{{main|Koreans in the Philippines}}
[[Korean people|Koreans]] are approximately numbered at 92,000.<ref>{{Citation
|url=http://www.goodnewspilipinas.com/docs/tech_milestones/archived/smart_korean.html
|title=Smart launches text service in Korean
|publisher=goodnewspilipinas.com
|accessdate=[[2008-04-27]]}}</ref> They for the most part are temporary students and workers who train in the country,and elderly people attracted by lower living expenses.{{cn|date=April 2008}} The Philippines is host to the largest South Korean community in Southeast Asia.{{cn|date=April 2008}}
===Mexican===
{{main|Filipinos of Mexican descent}}
Colonists from [[New Spain]] arrived in the [[Philippines]] during the [[History of the Philippines (1521-1898)|Spanish colonial period]]. Between 1565 and 1815, many [[Mexico|Mexicans]], [[Spain|Spaniards]], and Filipinos sailed to and from the Philippines and Mexico as sailors, crewmen, prisoners, slaves, adventurers, and soldiers in the [[Manila Galleon|Manila-Acapulco Galleon]] assisting Spain in its trade between [[Mexico]] and the Philippines.
===Other===
The most notable non-Spanish [[Europe]]an groups in the Philippines are the [[:Category:Filipinos of British descent|British]], [[Belgium|Belgians]], [[Netherlands|Dutch]], and the [[:Category:Filipinos of Italian descent|Italians]]. Others include [[:Category:Filipinos of German descent|Germans]], [[:Category:Filipinos of Polish descent|Polish]], [[:Category:Filipinos of French descent|French]], as well as some [[Scandinavians]]. Most of them maintain cultural norms and practices distinct from the general population and have become recognizably independent in ethnic identity, worldview, social standing, and linguistic heritage. Many European expats in the Philippines have taken locals as their spouses and have settled down with families; some had migrated to the Philippines for that specific purpose. The majority of the European expatriates living in the Philippines are [[United Kingdom|British]], who number about 12,000. [[Germany|Germans]] number about 961, and [[France|French]] about 700. Unaccounted are [[Australians]], [[New Zealanders]], [[Netherlands|Dutch]], [[Belgians]], [[Russians]], and other central Europeans, who are for the most part, either semi-permanent settlers, [[NGOs]], or missionaries. Meanwhile, due to the ever-increasing number of inter-racial marriages, as well as [[sex tourism]] industry and rampant [[prostitution]], the number of [[Eurasian]]s are increasing. The Philippines has Asia's largest Eurasian population.
There is also the presence of other [[Asia]]n nationalities in the country. [[Indonesia]]ns, [[Malaysia]]ns, as well as [[Thai people|Thais]] and [[Overseas Vietnamese|Vietnamese]] form the bulk of the Asian expatriate population in the Philippines. Most are Muslims, and some are [[Christians]], [[Animists]], or [[Buddhists]]. Most of them are businessmen.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Indonesians, in particular, number about 36,000 according to a recent survey{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. Most Indonesians in the Philippines are of [[Javanese people|Javanese]] or [[Sundanese]] extraction{{Fact|date=February 2007}}, while some are [[Sulawesi]] or [[Maluku]] natives{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. Although Indonesians have been prejudiced as terrorists and extremists{{Fact|date=February 2007}}, the majority of them are peaceful Islamic [[missionary|missionaries]] living in [[Mindanao]], although there are also some who are members of the [[Jemaah Islamiyah]] terrorist group.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Most of them live in Mindanao, and speak [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], and [[Philippine English|English]].
==Main ethnicities==
*{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Tagalog]]
*{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Spanish people|Spanish]]
*{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexican]]
*{{flagicon|European Union}} [[Mestizo|European Filipinos]]
*{{flagicon|China}} {{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Asians|Chinese Filipino]]
*{{flagicon|United States}} [[United States|American]]
*{{flagicon|China}} {{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Chinese people|Chinese]]
*{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Pangasinan]]
*{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Kapampangan]]
*{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Ilocano]]
*{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Sambal]]
*{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Visayan]]
*{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Moro]]
*{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Cebuano]]
*{{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]]
*{{flagicon|Cambodia}} [[Cambodian]]
*{{flagicon|Laos}} [[Laotian]]
*{{flagicon|Philippines}}{{flagicon|Samoa}} [[Pacific Islander|Pacific Filipinos]]
*{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[British people|British]]
*{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italian people|Italian]]
*{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Polish people|Polish]]
*{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Japanese people|Japanese]]
*{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Korean people|Korean]]
*{{flagicon|Arab League}} [[Arab]]
*{{flagicon|India}} [[India]]n
*{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Jewish]]
*{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russian people|Russian]]
*{{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Dutch people|Dutch]]
*{{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Belgium|Belgian]]
*{{flagicon|France}} [[French people|French]]
*{{flagicon|Germany}} [[German people|German]]
*[[Image:Flag of ASEAN.svg|22px]] [[Southeast Asian]]
*{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Tribal Groups]]
*{{flagicon|United Nations}} [[Other]]
*{{flagicon|European Union}} [[European ethnic groups|Other Europeans]]
*{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australian]]
*{{flagicon|New Zealand}}[[Image:Flag of Maori.svg|22px]] [[Pākehā]] or [[European New Zealander]] and [[Maori]]
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
==See also==
*[[Demographics of the Philippines]]
*[[Cultural pluralism]]
== External links ==
*[http://pinoykasi.homestead.com/files/2001articles/07242001_Racism.htm Racism and crime], racism targeted at Filipinos of part- or non-Austronesian descent
*[http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,106430,00.html The Forgotten Angels], article on Filipino mestizos
*Why all our languages must be preserved ([http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2007/sept/02/yehey/top_stories/20070902top3.html part 1], [http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2007/sept/03/yehey/top_stories/20070903top5.html part 2]), article arguing that language extinction leads to ethnic-group extinction
{{Ethnic groups in the Philippines}}
{{Asia topic|Ethnic groups in}}
{{Philippines topics}}
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in the Philippines| ]]
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