Eupatorium 2604789 223225485 2008-07-03T03:40:02Z Kingdon 668610 We're treating Ayapana as a separate genus, so don't list it under synonyms; en dashes {{for|the Crimean town|Eupatoria}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Eupatorium'' | image = Eupatorium japonicum flower leaf.jpg | image_width = 240px | image_caption = ''[[Eupatorium japonicum]]'' | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]] | unranked_classis = [[eudicot]] | ordo = [[Asterales]] | familia = [[Asteraceae]] | tribus = [[Eupatorieae]] | genus = '''''Eupatorium''''' | genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] | subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] | subdivision = Some 36–60, and see text }} '''''Eupatorium''''' is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s, containing from 36 to 60 [[species]] depending on the classification system. Most are [[herbaceous]] [[perennial plant]]s growing to 0.5–3 m tall. A few are [[shrub]]s. The genus is native to [[temperate]] regions of the [[Northern Hemisphere]]. Most are commonly called '''bonesets''', '''thoroughworts''' or "[[snakeroot]]s". ==Systematics and taxonomy== ''Eupatorium'' has at times been held to contain as many as 800 species<ref>Whittemore (1987)</ref>, but many of these have been moved (at least by some authors) to other genera, including ''[[Ageratina]]'', ''[[Chromolaena]]'', ''[[Condylidium]]'', ''[[Conoclinium]]'', ''[[Critonia]]'', ''[[Cronquistianthus]]'', ''[[Eutrochium]]'', ''[[Fleischmannia]]'', ''[[Flyriella]]'', ''[[Hebeclinium]]'', ''[[Koanophyllon]]'', ''[[Mikania]]'', and ''[[Tamaulipa]]''. The classification of the tribe [[Eupatorieae]], including species placed in ''Eupatorium'' in the present or past, is an area of ongoing research, so further changes are likely. What seems fairly certain by now is that there is a [[monophyletic]] group containing ''Eupatorium'' (about 42 species of white flowered plants in North America, Europe and Asia, but not South America) and the Joe-pye weeds (''[[Eutrochium]]''), and possibly others.<ref>Ito ''et al.'' (2000), Schmidt & Schilling (2006)</ref> ==Uses== ''Eupatorium'' species are used as food plants by the [[caterpillar]]s of some [[Lepidoptera]]:{{Verify source|date=November 2007}}<!-- check whether host plants are still in this genus --> * ''[[Bucculatrix eupatoriella]]'' (a [[leaf-miner]]) - only known from [[Common Boneset]] (''E. perfoliatum'') * [[V-pug]] (''Chloroclystis v-ata'') * [[Wormwood Pug]] (''Eupithecia absinthiata'') * ''[[Schinia trifascia]]'' * ''[[Coleophora]]'' case-bearers: ** ''C. follicularis'' ** ''C. trochilella'' ** ''C. troglodytella'' A few species or [[cultivars]], such as ''[[Eupatorium sordidum|E. sordidum]]''{{Verify source|date=November 2007}}<!-- whether still in this genus after 2006 revision --> and [[Conoclinium|''E. coelestinum'' cv. 'Album']], are sometimes used as [[ornamental plant]]s. In particular, they are good for structural or background plantings or to attract [[butterflies]]; especially ''[[Eupatorium itatiayense|E. itatiayense]]''{{Verify source|date=November 2007}}<!-- whether still in this genus after 2006 revision -->, ''[[Eupatorium maximiliani|E. maximiliani]]''{{Verify source|date=November 2007}}<!-- whether still in this genus after 2006 revision --> and ''[[Eupatorium squalidum|E. squalidum]]''{{Verify source|date=November 2007}}<!-- whether still in this genus after 2006 revision --> are known as good [[honey plant]]s. [[Tobacco leaf curl virus]] is a [[pathogen]] occasionally affecting plants of this genus. ===Medical use=== Boneset, although [[poison]]ous to humans and grazing [[livestock]], has been used in [[folk medicine]]<ref>Sharma ''et al.'' (1999)</ref>, for instance to excrete excess [[uric acid]] which causes [[gout]]. ''Eupatorium'' has many more presumed beneficial uses, including treatment of [[dengue fever]], [[arthritis]], certain infectious diseases, [[migraine]], [[intestinal worm]]s, [[malaria]], and [[diarrhea]]. Boneset [[infusion]]s are also considered an excellent remedy for [[influenza]]. Scientific research of these applications is rudimentary at present, however. Caution is advised when using boneset, since it contains [[toxic]] compounds that can cause [[liver]] damage. Side effects include muscular tremors, weakness, and [[constipation]]; overdoses may be deadly. Compounds that occur in this genus include [[Herniarin]] (7-O-methylumbelliferone, 7-methoxycoumarin; in [[aya-pana]], ''E. ayapana''). == Selected species == [[Image:Eupatorium cannabinum3.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hemp-agrimony]], ''Eupatorium cannabinum'']] [[Image:Eupatorium perfoliatum 001.JPG|thumb|right|[[Common Boneset]], ''Eupatorium perfoliatum'']] === North America === * ''[[Eupatorium album]]'' &ndash; [[White Thoroughwort]]<ref name="schmidt">Schmidt & Schilling (2000)</ref><ref name="fna">{{cite web | url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=112351 | title = Eupatorium | work = Flora of North America}}</ref> * ''[[Eupatorium altissimum]]''<ref name="schmidt"/><ref name="fna" /> * ''[[Eupatorium capillifolium]]'' &ndash; "[[dog-fennel]]"<ref name="schmidt"/><ref name="fna" /> * ''[[Eupatorium compositifolium]]''<ref name="schmidt"/><ref name="fna" /> * ''[[Eupatorium hyssopifolium]]'' &ndash; [[Hyssop-leaved Thoroughwort]]<ref name="schmidt"/><ref name="fna" /> * ''[[Eupatorium lancifolium]]''<ref name="schmidt"/><ref name="fna" /> * ''[[Eupatorium leptophyllum]]''<ref name="schmidt"/><ref name="fna" /> * ''[[Eupatorium leucolepis]]''<ref name="schmidt"/><ref name="fna" /> * ''[[Eupatorium mikanioides]]''<ref name="schmidt"/><ref name="fna" /> * ''[[Eupatorium mohrii]]''<ref name="schmidt"/><ref name="fna" /> * ''[[Eupatorium perfoliatum]]'' <small>L.</small> &ndash; Common Boneset<ref name="schmidt"/><ref name="fna" /> * ''[[Eupatorium resinosum]]'' &ndash; [[Pine Barren Boneset]]<ref name="schmidt"/><ref name="fna" /><ref>{{cite journal | title = Effect of cross proximity on progeny fitness in a rare and a common species of Eupatorium (Asteraceae) | author = DL Byers | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/85/5/644 | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 85 | pages = 644 | year = 1998 }}</ref> * ''[[Eupatorium rotundifolium]]'' &ndash; [[Round-leaved Thoroughwort]]<ref name="schmidt"/><ref name="fna" /> * ''[[Eupatorium semiserratum]]''<ref name="schmidt"/><ref name="fna" /> * ''[[Eupatorium serotinum]]'' &ndash; [[Late Boneset]], [[Late Thoroughwort]] [http://biology.missouristate.edu/Herbarium/Plants%20of%20the%20Interior%20Highlands/Flowers/Eupatorium%20serotinum%20N1.JPG]<ref name="schmidt"/><ref name="fna" /> * ''[[Eupatorium sessilifolium]]'' <small>L.</small> &ndash; [[Upland Boneset]]<ref name="schmidt"/><ref name="fna" /> * ''[[Eupatorium × truncatum]]''<ref>{{cite web | url = http://itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=502529 | title = Eupatorium X truncatum TSN 502529 | work = [[Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]}}</ref> === Europe === * ''Eupatorium cannabinum'' &ndash; [[Hemp-agrimony]]<ref name="schmidt"/><ref name="fna" /> === Asia === [[Image:Eupatorium makinoi2.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Eupatorium makinoi]]'']] * ''[[Eupatorium amabile]]''<ref name="schmidt"/><ref name="taiwan" >{{cite web | url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=100&taxon_id=112351 | title = Eupatorium | work = Digital Flora of Taiwan}}</ref> * ''[[Eupatorium benguetense]]'' C. Robinson<ref name="schmidt"/> * ''[[Eupatorium camiguinense]]'' Merr.<ref name="schmidt"/> * ''[[Eupatorium chinense]]'' L.<ref name="schmidt"/><ref name="taiwan" /> * ''[[Eupatorium formosanum]]'' Hayata<ref name="schmidt"/><ref name="taiwan" /> * ''[[Eupatorium fortunei]]'' Turcz. &ndash; ''[[fujibakama]]''<ref name="schmidt"/> * ''[[Eupatorium japonicum]]''<ref name="dinghushan">{{cite web | url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=620&taxon_id=112351 | title = Eupatorium Linn. | work = Dinghushan Plant Checklist}}</ref> * ''[[Eupatorium lindleyanum]]'' DC.<ref name="schmidt"/><ref name="taiwan" /> * ''[[Eupatorium luchuense]]'' Nakai<ref name="schmidt"/><ref name="taiwan" /> * ''[[Eupatorium nodiflorum]]'' DC.<ref name="schmidt"/> * ''[[Eupatorium quaternum]]'' DC.<ref name="schmidt"/> * ''[[Eupatorium sambucifolium]]'' Elmer<ref name="schmidt"/> * ''[[Eupatorium shimadai]]'' Kitam.<ref name="schmidt"/> * ''[[Eupatorium squamosum]]'' D. Don<ref name="schmidt"/> * ''[[Eupatorium tashiroi]]'' Hayata<ref name="schmidt"/><ref name="taiwan" /> * ''[[Eupatorium toppingianum]]'' Elmer<ref name="schmidt"/> * ''[[Eupatorium variabile]]'' Makino<ref name="schmidt"/> * ''[[Eupatorium yakushimaense]]'' Masam. & Kitam<ref name="schmidt"/> === Uncategorized === * ''[[Eupatorium adamantium]]''<small>[[Gardner]]</small> * ''[[Eupatorium bracteatum]]'' <small>Gardn.</small> * ''[[Eupatorium foeniculum]]'' * ''[[Eupatorium itatiayense]]''{{Verify source|date=November 2007}}<!-- whether still in this genus after 2006 revision --> <small>[[Hieron.]]</small> * ''[[Eupatorium laevis]]''{{Verify source|date=November 2007}}<!-- whether still in this genus after 2006 revision --> <small>DC.</small> * ''[[Eupatorium leucolepsis]]'' * ''[[Eupatorium lingustrinum]]''{{Verify source|date=November 2007}}<!-- lapsus for ligustrinum?; = Ageratina ligustrina? --> * ''[[Eupatorium makinoi]]''{{Verify source|date=November 2007}}<!-- whether still in this genus after 2006 revision --> * ''[[Eupatorium maximiliani]]''{{Verify source|date=November 2007}}<!-- whether still in this genus after 2006 revision --> <small>[[Schrad.]] ex [[A. P. de Candolle|DC.]]</small> * ''[[Eupatorium megalophyllum]]'' * ''[[Eupatorium officinalis]]'' * ''[[Eupatorium pacificum]]''{{Verify source|date=November 2007}}<!-- whether still in this genus after 2006 revision --> * ''[[Eupatorium pyrifolium]]''{{Verify source|date=November 2007}}<!-- whether still in this genus after 2006 revision --> <small>[[A. P. de Candolle|DC.]]</small> * ''[[Eupatorium rufescens]]''{{Verify source|date=November 2007}}<!-- whether still in this genus after 2006 revision --> <small>[[P.W.Lund.]] ex [[A. P. de Candolle|DC.]]</small> * ''[[Eupatorium sordidum]]''{{Verify source|date=November 2007}}<!-- whether still in this genus after 2006 revision --> * ''[[Eupatorium squalidum]]''{{Verify source|date=November 2007}}<!-- whether still in this genus after 2006 revision --> <small>[[A. P. de Candolle|DC.]]</small> * ''[[Eupatorium urticaefolium]]'' * ''[[Eupatorium vauthierianum]]''{{Verify source|date=November 2007}}<!-- whether still in this genus after 2006 revision --> <small>[[A. P. de Candolle|DC.]]</small> === Moved to other genera === * ''Eupatorium amygdalinum'' (moved to ''[[Ayapana]]'') * ''Eupatorium ayapana'' &ndash; [[aya-pana]], [[Water Hemp]] (moved to ''[[Ayapana]]'') * ''Eupatorium coelestinum'' &ndash; mistflower (moved to ''[[Conoclinium]]'') * ''Eupatorium collinum'' (moved to ''[[Chromolaena]] collina'')<ref>{{cite web | url = http://nomen.at/Eupatorium%20collinum | work = nomen.at | title = Eupatorium collinum}}</ref> * ''Eupatorium gayanum'' &ndash; [[asmachilca]] (moved to ''[[Aristeguietia]] gayana''<ref>[http://www.rain-tree.com/ayapana.htm]</ref><ref>[http://www.chemfinder.co.uk/supplier_ms8888.html]</ref>) * ''[[Eupatorium maculatum]]'' (''Eutrochium maculatum'') Joe-Pye Weed == Footnotes == {{Reflist}} ==References== {{commonscat}} * {{aut|Hatfield, Gabrielle}} (2004): ''Encyclopedia of Folk Medicine: Old World and New World Traditions.'' ABC-CLIO, Inc., Santa Barbara. <small>ISBN 1576078744</small> * {{aut|Ito, Motomi; Watanabe, Kuniaki; Kita, Yoko; Kawahara, Takayuki; Crawford, D.J. & Yahara, Tetsukazu}} (2000): Phylogeny and Phytogeography of ''Eupatorium'' (Eupatorieae, Asteraceae): Insights from Sequence Data of the nrDNA ITS Regions and cpDNA RFLP. ''Journal of Plant Research'' '''113'''(1): 79-89. <small>{{doi|10.1007/PL00013913}}</small> (HTML abstract) * {{aut|Lamont, E.E.}} (1995): ''Taxonomy of ''Eupatorium'' Section ''Verticillata'' (Asteraceae)''. New York Botanical Garden Press. <small>ISBN 0-89327-391-0</small> * {{aut|Longe, Jacqueline L.}} (2005): ''The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine'' (2nd ed., vol. 1). Gale Group, New York. <small>ISBN 0787674249</small> * {{aut|Schmidt, Gregory J. & Schilling, Edward E.}} (2000): Phylogeny and biogeography of ''Eupatorium'' (Asteraceae: Eupatorieae) based on nuclear ITS sequence data. ''[[American Journal of Botany|Am. J. Bot.]]'' '''87'''(5): 716-726. <small>PMID 10811796</small> [http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/reprint/87/5/716.pdf PDF fulltext] * {{aut|Sharma, Om P.; Dawra, Rajinder K.; Kurade, Nitin P. & Sharma. Pritam D.}} (1999): A review of the toxicosis and biological properties of the genus ''Eupatorium''. ''Natural Toxins'' '''6'''(1): 1–14. <small>{{doi|10.1002/(SICI)1522-7189(199802)6:1%3C1::AID-NT3%3E3.0.CO;2-E }}</small> (HTML abstract) * {{aut|Whittemore, Alan}} (1987): The Sectional Nomenclature of ''Eupatorium'' (Asteraceae). ''[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]]'' '''36'''(3): 618-620. <small>{{doi|10.2307/1221856}}</small> [[Category:Asteraceae]] [[Category:Medicinal plants]] [[da:Hjortetrøst]] [[de:Wasserdost]] [[es:Eupatorium]] [[fr:Eupatorium]] [[it:Eupatorium]] [[ka:ვარდკანაფა]] [[lt:Pūkūnė]] [[nl:Eupatorium]] [[pl:Sadziec]] [[pt:Eupatorium]] [[ro:Ayapana]]