Eugen Bleuler
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2008-06-29T14:03:05Z
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{{Infobox Scientist
|name = Eugen Bleuler
|box_width =250px
|image = Bleuler.png
|image_width = 150px
|caption =
|birth_date = [[April 30]], [[1857]]
|birth_place = [[Zollikon]], [[Switzerland]]
|death_date = [[July 15]], [[1939]]
|death_place = [[Zürich|Zurich]], Switzerland
|residence = Zurich
|citizenship = [[Swiss people|Swiss]]
|nationality =
|ethnicity = [[Germans|German]]
|field = [[Psychiatry]]
|work_institutions = [[Rheinau, Switzerland|Rheinau]]-[[Zurich]] clinic<br>[[Burghölzli]] clinic<br>[[University of Zurich|Univ. of Zurich]]
|alma_mater = Univ. of Zurich
|doctoral_advisor = [[Jean-Martin Charcot]]<br>[[Bernhard von Gudden]]
|doctoral_students = Manfred Bleuler
|known_for = [[Schizophrenia]]<br>[[Autism]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences = [[August Forel]]<br>[[Sigmund Freud]]
|influenced = [[Carl Jung]]
|prizes =
|religion =
|footnotes =
}}
{{redirect|Bleuler|other people with the surname "Bleuler"|Bleuler (surname)}}
'''Paul Eugen Bleuler''' ([[April 30]], [[1857]] – [[July 15]], [[1939]]<ref>Eugen Bleuler. www.whonamedit.com. URL: [http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1294.html http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1294.html]. Accessed on: May 2, 2007.</ref>) was a [[Swiss]] [[psychiatry|psychiatrist]] most notable for his contributions to the understanding of mental illness and coining the term [[schizophrenia]].
Bleuler was born in [[Zollikon]], a small town near [[Zurich]] in [[Switzerland]], to Johann Rudolf Bleuler, a wealthy farmer, and Pauline Bleuler-Bleuler. He studied [[medicine]] in Zurich, and later studied in [[Paris]], [[London]] and [[Munich]] after which he returned to Zurich to take a post as an intern at the [[Burghölzli]], a university hospital.
In [[1886]] Bleuler became the director of a psychiatric clinic at [[Rheinau, Switzerland|Rheinau]], a hospital located in an old monastery on an island in the [[Rhine]]. Rheinau was noted at the time for being backward, and Bleuler set about improving conditions for the patients resident there.
Bleuler returned to the [[Burghölzli]] in [[1898]] where he was appointed director.
In the 1890s Bleuler became interested in [[Sigmund Freud]]'s work, favorably reviewing [[Joseph Breuer]] and [[Sigmund Freud]]'s Studies on Hysteria. Like Freud, Bleuler believed that complex mental processes could be unconscious. He encouraged his staff at the [[Burghölzli]] to study unconscious and psychotic mental phenomena. Influenced by Bleuler, [[Carl Jung]] and [[Franz Riklin]] used word association tests to integrate Freud's theory of repression with empirical psychological findings. For a time Bleuler even consulted Freud about his own self-analysis. As the leader of a major teaching and research hospital, Bleuler's support for Freud was very important to the early growth of [[psychoanalysis]]. By 1911, however, Bleuler withdrew his support for [[psychoanalysis]].
Bleuler is particularly notable for naming ''[[schizophrenia]]'', a disorder which was previously known as ''[[dementia praecox]]''. Bleuler realized the condition was neither a [[dementia]], nor did it always occur in young people (''praecox'' meaning early) and so gave the condition the purportedly less stigmatising but still controversial name from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] roots ''schizein'' (σχίζειν, "to split") and ''phrēn'', ''phren-'' (φρήν, φρεν-, "[[mind]]"). Bleuler treated celebrated [[Russians|Russian]] [[Ballet|ballet dancer]] [[Vaslav Nijinsky]] after his breakdown in [[1919]].
Bleuler coined the [[New Latin]] word ''autismus'' (English translation ''[[autism]]'') in 1910 as he was defining symptoms of schizophrenia, deriving it from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''autos'' (αὐτός, meaning ''self'').<ref>{{cite journal|author=Kuhn R; tr. Cahn CH|title=Eugen Bleuler's concepts of psychopathology|journal=Hist Psychiatry|volume=15|issue=3|date=2004|pages=361–66|doi=10.1177/0957154X04044603|pmid=15386868}} The quote is a translation of Bleuler's 1910 original.</ref> According to the ''Critical Dictionary of Psychoanalysis'' by [[Charles Rycroft]], it was Bleuler who introduced the term ''[[ambivalence]]'' (in 1911).
Bleuler is also recognized today for having a different neurological disorder called [[Synesthesia]], in which information from the sensory systems crosses over with the result that an individual experiences one sensation as another -- tasting colours, hearing numbers or seeing music, for example.
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George Makari, Revolution in Mind:The Creation of Psychoanalysis, (Harper Collins, 2008)
==External links==
*[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9015643/Eugen-Bleuler Eugen Bleuler] - [[Encyclopædia Britannica]].
*[http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/reprint/114/4/299.pdf Response to fellowship lecture on Eugen Bleuler] - Comments by E.E. Krapf in the [[American Journal of Psychiatry]] (PMID 13458491).
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bleuler, Eugene}}
[[Category:1857 births]]
[[Category:1939 deaths]]
[[Category:Swiss psychiatrists]]
[[Category:People associated with the University of Zurich]]
[[Category:History of neuroscience]]
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