Eurovision Song Contest 9954 226148096 2008-07-17T01:11:25Z 190.190.165.202 I add 2 countries that this contest is very famous. Argentina and Japan. {{redirect|Eurovision}} {{for|this year's Contest|Eurovision Song Contest 2008}} [[Image:Eurovision Song Contest logo.svg|right|248px|thumb|The modern [[logo]] was introduced for the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2004|2004 Contest]] (in [[Istanbul]]) to create a consistent visual identity. The host country's flag appears in the heart.]] The '''Eurovision Song Contest''' ({{lang fr|Concours Eurovision de la Chanson}})<ref>{{cite web|publisher=EBU.ch|url=http://www.ebu.ch/departments/television/pdf/Winners-Palmares_56-02.pdf|title=Winners of the Eurovision Song Contest |format=PDF|accessdate=2007-12-26}}</ref> is an annual competition held among active member countries of the [[European Broadcasting Union]] (EBU). Each member country submits a [[song]] to be performed on [[live television]] and then casts votes for the other countries' songs to determine the most popular song in the competition. Each country participates via one of their national EBU-member [[television station]]s, whose task it is to select a [[singer]] and a song to represent their country in the international competition. The Contest has been broadcast every year since its inauguration in 1956 and is one of the longest-running [[television programme]]s in the world. It is also one of the most-watched non-sporting events in the world,<ref>{{cite web |publisher= eurovision.tv |url= http://web.archive.org/web/20060525094524/http://www.eurovision.tv/english/2513.htm |title= Live Webcast| accessdate=2006-05-25}}</ref> with audience figures having been quoted in recent years as anything between 100 million and 600 million internationally.<ref>{{cite web |publisher= Aljazeera.net|date= [[21 May]] [[2006]]|url= http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=22908 |title= Finland wins Eurovision contest|accessdate=2007-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Matthew Murray| url= http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/E/htmlE/eurovisionso/eurovisionso.htm |title= Eurovision Song Contest - International Music Program |publisher = museum.tv | accessdate=2006-07-15}}</ref> Eurovision has also been broadcast outside Europe to such places as [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[Egypt]], [[Hong Kong]], [[India]], [[Japan]], [[Jordan]], [[Mexico]],[[New Zealand]], [[South Africa]], [[South Korea]], [[Vietnam]], and the [[United States]], despite the fact that these countries do not compete.<ref>{{cite web|publisher= [[bbc.co.uk]]|date=2002|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2002/05_may/16/eurovision_trivia.pdf |title= Eurovision Trivia|accessdate=2006-07-18 |format= PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher= eurovision.tv|date=[[9 May]] [[2007]]|url=http://www.eurovision.tv/content/view/863/262/|title= EBU plans for the future|accessdate=2007-05-11}}</ref> Since the year 2000, the Contest has also been broadcast over the [[Internet]],<ref>{{cite web|author= Philip Laven |date= July 2002 |url= http://www.ebu.ch/en/technical/trev/trev_291-editorial.html |publisher = European Broadcasting Union | title= Webcasting and the Eurovision Song Contest|accessdate=2006-08-21}}</ref> with more than 74,000 people in almost 140 countries having watched the 2006 edition online.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Octoshape |date=[[8 June]] [[2006]] |url= http://www.streamingmedia.com/press/view.asp?id=4907 |title= Eurovision song contest 2006 - live streaming |accessdate=2006-08-21}}</ref> ==Origins== {{further|[[History of the Eurovision Song Contest]]}} In the 1950s, as a [[Effects of World War II|war-torn Europe]] rebuilt itself, the European Broadcasting Union (EBU)&mdash;based in [[Switzerland]]&mdash;came up with the idea of an international song contest whereby countries would participate in one [[television]] programme, to be transmitted simultaneously to all countries of the union. This was conceived during a meeting in [[Monaco]] in 1955 by [[Marcel Bezençon]], a Frenchman working for the EBU.<ref name="GoldenJubilee">{{cite web| author= Patrick Jaquin |date= [[1 December]] [[2004]]|url= http://www.ebu.ch/en/union/diffusion_on_line/television/tcm_6-8971.php |title= Eurovision's Golden Jubilee | publisher = European Broadcasting Union | accessdate= 2006-07-15}}</ref> The competition was based upon the existing [[Sanremo Music Festival]] held in [[Italy]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher= bbc.co.uk |date= 2003 |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio2/eurovision/2003/history |title= History of Eurovision |accessdate= 2006-07-20}}</ref> and was also seen as a technological experiment in [[live television]]: in those days, it was a very ambitious project to join many countries together in a wide-area international network. [[Satellite television]] did not exist, and the so-called [[Eurovision Network]] comprised a terrestrial [[Microwave radio relay|microwave network]].<ref>{{cite web|author= George T. Waters |date= Winter 1994 |url= http://www.ebu.ch/en/technical/trev/trev_262-editorial.html |title= Eurovision: 40 years of network development, four decades of service to broadcasters |publisher = European Broadcasting Union | accessdate=2006-07-15}}</ref> The name "Eurovision" was first used in relation to the EBU's network by [[United Kingdom|British]] journalist George Campey in the ''[[London Evening Standard]]'' in 1951.<ref>{{cite web |author= David Fisher |date= [[28 January]] [[2006]]|url= http://www.terramedia.co.uk/Chronomedia/years/1951.htm |title= Media Statistics: 1951 |publisher = Terra Media | accessdate= 2006-07-15}}</ref> The first Contest was held in the town of [[Lugano]], Switzerland, on [[24 May]] [[1956]]. Seven countries participated&mdash;each submitting two songs, for a total of 14. This was the only Contest in which more than one song per country was performed: since 1957 all Contests have allowed one entry per country.<ref name="milestones">{{cite web |publisher= eurovision.tv |date= 2005 |url= http://web.archive.org/web/20060526065558/http://www.eurovision.tv/english/611.htm |title= Historical Milestones |accessdate=2006-05-26}}</ref> The [[Eurovision Song Contest 1956|1956 Contest]] was won by the host nation, Switzerland. The programme was first known as the "Eurovision Grand Prix". This "Grand Prix" name was adopted by the [[Francophone]] countries, where the Contest became known as "''Le Grand-Prix Eurovision de la Chanson Européenne''".<ref>{{cite web |author= Franck Thomas & Laurent Balmer |date= 1999 |url= http://web.archive.org/web/20060502192602/http://www.eurovision-fr.net/histoire/histoire5659.php |title= Histoire 1956 à 1959 | publisher = eurovision-fr.net | accessdate= 2006-07-17}} {{fr_icon}}</ref> The "Grand Prix" has since been dropped and replaced with "''Concours''" (contest) in these countries. The Eurovision Network is used to carry many news and sports programmes internationally, among other specialised events organised by the EBU.<ref>{{cite web |publisher= European Broadcasting Union |date= [[14 June]] [[2005]]|url= http://www.ebu.ch/departments/operations/ops.php |title= The EBU Operations Department |accessdate= 2006-07-20}}</ref> However, the Song Contest has by far the highest profile of these programmes, and has long since become synonymous with the name "Eurovision". ==Format== The format of the Contest has changed over the years, though the basic tenets have always been thus: participant countries submit songs, which are performed live in a television programme transmitted across the Eurovision Network by the EBU simultaneously to all countries. A "country" as a participant is represented by one television broadcaster from that country. The programme is hosted by one of the participant countries, and the transmission is sent from the [[auditorium]] in the host city. During this programme, after all the songs have been performed, the countries then proceed to cast votes for the other countries' songs: nations are not allowed to vote for their own song. At the end of the programme, the winner is declared as the song with the most points. The winner receives, simply, the prestige of having won&mdash;although it is usual for a [[trophy]] to be awarded to the winning songwriters, and the winning country is invited to host the event the following year.<ref name="milestones"/> The programme is invariably opened by one or more [[presenter]]s, welcoming viewers to the show. Most host countries choose to capitalise on the opportunity afforded them by hosting a programme with such a wide-ranging international audience, and it is common to see the presentation interspersed with video footage of scenes from the host nation, as if advertising for [[tourism]]. Between the songs and the announcement of the voting an interval act is performed, which can be any form of entertainment imaginable. Interval entertainment has included such acts as [[The Wombles (band)|The Wombles]] ({{ESCYr|1974}})<ref name="Brighton">{{cite web |publisher= eurovision.tv |url= http://web.archive.org/web/20051024015015/http://www.eurovision.tv/english/history_1974_brighton.htm |title= 1974: Brighton, United Kingdom |accessdate=2005-10-24}}</ref> and the first international presentation of [[Riverdance]] ({{ESCYr|1994}}).<ref>{{cite web |author=Clive Barnes |url= http://www.riverdance.com/htm/theshow/thejourney |title= Riverdance Ten Years on |publisher = RiverDance.com | accessdate=2006-07-27}}</ref> The theme music played before and after the broadcasts of the Eurovision Song Contest (and other Eurovision broadcasts) is the prelude to [[Marc-Antoine Charpentier]]'s [[Te Deum]].<ref name="GoldenJubilee"/> The Eurovision Song Contest final is traditionally held on a spring Saturday evening, at 19:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] (20:00 [[British Summer Time|BST]], or 21:00 [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]). Usually one Saturday in May is chosen, although the Contest has been held on a Thursday (in 1956) and as early as March. Since 2004, due to the increasing number of eligible countries which have wished to participate, qualifying rounds&mdash;known as Semi Finals&mdash;have been held 2&ndash;3 days before the final. ==Participation== {{further|[[List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest]]}} Eligible participants include Active Members (as opposed to Associate Members) of the European Broadcasting Union. Active members are those whose states fall within the [[European Broadcasting Area]], or otherwise those who are members of the [[Council of Europe]].<ref name="EBUmembership">{{cite web |publisher= European Broadcasting Union |date= [[22 February]] [[2006]]|url= http://www.ebu.ch/departments/legal/activities/leg_membership.php |title= Membership conditions|accessdate=2006-07-18}}</ref> The European Broadcasting Area is defined by the [[International Telecommunication Union]]:<ref>{{cite web |publisher= International Telecommunication Union |date= 1994 |url= http://www.ebu.ch/CMSimages/en/leg_ref_itu_radio_regulations_tcm6-4307.pdf |title= Extracts From The Radio Regulations |accessdate= 2006-07-18 |format= PDF}}</ref> :''The "European Broadcasting Area" is bounded on the west by the western boundary of Region 1, on the east by the meridian 40° East of Greenwich and on the south by the parallel 30° North so as to include the western part of the USSR, the northern part of Saudi Arabia and that part of those countries bordering the Mediterranean within these limits. In addition, Iraq, Jordan and that part of the territory of Turkey lying outside the above limits are included in the European Broadcasting Area.'' The western boundary of "[[ITU region|Region 1]]" is a line drawn west of Iceland down the centre of the [[Atlantic Ocean]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher= International Telecommunication Union |date= [[8 September]] [[2005]]|url= http://life.itu.int/radioclub/rr/art05.htm#Reg |title= Radio Regulations |accessdate= 2006-07-18}}</ref> Active members include broadcasting organisations whose transmissions are made available to (virtually) all of the [[population]] of the country in which they are based.<ref name="EBUmembership"/> If an EBU Active Member wishes to participate, they must fulfil conditions as laid down by the rules of the Contest (of which a separate copy is drafted annually). As of {{CURRENTYEAR}}, this includes the necessity to have broadcast the previous year's programme within their country, and paid the EBU a participation fee in advance of the [[Deadline (time limit)|deadline]] specified in the rules of the Contest for the year in which they wish to participate. Eligibility to participate is not determined by [[Geography|geographic]] inclusion within the continent of [[Europe]], despite the "Euro" in "Eurovision"&mdash;nor has it anything to do with the [[European Union]]. Israel, a Middle Eastern country has been involved since 1973. In 1980, [[Morocco]]&mdash;a [[North Africa]]n country&mdash;participated in the Contest. Fifty-one countries have participated at least once. These are listed here alongside the year in which they made their debut: [[Image:EurovisionParticipants.png|thumb|300px|right|Participation since 1956: {{legend|#22b14c|Entered at least once}} {{legend|#ffc20e|Never entered, although eligible to do so}} {{legend|#ff00ff|Entry intended, but later withdrew}} ]] {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" width=10% | Year ! Country making its debut entry |- ! scope="row" valign="top" | {{ESCYr|1956}} | {{Inesc|Belgium}}, {{Inesc|France}}, {{Inesc|Germany}}<sup>a</sup>, {{Inesc|Luxembourg}},<br />{{Inesc|Netherlands}}, {{Inesc|Italy}}, {{Inesc|Switzerland}} |- ! scope="row" valign="top" | {{ESCYr|1957}} | {{Inesc|Austria}}, {{Inesc|Denmark}}, {{Inesc|United Kingdom}} |- ! scope="row" valign="top" | {{ESCYr|1958}} | {{Inesc|Sweden}} |- ! scope="row" valign="top" | {{ESCYr|1959}} | {{Inesc|Monaco}} |- ! scope="row" valign="top" | {{ESCYr|1960}} | {{Inesc|Norway}} |- ! scope="row" valign="top" | {{ESCYr|1961}} | {{Inesc|Finland}}, {{Inesc|Spain}}, {{Inesc|Yugoslavia}}<sup>b</sup> |- ! scope="row" valign="top" | {{ESCYr|1964}} | {{Inesc|Portugal}} |- ! scope="row" valign="top" | {{ESCYr|1965}} | {{Inesc|Ireland}} |- ! scope="row" valign="top" | {{ESCYr|1971}} | {{Inesc|Malta}} |- ! scope="row" valign="top" | {{ESCYr|1973}} | {{Inesc|Israel}} |- ! scope="row" valign="top" | {{ESCYr|1974}} | {{Inesc|Greece}} |- ! scope="row" valign="top" | {{ESCYr|1975}} | {{Inesc|Turkey}} |- ! scope="row" valign="top" | {{ESCYr|1980}} | {{Inesc|Morocco}} |- ! scope="row" valign="top" | {{ESCYr|1981}} | {{Inesc|Cyprus}} |- ! scope="row" valign="top" | {{ESCYr|1986}} | {{Inesc|Iceland}} |- ! scope="row" valign="top" | {{ESCYr|1993}} | {{Inesc|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}, {{Inesc|Croatia}}, {{Inesc|Slovenia}} |- ! scope="row" valign="top" | {{ESCYr|1994}} | {{Inesc|Estonia}}, {{Inesc|Hungary}}, {{Inesc|Lithuania}}, {{Inesc|Poland}},<br /> {{Inesc|Romania}}, {{Inesc|Russia}}, {{Inesc|Slovakia}} |- ! scope="row" valign="top" | {{ESCYr|1998}} | {{Inescm}} <!--RE F.Y.R. MACEDONIA: THIS IS THE OFFICIAL WAY THAT THE COUNTRY'S NAME IS WRITTEN BY THE EBU. PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE IT, EITHER TO "REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA" OR TO "FYROM". WE RECOGNISE THAT THERE IS AN ONGOING NAMING DISPUTE BETWEEN MACEDONIANS AND GREEKS, BUT REALLY PEOPLE - PLEASE GROW UP. JUST LEAVE IT AS WRITTEN IN THE ACTUAL CONTEST BY THE EBU. IF YOU WANT THAT TO CHANGE THEN PETITION THE EBU ABOUT IT. DON'T KEEP EDIT WARRING HERE, OR YOU WILL BE BLOCKED FROM EDITING.--> |- ! scope="row" valign="top" | {{ESCYr|2000}} | {{Inesc|Latvia}} |- ! scope="row" valign="top" | {{ESCYr|2003}} | {{Inesc|Ukraine}} |- ! scope="row" valign="top" | {{ESCYr|2004}} | {{Inesc|Albania}}, {{Inesc|Andorra}}, {{Inesc|Belarus}}, {{Inesc|Serbia and Montenegro}} |- ! scope="row" valign="top" | {{ESCYr|2005}} | {{Inesc|Bulgaria}}, {{Inesc|Moldova}} |- ! scope="row" valign="top" | {{ESCYr|2006}} | {{Inesc|Armenia}} |- ! scope="row" valign="top" | {{ESCYr|2007}} | {{Inesc|Czech Republic}}, {{Inesc|Georgia}}, {{Inesc|Montenegro}}, {{Inesc|Serbia}} |- ! scope="row" valign="top" | {{ESCYr|2008}} | {{Inesc|Azerbaijan}}, {{Inesc|San Marino}} |} :<small>a) Occasionally presented as "[[West Germany]]", before [[German reunification|re-unification]] in 1990.</small> :<small>b) The entries presented as being from "[[Yugoslavia]]" represented the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]], except for the 1992 entry, which represented the [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]].</small> ==Selection procedures== Each country must submit one song to represent them in any given year they participate. The only exception to this was when each country submitted two songs in the inaugural Contest. There is a rule which forbids any song being entered which has been previously commercially released or broadcast in public before a certain date relative to the Contest in question.<ref name="2005rules">{{cite web|publisher=eurovision.tv|date=2005|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20060210010517/http://www.eurovision.tv/searchfiles_english/574.htm|title=Rules of the 2005 Eurovision Song Contest|accessdate=2006-02-10}}</ref> The purpose of this rule is to ensure that only new songs are entered into the Contest, and not existing successful songs of years gone by, which might give a country an unfair advantage due to the fact that the song is already known and popular. Countries may select their songs by any means they wish: whether it be an internal decision made by the participating broadcaster, or a public contest which allows the country's public to [[televoting|televote]] between several songs. The EBU encourages broadcasters to use the public competition format, as this generates more [[publicity]] for the Contest. These public selections are known as ''national finals''. Some countries' national finals are as big&mdash;if not bigger&mdash;than the international Eurovision Song Contest itself, involving many songs being submitted to national public ''semi''-finals. The Swedish national final, ''[[Melodifestivalen]]'' (literally, "The Melody Festival") includes 32 songs being performed over four semi-finals, played to huge audiences in arenas around the country, before the final show in [[Stockholm]]. This has become the highest-rated programme of the year in Sweden by TV audience figures.<ref>{{cite web |author= Stella Floras |date=[[3 January]] [[2007]]|url= http://www.esctoday.com/news/read/7135 |title= Top TV ratings for Melodifestivalen | publisher = esctoday.com | accessdate= 2007-05-08}}</ref> In Spain, the [[reality show]] ''[[Operación Triunfo]]'' was inaugurated in 2002; the winners of the first three seasons proceeded to represent the country at Eurovision.<ref>{{cite web |publisher= Terra Networks España |url= http://www.portalmix.com/operaciontriunfo1/eurovision |title= Operación Triunfo: Un intenso camino hacia el festival de eurovision |accessdate= 2006-07-22}} {{es_icon}} </ref> Whichever method is used to select the entry, the song's details must be finalised and submitted to the EBU before a deadline some weeks before the international Contest. ==Hosting== {{seealso|List of host cities of the Eurovision Song Contest}} Most of the expense of the Contest is covered by event [[sponsor]]s and contributions from the other participating nations. <!-- Comment out unreferenced statement. If someone can find a reference, please include it: The 2004 Contest was allocated a budget of some €15 million and was the most expensive edition to date.{{fact}}--> The Contest is considered a unique showcase for promoting the host country as a tourist destination. In the Summer of 2005, Ukraine abolished its normal visa requirements for tourists to coincide with its hosting of the Contest.<ref>{{cite web |author= Helen Fawkes | publisher = BBC News |date= [[19 May]] [[2005]]|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/4561275.stm |title= Ukrainian hosts' high hopes for Eurovision |accessdate= 2006-07-15}}</ref> [[Image:Stockholm Globe Arena.jpg|thumb|right|[[Stockholm Globe Arena|Globen]], Stockholm: host of Eurovision 2000.]] Preparations to host the Contest start a matter of weeks after a country wins, and confirm to the EBU that they intend to&mdash;and have the capacity to&mdash;host the event. A host city is chosen (usually the capital, but not always), and a suitable concert venue. The largest concert venue was a football stadium in [[Copenhagen]], ''[[Parken Stadium|Parken]]'', which held an audience of approximately 38,000 people when [[Denmark]] hosted the Contest in 2001.<ref name="milestones"/> The smallest town in which the Contest has ever been held was [[Millstreet]] in [[County Cork]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], which hosted the show in 1993. The village had a population of 1,500<ref>{{cite web |publisher= cork-guide.ie |date= [[19 May]] [[2006]] |url= http://www.cork-guide.ie/millstreet/town.html |title= Millstreet |accessdate= 2006-07-18}}</ref>&mdash;although the ''[[Green Glens Arena]]'' venue held considerably more audience members.<ref>{{cite web |publisher= doteurovision.com |url= http://www.doteurovision.com/1993/green.htm |title= Eurovision 1993 - The Venue |accessdate= 2006-07-18}}</ref> It is always a consideration, when choosing a host city and venue, what hotel and press facilities there are in the vicinity.<ref>{{cite web |publisher= esctoday.com |date= [[31 May]] [[2006]]|url= http://www.esctoday.com/news/read/6245 |title= Where do we go next year?|accessdate= 2006-07-19}}</ref> In [[Kiev]] 2005, hotel rooms were scarce as the Contest organisers asked the [[Government of Ukraine|Ukrainian government]] to put a block on bookings they did not control themselves through official delegation allocations or tour packages: this led to many people's hotel bookings being cancelled.<ref>{{cite web |author= John Marone | publisher = The Ukrainian Observer |url= http://www.ukraine-observer.com/articles/208/655 |title= Where Do We Put The Foreign Tourists?|accessdate= 2006-07-18}}</ref> The impact that the Contest has on the host city is inversely proportional to its size: in [[Riga]] 2003, the city centre was virtually taken over by Eurovision delegates as they spent their week in the [[Latvia]]n capital. ==Eurovision Week== The term "Eurovision Week" is used to refer to the week during which the Contest takes place. As it is a live show, the Eurovision Song Contest requires the performers to have perfected their acts in [[rehearsal]]s in order for the big night to run smoothly. In addition to rehearsals in their home countries, every participant is given the opportunity to rehearse on the stage in the Eurovision auditorium. These rehearsals are held during the course of several days before the Saturday show, and consequently the delegations arrive in the host city many days before the event. This means, in turn, journalists and fans are also present during the preceding days, and the events of Eurovision last a lot longer than a few hours of television. A number of officially accredited hotels are selected for the delegations to stay in, and shuttle-bus services are used to transport the performers and accompanying people to and from the Contest venue. Each participating broadcaster nominates a Head of Delegation, whose job it is to coordinate the movements of the delegate members, and who acts as that country's representative to the EBU in the host city.<ref name="2005rules"/> Members of the delegations include performers, lyricists, composers, official press officers and&mdash;if an orchestra is used that year, and if the song requires one&mdash;a conductor. Also present if desired is a commentator: each broadcaster may supply their own commentary for their TV and/or radio feed, to be broadcast in each country. The commentators are given dedicated commentary booths situated around the back of the arena behind the audience. ===Rehearsals and press conferences=== [[Image:2006ee Rehearsal.jpg|right|thumb|Estonia rehearsing at the 2006 Contest.]] Traditionally, delegations would arrive on the Sunday before the Contest, in order to be present for rehearsals starting on the Monday morning. However, with the introduction of the semi-final&mdash;and therefore the resulting increase in the number of countries taking part&mdash;since 2004 the first rehearsals have commenced during the week ''before'' Eurovision Week. The countries taking part in the semi-final currently rehearse over four days from the first Thursday to the Sunday, with two rehearsal periods allowed for each country. The countries which have already directly qualified for the grand final rehearse on the Monday and Tuesday of Eurovision Week.<ref name="RehearsalSchedule">{{cite web|publisher=eurovision.tv|date=2006|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20060526070255/http://www.eurovision.tv/english/2432.htm|title=Rehearsal Schedule|accessdate=2006-05-26}}</ref> [[Image:2006ch Press Conference.jpg|left|thumb|Switzerland hosting a press conference at Eurovision 2006.]] After each country has rehearsed, the delegation meets with the show's artistic director in the video viewing room. Here, they watch the footage of the rehearsal just performed, discussing camera angles, lighting and choreography, in order to try to achieve maximum æsthetic effect on television. At this point the Head of Delegation may make known any special requirements needed for the performance, and request them from the host broadcaster. Following this meeting, the delegation hold a [[press conference]] where members of the accredited press may pose them questions.<ref name="RehearsalSchedule"/> The rehearsals and press conferences are held in parallel; so one country holds its press conference, while the next one is in the auditorium rehearsing. A printed summary of the questions and answers which emerge from the press conferences is produced by the host press office, and distributed to journalists' [[Pigeonhole messagebox|pigeonholes]]. The Wednesday of Eurovision Week holds two full dress rehearsals of the semi-final; then one final dress rehearsal of the semi-final is held on the Thursday morning before the live show that evening. Once the grand final line-up is known, two dress rehearsals are held on the Friday, and then another last one on Saturday morning before the live transmission of the grand final on Saturday evening. ===Parties and Euroclub=== On the Monday evening of Eurovision Week, a ''Mayor's Reception'' is traditionally held, where the city administration hosts a celebration that Eurovision has come to their city. This is usually held in a grand municipally-owned location in the city centre. All delegations are invited, and the party is usually accompanied by live music, complimentary food and drink and&mdash;in recent years&mdash;[[fireworks]].<ref name="AthensNews">{{cite web|publisher=eurovision.tv|date=[[11 May]] [[2006]] |url= http://web.archive.org/web/20060525092855/http://www.eurovision.tv/english/2049.htm |title= Latest news from Athens |accessdate=2006-05-25}}</ref> After the semi-final and grand final there are after-show parties, held either in a facility in the venue complex or in another suitable location within the city. A ''Euroclub'' is held every night of the week; a Eurovision-themed [[nightclub]], to which all accredited personnel are invited.<ref>{{cite web |author= Sietse Bakker |date= [[3 May]] [[2006]] |publisher = esctoday.com |url= http://www.esctoday.com/news/read/6014 |title=Athens 2006: where's the party? |accessdate= 2007-05-08}}</ref> During the week many delegations have traditionally hosted their own parties in addition to the officially-sponsored ones. However, in the new millennium the trend has been for the national delegations to centralise their activity and hold their celebrations in the Euroclub.<ref name="AthensNews"/> ==Voting== {{further|[[Voting at the Eurovision Song Contest]]}} The voting systems used in the Contest have changed throughout the years. The modern system has been in place since 1975, and is an adaptation of the [[Borda count]]. Countries award a set of points from 1 to 8, then 10 and finally 12 to other songs in the competition &mdash; with the favourite song being awarded 12 points. Historically, a country's set of votes was decided by an internal jury, but in 1997 five countries (Austria, Switzerland, Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom) experimented with [[televoting]], giving members of the public in those countries the opportunity to vote en-masse for their favourite songs. The experiment was a success,<ref name="50yrs">{{cite book | last = O'Connor | first = John Kennedy | year = 2005 | title = The Eurovision Song Contest 50 Years The Official History | publisher = Carlton Books Limited | location = [[London]]|id = ISBN 1-84442-586-X}}</ref> and from 1998 onwards all countries were encouraged to use televoting wherever possible. Back-up juries are still utilised by each country, in the event of the televoting failure. Nowadays members of the public may also vote by [[Text messaging|SMS]], in addition to televoting. Whichever method of voting is used&mdash;jury, telephone or SMS&mdash;countries may not cast votes for their own songs. ===Presentation of votes=== [[Image:Eurovision 2004 Scoreboard.jpg|right|thumb|Electronic scoreboard, as Johnny Logan announces the Irish votes in 2004.]] After the interval act is over, when all the points have been calculated, the presenter(s) of the show call upon each voting country in turn to invite them to announce the results of their vote. Prior to 1994 the announcements were made over [[telephone lines]]; with the audio being piped into the auditorium for the audience to hear, and over the television transmission. With the advent of more reliable satellite networks, from 1994 onwards voting spokespeople have appeared on camera from their respective countries to read out the votes. Often the opportunity is taken by each country to show their spokesperson standing in front of a backdrop which includes a famous place in that country. Spokespeople may also give a short message to the hosts and organisers thanking them for the show before giving out their country's points, which has become something of a tradition over the years. Votes are read out in ascending order, culminating with the maximum 12 points. The scores are repeated by the Contest's presenters in English and French, which has given rise to the famous "douze pointes" exclamation when the host repeats the top score in French. From 1957 to 2003, countries were called in the same order in which the songs had been presented. Since 2004, the order of the countries' announcements of votes has changed&mdash;due to the presence of the semi-final, and the fact that non-participating countries could also vote. In 2004, the countries were called in alphabetical order (according to their [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2|ISO code]]s).<ref>{{cite web|publisher=eurovision.tv|date=[[12 May]] [[2004]]|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20050507155415/http://www.eurovision.tv/archive_2004/english/1098.htm|title=Eurovision 2004 - Voting Briefing|accessdate=2005-05-07}}</ref> In 2005, the votes from the non-qualifying semi-finalists were announced first, in their running order on the Thursday night; then the finalists gave their votes in their own order of performance. Since 2006, a separate draw has been held to determine the order in which countries would present their votes.<ref name="2006draw">{{cite web|publisher=eurovision.tv|date=[[21 March]] [[2006]]|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20060527003915/http://www.eurovision.tv/english/2038.htm|title=Results from the draw|accessdate=2006-05-27}}</ref> From 1971 to 1973, each country sent two jurors, who were actually present at the Contest venue and announced their votes as the camera was trained on them. In 1973 one of the Swiss jurors made a great show of presenting his votes with flamboyant gestures.<ref name="50yrs"/> This system was retired for the next year. In 1956 no public votes were presented: a closed jury simply announced that Switzerland had won. From 1957 to 1987, the points were displayed on a physical [[scoreboard]] to the side of the stage. As digital graphic technology progressed, the physical scoreboards were superseded in 1988 by an [[Computer graphics|electronic representation]] which could be displayed on the TV screen at the will of the programme's [[Television director|director]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=bbc.co.uk|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio2/eurovision/mymu/atoz.shtml|title=A to Z of Eurovision|accessdate=2006-08-09}}</ref> In 2006 the EBU decided to conserve time during the broadcast&mdash;much of which had been taken up with the announcement of every single point&mdash;because there was an ever-increasing number of countries voting. From then onwards, the points from 1–7 were flashed up onto the screen automatically, and the announcers only read out the 8, 10 and 12 points individually.<ref name="2006draw"/> The voting is presided over by the EBU [[scrutineer]], who is responsible for ensuring that all points are allocated correctly and in turn. The scrutineer is notified in advance of the results of the last five countries in the running-order of voting, to ensure that no foul play can take place in the form of [[tactical voting]]; where for example a country could change its votes after seeing how the trend has gone before them on the scoreboard.<ref name="1999rules">{{cite web |publisher= EBU|date=[[13 October]] [[1998]] |url= http://www.eurosong.net/archive/esc1999.pdf | format = PDF | title= Rules of the 44<sup>th</sup> Eurovision Song Contest, 1999|accessdate=2006-07-18}}</ref> ===Ties for first place=== In 1969, a tie-break system had not yet been conceived, and ''four'' countries all tied for first place based on their total numbers of points: France, Spain, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Since there was no predetermined set of rules to decide the winner, all four countries were declared as winners. This caused much discontent among most of the non-winning countries, and mass-walkouts were threatened. Austria, Finland, Sweden, Norway and Portugal did not participate in the 1970 Contest as a protest against the results of the previous year. This prompted the EBU to introduce a tie-break rule.<ref name="50yrs"/> In the event of a tie for first place at the end of the evening, a count is made of the total number of countries who awarded any points at all to each of the tied countries; and the one who received points from the most other countries is declared the winner. If the numbers are still tied, it is counted how many sets of maximum marks ("12 points") each country received. If there is still a tie, the numbers of 10-point scores awarded are compared&mdash;and then the numbers of 8-points, all the way down the list. In the extremely unlikely event of there then ''still'' being a tie for first place, the tied countries are jointly declared as the winners. The same tie-break rule is used if there is a tie for the ninth place in the semi-final, or a tie in the final for the last automatic qualifying place for next year's final.<ref name="2005rules"/> As of {{CURRENTYEAR}}, the only time since 1969 when two or more countries have tied for first place on total points alone was in 1991, when France and Sweden both totalled 146 points. In 1991 the tie-break rules did not include counting the numbers of countries awarding any points at all to these countries, but began with tallying up the numbers of 12 points awarded. Both France and Sweden had received four sets of 12 points. However, because Sweden had received more sets of 10 points, they were declared the winners. Had the current rule been in play, France would have won instead.<ref name="50yrs"/> ==Rules== {{further|[[Rules of the Eurovision Song Contest]]}} There are a number of rules which must be observed by the participating nations. The rules are numerous and unabridged, and a separate draft is produced each year, which explicitly specifies the dates by which certain things must be done; for example the deadline by which all the participating broadcasters must submit the final recorded version of their song to the EBU. Many rules pertain to such matters as sponsorship agreements and rights of broadcasters to re-transmit the show within a certain time. The most notable rules which actually affect the format and presentation of the Contest have changed somewhat over the years, and are highlighted here. ===Hosting=== In 1958 it was decided that from then on, the winning country would host the Contest the next year.<ref name="milestones"/> The winner of the 1957 Contest was the Netherlands, and Dutch television accepted the responsibility of hosting in 1958. In all but five of the years since this rule has been in place, the winning country has hosted the show the following year. The exceptions are: *{{ESCYr|1960}}&mdash;hosted by the [[BBC]] in [[London]] when the ''Netherlands'' declined due to expense. The UK was chosen to host because they had come second in 1959.<ref name="50yrs"/> *{{ESCYr|1963}}&mdash;hosted by the BBC in London when ''France'' declined due to expense. Although the UK had only come fourth in 1962, Monaco and Luxembourg (who came second and third) had also declined.<ref name="50yrs"/> *{{ESCYr|1972}}&mdash;hosted by the BBC in [[Edinburgh]] when ''Monaco'' was unable to provide a suitable venue: [[Télé Monte Carlo|Monegasque television]] invited the BBC to take over due to their previous experience.<ref name="50yrs"/> *{{ESCYr|1974}}&mdash;hosted by the BBC in [[Brighton]] when ''Luxembourg'' declined due to expense. The BBC was becoming known as the host by default, if the winning country declined.<ref name="Brighton"/> * {{ESCYr|1980}}&mdash;hosted by [[Nederlandse Omroep Stichting|NOS]] in [[The Hague]] when the [[Israel Broadcasting Authority]] declined due to expense, and the fact that the date chosen for the Contest ([[19 April]]) was [[Yom Hazikaron|Israel's Remembrance Day]] that year. The Dutch offered to host the Contest after several other broadcasters (including the BBC) were unwilling to do so.<ref name="50yrs"/> The declinations due to expense were due to those broadcasters' already having hosted the Contest during the past couple of years. Since 1981, all Contests have been held in the country which won the previous year. ===Live music=== All vocals must be sung live: no voices are permitted on backing tracks.<ref name="2005rules"/> In 1999, the Croatian song featured sounds on their backing track which sounded suspiciously like human voices. The Croatian delegation stated that there were no human voices, but only digitally-synthesised sounds which replicated vocals. The EBU nevertheless decided that they had broken the spirit of the rules, and docked them 33% of their points total that year as used for calculating their five-year points average for future qualification.<ref name="50yrs"/> From 1956 until 1998, it was necessary for the host country to provide a live [[orchestra]] for the use of the participants. Prior to 1973, all music was required to be played by the host orchestra. From 1973 onwards, pre-recorded backing tracks were permitted&mdash;although the host country was still obliged to provide a live orchestra in order to give participants a choice. If a backing track was used, then all the instruments heard on the track were required to be present on the stage. In 1997 this requirement was dropped.<ref name="50yrs"/> In 1999 the rules were amended to abolish the ''requirement'' by the host broadcaster to provide a live orchestra, leaving it as an optional contribution.<ref name="50yrs"/> The host that year, Israel's IBA, decided not to use an orchestra in order to save on expenses, and 1999 became the first year in which all of the songs were played as pre-recorded backing tracks (in conjunction with live vocals). The orchestra has not since made an appearance at the Contest; the last time being in 1998 when the BBC hosted the show in Birmingham. ===Language=== The rule requiring countries to sing in their own national language has been changed several times over the years. From 1956 until 1965, there was no rule restricting the languages in which the songs could be sung. However, in 1966 a rule was imposed stating that the songs must be performed in one of the official languages of the country participating.<ref name="milestones"/> The language restriction continued until 1973, when it was lifted and performers were again free to sing in any language they wished.<ref name="milestones"/> Several winners in the mid-1970s took advantage of the newly-found freedom, with performers from non-native-English-speaking countries singing in English, including ABBA in 1974. In 1977, the EBU decided to revert to the national language restriction.<ref name="milestones"/> However, special dispensation was given to [[Germany]] and [[Belgium]] as their national song selection procedures were already too advanced to change.<ref name="50yrs"/> In 1999, the rule was changed again to allow freedom of language once more.<ref name="milestones"/> This linguistic freedom led to the Belgian entry in 2003, ''[[Sanomi]]'', being sung in an entirely fictional language.<ref>{{cite web |date= [[28 September]] [[2004]]|url= http://www.urbantrad.com/html/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=26 |title= Urban Trad | publisher = UrbanTrad.com | accessdate= 2006-07-18}}</ref> In 2006 the Dutch entry, ''[[Amambanda]]'', was sung partly in English and partly in an artificial language.<ref>{{cite web |publisher= eurovision.tv |url= http://web.archive.org/web/20060525090937/http://www.eurovision.tv/english/406.htm |title= Treble will represent the Netherlands |accessdate= 2006-05-25}}</ref> ===Broadcasting=== Each participating broadcaster is required to broadcast the show in its entirety: including all songs, voting and reprise, skipping only the interval act for advertising breaks if they wish.<ref name="2005rules"/> From 1999 onwards, broadcasters who wished to do so were given the opportunity to take more advertising breaks as short, non-essential hiatuses were introduced into the programme.<ref name="1999rules"/> ====Political recognition issues==== In 1978, during the performance of the Israeli entry, the Jordanian broadcaster [[JRTV]] suspended the broadcast and showed pictures of flowers. When it became apparent during the later stages of the voting sequence that Israel was going to win the Contest, JRTV abruptly ended the transmission.<ref name="50yrs"/> Afterwards, the Jordanian [[news media]] refused to acknowledge the fact that Israel had won and announced that the winner was Belgium (which had actually come 2<sup>nd</sup>).<ref>{{cite web|publisher=esctoday.com|date=2005|url=http://www.esctoday.com/annual/1978/participants.php|title=Eurovision Song Contest 1978|accessdate=2007-05-08}}</ref> <!-- Unsourced. If someone can find a source for this, then please quote it here and remove the comment marks. Thank you. In 1981 when Cyprus made its debut, Turkish television cut to an advertisement break. Since Turkey was actually a participant (as opposed to Jordan in 1978), they were later warned by the EBU that if they repeated such a violation of the rules, they would be excluded in the future.{{fact}} --> In 2005, [[Lebanon]] intended to participate in the Contest. However, Lebanese law does not allow recognition of Israel, and consequently Lebanese television did not intend to transmit the Israeli entry. The EBU informed them that such an act would breach the rules of the Contest, and Lebanon was subsequently forced to withdraw from the competition. Their late withdrawal incurred a fine, since they had already confirmed their participation and the deadline had passed.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[BBC News Online|BBC News]]|date=[[18 March]] [[2005]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4362373.stm|title=Lebanon withdraws from Eurovision|accessdate=2006-07-15}}</ref> ===Other=== * In the first Contest in 1956, there was no time limit on songs. In 1957, a limit of 3½ minutes was recommended. In 1962, this was revised to 3 minutes precisely.<ref name="milestones"/> * There is no restriction imposed by the EBU on the nationality of the performers or songwriters. Individual broadcasters are, however, permitted to impose their own restrictions at their discretion.<ref name="2005rules"/> * From 1957 to 1970 (in 1956 there was no restriction at all), only soloists and duos were allowed on stage. From 1963, a chorus of up to three people was permitted. Since 1971, a maximum of six performers have been permitted on the stage.<ref name="2005rules"/> * The performance and/or lyrics of a song "must not bring the Contest into disrepute".<ref name="2005rules"/> * Since 1990, all people on stage must be at least 16 years of age.<ref name="2005rules"/> ==Expansion of the Contest== {{further|[[Participation in the Eurovision Song Contest]]}} [[Image:EurovisionParticipants1992.png|thumb|200px|Regular participants in 1992. "Yugoslavia" is coloured in red: 1991 was the last year in which that nation participated under one name.]] [[Image:EurovisionParticipants1994.png|thumb|200px|Regular participants in 1994. The addition of Central and Eastern European countries, and the separate ex-Yugoslavian states, makes a stark change from the participation map of 1992.]] The number of countries participating each year has steadily grown over the course of the years, from seven participants in 1956 to over 20 in the late 1980s. In 1993 there were 25 countries participating in the competition, including&mdash;for the first time that year&mdash;Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia, entering independently due to the [[Yugoslav wars|break-up of the former Yugoslavia]]. Due to the fact that the Contest is a live television programme, a reasonable time limit must be imposed on the duration of the show. In recent years the nominal limit has been three hours, with the broadcast occasionally overrunning. In 2005 the programme was a little under 3½ hours long. Following the introduction of the shortened voting announcements in 2006, the duration of the Contest was three hours and five minutes. ===Pre-selections and relegation=== Since 1993, there have been more countries wishing to enter the Contest than there is time to reasonably include all their entries in a single TV show. Several relegation or qualification systems have, therefore, been tried in order to limit the number of countries participating in the competition in any given year. The 1993 Contest introduced two new features: firstly, a pre-selection competition was held in [[Ljubljana]] in which seven [[Eastern bloc|new countries]] fought for three places in the international competition.<ref name="50yrs"/> Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Estonia, Hungary, Romania, Slovenia and Slovakia took part in ''[[Kvalifikacija za Millstreet]]''; and the three former Yugoslav republics&mdash;Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia&mdash;qualified for a place in the international final. Also to be introduced that year was ''relegation''. The six lowest-placed countries in the 1993 score table were forced to skip the next year, in order to allow the countries which failed the 1993 pre-selection into the 1994 Contest.<ref name="50yrs"/> The 1994 Contest included also &mdash;for the first time&mdash;Lithuania, Poland and Russia. Relegation continued through 1994 and 1995; but in 1996 a different pre-selection system was used, in which nearly all the countries participated. Audio tapes of all the songs were sent to juries in each of the countries some weeks before the television show. These juries selected the songs which would then proceed to be included in the international broadcast.<ref name="TVRB1996">{{cite web |publisher= TV & Radio Bits |url= http://www.tvradiobits.co.uk/eurovision/eurovisionpast94.htm |title= Eurovision 1956–96 |accessdate= 2006-07-15}}</ref> Norway, as the host country in 1996 (having won the 1995 Contest), automatically qualified and was therefore excluded from the necessity of going through the pre-selection. One country which failed to qualify in the 1996 pre-selection was Germany. As one of the largest financial contributors to the EBU, together with having one of the largest television audiences in Europe, neither they nor the EBU were happy about their exclusion from the international final.<ref name="TVRB1996"/> ==="Big Four"=== From 1998 onwards, four particular countries would always qualify for the Eurovision final, regardless of their positions on the scoreboard in previous Contests.<ref name="50yrs"/> They earned this special status by being the four biggest financial contributors to the EBU (without which the production of the Eurovision Song Contest would not be possible). These countries are [[Germany]], [[France]], [[Spain]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. Due to their "untouchable" status in the Contest, these countries became known as the "Big Four". ===Qualification=== From 1997 to 2001, countries qualified for each Contest based on the average of their points totals for their entries over the previous five years. However, there was much discontent voiced over this system because a country could be punished by not being allowed to enter merely because of poor previous results, which did not take into account how good a fresh attempt might be. This led the EBU to create what was hoped would be a more permanent solution to the problem, which was to have two shows every year: a qualification round, and the grand final. In these two shows there would be enough broadcast time to include all the countries which wished to participate, every year. The qualification round became known as the ''Eurovision Semi-Final''. ==Semi-finals== A qualification round, known as the semi-final, was introduced for [[Eurovision Song Contest 2004|the 2004 Contest]]. This semi-final was held on the Wednesday during Eurovision Week, and was a programme similar in format to the grand final, whose time slot remained 19:00 UTC on the Saturday. Since then, the semi-final programme has been held on the Thursday of Eurovision Week. The semi-final includes those countries whose ranking on the scoreboard the previous year was not high enough to ensure direct qualification for the final. Until 2007, it was necessary for a country to attain a place within the top ten of the final scoreboard to be assured of direct qualification for the next year's grand final. The Big Four rule remains, so that France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom always automatically bypass the semi-final and are directly included in the grand final. Since the introduction of the semi-final, it has been possible for countries to vote even though they are not participating in the programme: for example it is possible for one of the Big Four to vote for countries in the semi-final even though they do not participate in the semi-final themselves; and a country in the semi-final, which fails to qualify for the final, may still vote for the other countries in the final on Saturday. After the votes have been cast in the semi-final, the countries which received the most votes&mdash;and will therefore proceed to the final on Saturday&mdash;are announced in no particular order. The announcement of the actual number of points these qualifiers received is withheld by the EBU until after the grand final, lest the news influence the result on Saturday through tactical voting or otherwise. The ten most highly-placed non-Big Four countries in the ''final'' were guaranteed a place in next year's final, without the need to participate in next year's semi. If, for example, Germany comes in the top ten, the eleventh-placed non-Big-Four country will automatically qualify for next year's final.<ref name="2005rules"/> On [[28 September]] [[2007]], at a meeting of the EBU reference group, it was decided that from the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2008|2008 Contest]] onwards there will be held ''two'' semi-finals. The introduction of the second semi final is supposed to prevent block voting between countries: for example, the UK can not vote for Ireland and Greece can not vote for Cyprus. Only the host country and the Big Four automatically qualify for the grand final, and they are joined by ten countries from each semi&mdash;to make a total of 25 entries in the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esctoday.com/news/read/9327|publisher=ESCToday.com|title=Eurovision: 2 semi finals confirmed!|date=2007-09-28|accessdate=2007-09-29}}</ref> ==Winners== {{further|[[Eurovision Song Contest winners]]}} Winning the Eurovision Song Contest provides a unique opportunity for the winning artist(s) to capitalise on their success and surrounding publicity by launching or furthering their international career. However, throughout the history of the Contest relatively few names have gone on to be huge international stars. ===Artists=== The most notable winning Eurovision artists whose career was directly launched into the spotlight following their win were [[ABBA]], who won the Contest for Sweden in 1974 with their song "[[Waterloo (song)|Waterloo]]". ABBA went on to be one of the most successful bands of their time. Another notable winner who subsequently achieved international fame and success was [[Céline Dion]], who won the Contest for Switzerland in 1988 with the song "[[Ne Partez Pas Sans Moi]]". Dion's success, however, is not as directly attributed to her winning the Contest, as she achieved international fame some years later. Other artists who have achieved varying degrees of success after winning the Contest include <!-- PLEASE NOTE: Before adding any more artists to this list, please discuss the issue on the article's Talk Page first. We are currently excluding winning artists from the last five years. --> [[France Gall]] ("[[Poupée de cire, poupée de son|Poupée De Cire, Poupée De Son]]", [[Eurovision Song Contest 1965|Luxembourg 1965]]), [[Lulu (singer)|Lulu]] ("[[Boom Bang-a-Bang]]", [[Eurovision Song Contest 1969|United Kingdom 1969]]), [[Dana Rosemary Scallon|Dana]] ("[[All Kinds of Everything]]", [[Eurovision Song Contest 1970|Ireland 1970]]), [[Vicky Leandros]] ("[[Après Toi]]", [[Eurovision Song Contest 1972|Luxembourg 1972]]), [[Brotherhood of Man (band)|Brotherhood of Man]] ("[[Save Your Kisses for Me]]", [[Eurovision Song Contest 1976|United Kingdom 1976]]), [[Marie Myriam]] ("[[L'oiseau et l'enfant]]", [[Eurovision Song Contest 1977|France 1977]]), [[Johnny Logan (singer)|Johnny Logan]] (who won ''twice'' for Ireland; with "[[What's Another Year?]]" in [[Eurovision Song Contest 1980|1980]], and "[[Hold Me Now]]" in [[Eurovision Song Contest 1987|1987]]), [[Bucks Fizz (band)|Bucks Fizz]] ("[[Making Your Mind Up]]", [[Eurovision Song Contest 1981|United Kingdom 1981]]), and [[Nicole (artist)|Nicole]] ("[[Ein Bißchen Frieden]]", [[Eurovision Song Contest 1982|Germany 1982]]). <!-- PLEASE SEE NOTE ABOVE --> Many other winners include well-known artists who won the Contest mid-career, after they had already established themselves as successful. Some artists, however, have vanished into relative obscurity, making little or no impact on the international music scene after their win. ===Countries=== [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] holds the record for the most number of wins, having won the Contest seven times&mdash;including three times in a row in the mid 1990s. In joint second place with five wins each are [[France]], [[Luxembourg]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. The United Kingdom holds the best record at the Contest in terms of average scoreboard position; having finished in the top two in 20 out of 53 Contests (1956–2008). The early years of the Contest saw many wins for "traditional" Eurovision countries: France, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. However, the success of these countries has declined in recent decades: the Netherlands last won in 1975; France in 1977; and Luxembourg in 1983. The last time Luxembourg entered the Contest was in 1993. The first years of the 21<sup>st</sup> century produced a spate of first-time winners, from both "new" Eurovision countries, and old-timers who had entered for many years without a win. Every year from 2001 to 2008 resulted in a country winning for the first time. The 2006 winner was Finland, which finally won after having entered the Contest for 45 years. Ukraine on the other hand did not have to wait so long, winning with their second entry in 2004. Serbia won the very first year it entered as an independent state, in 2007. As of 2008, the country which has entered the longest with no wins to their name is Portugal. They started entering in 1964, and are still awaiting their first win. ==Criticisms== The Contest has been the subject of criticism regarding both its musical content and the perception that it is more about politics than it is about music.<ref>{{cite web|author=BBC News|date=[[9 May]] [[2007]] |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/berkshire/6640231.stm||title=Politics 'not Eurovision factor'|accessdate= 2008-05-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=BBC News|date=[[14 May]] [[2007]] |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6654719.stm||title=Malta slates Eurovision's voting|accessdate= 2008-05-25}}</ref> ===Musical style and presentation=== Due to the fact that the songs are playing to such a diverse international audience with diverse musical tastes, and that countries want to be able to appeal to as many people as possible to gain votes, the majority of the songs historically have been [[Middle of the road|middle-of-the-road]] pop. Deviations from this formula have rarely achieved success, leading to criticism that the music in the Contest is old-fashioned, and "[[bubblegum pop]]".<ref>{{cite web |author= Jack Stevenson |date=[[4 May]] [[2006]] |url= http://www.bubblegum-music.com/eurovision | publisher = Bubblegum University | title= Eurovision: The Candy-Coated Song Factory |accessdate= 2006-07-15}}</ref> This well-established pattern, however, was notably broken in 2006 with Finnish hard rock band [[Lordi]]'s landslide victory. As it is a visual show, many performances attempt to attract the attention of the voters through means other than the music, which sometimes leads to bizarre onstage [[gimmick]]s. ===Political and national voting=== The Contest has long been perceived as politically influenced, where judges&mdash;and now televoters&mdash;allocate points based on their nation's political relationship to the other countries, rather than on the musical merits of the songs.<ref>{{cite web |publisher= BBC News |date= [[16 May]] [[2004]] |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_east/3719157.stm |title= Eurovision votes 'farce' attack |accessdate= 2006-07-15}}</ref> An analysis of voting patterns does indeed show that certain countries tend to favour certain other countries with which they are politically aligned.<ref>{{cite web |author= Daniel Fenn, Omer Suleman, Janet Efstathiou & Neil F. Johnson, Oxford University |date= [[22 May]] [[2006]] |url= http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0505071v1 |title= Connections, cliques and compatibility between countries in the Eurovision Song Contest | publisher = arxiv.org | accessdate= 2007-05-02}}</ref>. Countries which have large expatriate populations in many European countries (in particular Turkey, Russia and Greece) have a further advantage, as they are guaranteed a significant number of votes, no matter what quality of song they participate with. Defenders of the Contest argue that the reason certain countries allocate disproportionately high points to others is because the people of those countries share similar musical tastes and cultures<ref>{{cite web |author= Laura Spierdjik & Michel Vellekoop, University of Twente |date= [[18 May]] [[2006]] |url= http://www.rug.nl/economie/faculteit/medewerkers/SpierdijkL/eurovision.pdf?as=pdf |title= Geography, Culture, and Religion: Explaining the Bias in Eurovision Song Contest Voting | format = PDF | publisher = rug.nl | accessdate=2007-04-18 |format=PDF}}</ref> and speak similar languages, and are therefore more likely to appreciate each other's music: for example, the explanation for Greece and Cyprus's frequent exchange of 12 points is because those countries share the same music industry and language, and artists who are popular in one country are popular in the other. ==Spin-offs== A number of spin-offs and imitators of the Eurovision Song Contest have been produced over the years: * [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest]]&mdash;held annually since 2003, for artists under the age of 16. * [[Sopot International Song Festival]]&mdash;held in [[Sopot]], Poland, sporadically since 1961. * [[Intervision Song Contest]]&mdash;held by the [[Eastern bloc]] countries between 1977 and 1980. * [[World Oriental Music Festival]]&mdash;first held in [[Sarajevo]] in 2005; includes participants from Europe and Asia. * [[Jewrovision Song Contest]]&mdash; held annually since 2004, for artists from the Jewish Community of [[Germany]] aged 8-18 years. * [[Bundesvision Song Contest]]&mdash;held annually between the 16 states of [[Germany]] since 2005. * [[World Vision: An American Anthem]]&mdash;proposed competition based on the Eurovision format, bought by [[NBC]] from the EBU: the states of the USA would submit songs in a competition. <ref>{{cite web |publisher= BBC News |date= [[11 February]] [[2006]] |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4703748.stm | title= US to emulate Eurovision contest|accessdate=2006-07-20}}</ref> <!-- PLEASE NOTE: The "Eurovision Dance Contest", which has recently been announced by the EBU, is NOT a spin-off of the Eurovision Song Contest. It judt happens to share the name "Eurovision", as another EBU event. Please do not add it here. This list is for song competitions, which have been directly inspired by the Eurovision Song Contest. --> In Autumn 2005, the EBU organised a special programme to celebrate the 50<sup>th</sup> anniversary of the Contest. The show, entitled [[Congratulations (Eurovision)|Congratulations]] (after [[Cliff Richard]]'s [[Congratulations (song)|entry]] for the United Kingdom in 1968) was held in Copenhagen, and featured many artists from the last 50 years of the Contest. A telephone vote was held to determine the most popular Eurovision song of all-time, which was won by ABBA's ''Waterloo'' (winner, Sweden 1974).<ref>{{cite web| publisher= BBC News| date= [[23 October]] [[2005]] |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/4366574.stm |title= Abba win 'Eurovision 50th' vote|accessdate=2006-07-20}}</ref> ==See also== {{Eurovision years}} * ''[[Best of Eurovision]]'' * [[European music]] ==Notes== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== {{commonscat|Eurovision}} * [http://www.eurovision.tv Eurovision Song Contest] <!--PLEASE NOTE: Wikipedia is not a link farm. Please do not list country-specific sites, sites which violate the artist's copyright, or non-English-language sites. Please review [[WP:EL]] before adding.--> ;Articles in academic journals <!--sorted chronologically--> * Yair, G; (1995). [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/03788733/1995/00000017/00000002/art00253 'Unite Unite Europe' The political and cultural structures of Europe as reflected in the Eurovision Song Contest], ''Social Networks''. 17: 147-161. * Yair and Maman (1996). [http://asj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/39/3/309 The Persistent Structure of Hegemony in the Eurovision Song Contest], ''Acta Sociologica''. 39: 309-325 * Fenn D; ''et al'' ( 2005.). [http://www.citebase.org/abstract?id=oai:arXiv.org:physics/0505071 How does Europe make its mind up? Connections, cliques, and compatibility between countries in the Eurovision Song Contest]. ''arXiv:physics''/0505071 * Gatherer, D. (2006). [http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/9/2/1.html Comparison of Eurovision Song Contest Simulation with Actual Results Reveals Shifting Patterns of Collusive Voting Alliances], ''Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation'' vol. 9, no. 2 {{EurovisionCountries}} {{featured article}} [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest|*]] [[Category:Music competitions]] [[Category:Singing competitions]] [[Category:Song contests]] [[Category:European Broadcasting Union]] {{Link FA|sr}} [[ar:مسابقة يوروفيجن للأغاني]] [[ast:Festival de la Canción d'Eurovisión]] [[az:Avroviziya Mahnı Müsabiqəsi]] [[bs:Eurovision Song Contest]] [[bg:Песен на Евровизия]] [[ca:Festival d'Eurovisió]] [[cv:Еврокурав]] [[cs:Velká cena Eurovize]] [[cy:Cystadleuaeth Cân Eurovision]] [[da:Eurovision Song Contest]] [[de:Eurovision Song Contest]] [[et:Eurovisiooni lauluvõistlus]] [[el:Διαγωνισμός Τραγουδιού Eurovision]] [[es:Festival de la Canción de Eurovisión]] [[eo:Eŭrovido-Kantokonkurso]] [[eu:Eurovision Kanta Txapelketa]] [[fa:مسابقه آواز یوروویژن]] [[ext:Festival d'Urovisión]] [[fr:Concours Eurovision de la chanson]] [[ga:Comórtas Amhránaíochta na hEoraifíse]] [[gl:Festival de Eurovisión]] [[ko:유로비전 송 콘테스트]] [[hsb:Eurovision Song Contest]] [[hr:Pjesma Eurovizije]] [[id:Kontes Lagu Eurovision]] [[is:Söngvakeppni evrópskra sjónvarpsstöðva]] [[it:Eurofestival]] [[he:אירוויזיון]] [[ka:ევროვიზიის სიმღერის კონკურსი]] [[la:Musicum Eurovisionis Certamen]] [[lv:Eirovīzijas dziesmu konkurss]] [[lb:Eurovision Song Contest]] [[lt:Eurovizija]] [[hu:Eurovíziós Dalfesztivál]] [[mk:Евровизија]] [[mt:Festival tal-Eurovision]] [[nl:Eurovisie Songfestival]] [[ja:ユーロビジョン・ソング・コンテスト]] [[no:Eurovision Song Contest]] [[nn:Eurovision Song Contest]] [[uz:Eurovision qoʻshiq tanlovi]] [[pl:Konkurs Piosenki Eurowizji]] [[pt:Festival Eurovisão da Canção]] [[ro:Concursul Muzical Eurovision]] [[ru:Конкурс песни «Евровидение»]] [[sq:Festivali Evropian i Këngës]] [[scn:Cuncursu Eurovision]] [[simple:Eurovision Song Contest]] [[sk:Veľká cena Eurovízie]] [[sl:Pesem Evrovizije]] [[sr:Песма Евровизије]] [[sh:Eurosong]] [[fi:Eurovision laulukilpailu]] [[sv:Eurovision Song Contest]] [[th:การประกวดเพลงยูโรวิชัน]] [[vi:Eurovision]] [[tg:Озмуни Эвровижн]] [[tr:Eurovision Şarkı Yarışması]] [[uk:Пісенний конкурс Євробачення]] [[wuu:欧罗维竞唱歌比赛]] [[bat-smg:Eurovėzėjė]] [[zh:歐洲歌唱大賽]]