Evening Grosbeak 371746 223070122 2008-07-02T12:44:43Z 216.106.239.4 /* External Links */ {{Taxobox | name = Evening Grosbeak | status = LC | image Abendkernbeisser_m.jpg | image_width = 240px | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] | classis = [[bird|Aves]] | ordo = [[Passeriformes]] | familia = [[Fringillidae]] | genus = ''[[Coccothraustes]]'' | species = '''''C. vespertinus''''' | binomial = ''Coccothraustes vespertinus'' | binomial_authority = ([[William Cooper (conchologist)|W. Cooper]], [[1825]]) | synonyms = ''Hesperiphona vespertina'' | range_map = Coccothraustes vespertinus-map.jpg | range_map_width = 200px | range_map_caption = Summer and all-year range }} The '''Evening Grosbeak''', ''Coccothraustes vespertinus'', is a large [[finch]]. In the past, it was treated in a genus of its own as ''Hesperiphona vespertina'', but is now usually placed in the same genus as the [[Hawfinch]] of [[Eurasia]]. The breeding habitat is [[conifer]]ous and mixed forest across [[Canada]] and the western mountainous areas of the [[United States]] and [[Mexico]]. It is an extremely rare vagrant to the [[British Isles]], with just two records so far. The nest is built on a horizontal branch or in a fork of a tree. The [[Bird migration|migration]] of this bird is variable; in some winters, it may wander as far south as the southern U.S. [[Image:Coccothraustes-vespertinus-001.jpg|thumb|left|A female Evening Grosbeak in [[Algonquin Provincial Park]], Ontario, Canada]] The Evening Grosbeak is 18.5 cm long. The adult has a short black tail, black wings and a large pale bill. The adult male has a bright yellow forehead and body; its head is brown and there is a large white patch in the wing. The adult female is mainly olive-brown, greyer on the underparts and with white patches in the wings. These birds forage in trees and bushes, sometimes on the ground. They mainly eat seeds, berries and insects. Outside of the nesting season, they often feed in flocks. Sometimes, they will swallow fine gravel for the salts. The range of this bird has expanded far to the east in historical times, possibly due to plantings of [[Manitoba maple]]s and other maples and shrubs around farms and the availability of bird feeders in winter. ==References== * {{IUCN2006|assessors=BirdLife International|year=2004|id=53499|title=Coccothraustes vespertinus|downloaded=9 May 2006}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern ==External Links== *[http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Evening_Grosbeak.html Cornell - All About Birds] Evening Grosbeak Information *[http://sdakotabirds.com/species/evening_grosbeak_info.htm South Dakota Birds and Birding] Evening Grosbeak Information and Photographs *[http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i5140id.html USGS Bird Identification Infocenter] Evening Grosbeak ==Further reading== ===Book=== Gillihan, S. W., and B. Byers. 2001. ''Evening Grosbeak (Coccothraustes verspertinus)''. In ''The Birds of North America'', No. 599 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA. ===Thesis=== * Prescott DRC. Ph.D. (1992). ''Differential migration in the evening grosbeak (Coccothraustes vespertinus): A test of hypotheses''. University of Calgary (Canada), Canada. ===Articles=== * Bekoff M. (1995). ''Cognitive ethology, vigilance, information gathering, and representation: Who might know what and why?''. Behavioural Processes. vol '''35''', no 1-3. p. 225-237. * Bekoff M. (1995). ''Vigilance, Flock Size, and Flock Geometry: Information Gathering by Western Evening Grosbeaks (Aves, Fringillidae)''. Ethology. vol '''99''', no 2. p. 150-161. * Bekoff M, Scott AC & Conner DA. (1987). ''Nonrandom Nest-Site Selection in Evening Grosbeaks''. Condor. vol '''89''', no 4. p. 819-829. * Bekoff M, Scott AC & Conner DA. (1989). ''Ecological Analyses of Nesting Success in Evening Grosbeaks''. [[Oecologia]]. vol '''81''', no 1. p. 67-74. * Bennetts RE & Hutto RL. (1985). ''Attraction of Social Fringillids to Mineral Salts an Experimental Study''. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol '''56''', no 2. p. 187-189. * Brunswig NL, Winton SG & Hamel PB. (1983). ''A Dietary Overlap of Evening Grosbeaks Coccothraustes-Vespertinus and Carolina Parakeets Conuropsis-Carolinensis''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''95''', no 3. * Cumming EE & Diamond AW. (2002). ''Songbird community composition versus forest rotation age in Saskatchewan boreal mixedwood forest''. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol '''116''', no 1. p. 69-75. * Daoust PY, Busby DG, Ferns L, Goltz J, McBurney S, Poppe C & Whitney H. (2000). ''Salmonellosis in songbirds in the Canadian Atlantic provinces during winter-summer 1997-98''. Canadian Veterinary Journal-Revue Veterinaire Canadienne. vol '''41''', no 1. p. 54-59. * Dean J. (1985). ''An Extraordinary Evening Grosbeak''. Ontario Bird Banding. vol '''17''', no 17. * Desser SS. (1980). ''An Ultrastructural Study of the Asexual Development of a Presumed Isospora-Sp in Mononuclear Phagocytic Cells of the Evening Grosbeak Hesperiphona-Vespertina''. Journal of Parasitology. vol '''66''', no 4. p. 601-612. * Fee BA & Bekoff M. (1986). ''POLYGYNY IN THE EVENING GROSBEAK''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''98''', no 2. p. 308-308. * Garrison BA, Triggs ML & Wachs RL. (2005). ''Short-term effects of group-selection timber harvest on landbirds in montane hardwood-conifer habitat in the central Sierra Nevada''. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol '''76''', no 1. p. 72-82. * Gilbert FF & Allwine R. (1991). ''Spring Bird Communities in the Oregon Cascade Range USA''. U S Forest Service General Technical Report PNW. vol '''285''', p. 145-159. * Gillihan SW & Byers B. (2001). ''Evening Grosbeak: Coccothraustes vespertinus''. Birds of North America. vol '''599''', p. 1-23. * Hagar JC, McComb WC & Emmingham WH. (1996). ''Bird communities in commercially thinned and unthinned Douglas-fir stands of western Oregon''. Wildlife Society Bulletin. vol '''24''', no 2. p. 353-366. * Hahn TP, Kelsey TR & Pereyra ME. (2001). ''Geographic variation in flight calls of a nomadic cardueline finch, the evening grosbeak (Coccothraustes vespertinus)''. American Zoologist. vol '''41''', no 6. p. 1462-1463. * Hayes JP, Weikel JM & Huso MMP. (2003). ''Response of birds to thinning young Douglas-fir forests''. Ecological Applications. vol '''13''', no 5. p. 1222-1232. * Helleiner CW. (1979). ''Xanthochroism in the Evening Grosbeak''. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol '''93''', no 1. p. 66-67. * Hudon J. (1997). ''Non-melanic schizochroism in Alberta Evening Grosbeaks, Coccothraustes vespertinus''. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol '''111''', no 4. p. 652-654. * Kinch B. (2006). ''Northern Shrike preys on Pine Grosbeak''. Ontario Birds. vol '''24''', no 3. p. 160-161. * Koenig WD & Knops JMH. (2001). ''Seed-crop size and eruptions of North American boreal seed-eating birds''. Journal of Animal Ecology. vol '''70''', no 4. p. 609-620. * Langelier LA & Garton EO. (1986). ''Management Guidelines for Increasing Populations of Birds That Feed on Western Spruce Budworm''. U S Department of Agriculture - Agriculture Handbook. vol '''653''', p. 1-19. * LeBaron GS. (2000). ''The one-hundred first Christmas Bird Count''. American Birds. vol '''101''', p. 6-12. * Levine ND. (1982). ''The Genus Atoxoplasma Protozoa Apicomplexa''. Journal of Parasitology. vol '''68''', no 4. p. 719-723. * Manuwal DA. (1991). ''Spring Bird Communities in the Southern Washington Cascade Range USA''. U S Forest Service General Technical Report PNW. vol '''285''', p. 161-175. * McGraw KJ, Beebee MD, Hill GE & Parker RS. (2003). ''Lutein-based plumage coloration in songbirds is a consequence of selective pigment incorporation into feathers''. Comparative Biochemistry & Physiology Part B Biochemistry & Molecular Biology 135B. vol '''4''', p. 689-696. * McGraw KJ, Hudon J, Hill GE & Parker RS. (2005). ''A simple and inexpensive chemical test for behavioral ecologists to determine the presence of carotenoid pigments in animal tissues''. Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology. vol '''57''', no 4. p. 391-397. * Mikaelian I, Ley DH, Claveau R, Lemieux M & Berube J-P. (2001). ''Mycoplasmosis in evening and pine grosbeaks with conjunctivitis in Quebec''. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. vol '''37''', no 4. p. 826-830. * Mindell DP & Sites JWJ. (1987). ''Tissue Expression Patterns of Avian Isozymes a Preliminary Study of Phylogenetic Applications''. Systematic Zoology. vol '''36''', no 2. p. 137-152. * O'Hara PD, Fernandez G, Haase B, de la Cueva H & Lank DB. (2006). ''Differential migration in Western Sandpipers with respect to body size and wing length''. Condor. vol '''108''', no 1. p. 225-232. * Prescott DRC. (1991). ''Winter Distribution of Age and Sex Classes in an Irruptive Migrant the Evening Grosbeak Coccothraustes-Vespertinus''. Condor. vol '''93''', no 3. p. 694-700. * Prescott DRC. (1994). ''Intraspecific and geographical trends in body size of a differential migrant, the Evening Grosbeak''. Auk. vol '''111''', no 3. p. 693-702. * Scott AC & Bekoff M. (1991). ''Breeding Behavior of Evening Grosbeaks''. Condor. vol '''93''', no 1. p. 71-81. * Sewall K, Kelsey R & Hahn TP. (2004). ''Discrete variants of Evening Grosbeak flight calls''. Condor. vol '''106''', no 1. p. 161-165. * Svingen D & Rogers TH. (1994). ''Winter Season: Idaho/Western Montana Region''. National Audubon Society Field Notes. vol '''48''', no 3. p. 320-322. * Takekawa JY & Garton EO. (1984). ''HOW MUCH IS AN EVENING GROSBEAK WORTH''. Journal of Forestry. vol '''82''', no 7. p. 426-428. * Van Scheik WJ. (1994). ''Burrowing mites that pester birds''. Blue Jay. vol '''52''', no 4. p. 204-205. * Wilson WH, Jr. (1995). ''The distribution of wintering birds in central Maine: The interactive effects of landscape and bird feeders''. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol '''65''', no 4. p. 512-519. * Zach R & Mayoh KR. (1985). ''Gamma-Radiation-Induced Spatial Avoidance in Birds''. Radiation Research. vol '''104''', no 1. p. 66-70. [[Category:Coccothraustes]] [[Category:Grosbeaks]] [[Category:Birds of North America|Grosbeak, Evening]] [[Category:Birds of Sierra Madre Occidental|Grosbeak, Evening]] [[Category:Birds of Saint Pierre and Miquelon|Grosbeak, Evening]] [[de:Abendkernbeißer]] [[fr:Grosbec errant]] [[hu:Kései meggyvágó]] [[ja:キビタイシメ]] [[no:Gulbrynkjernebiter]] [[pl:Grubodziób białoskrzydły]] [[tr:Akşam kocabaşı]]