Exopterygota 1853054 219547577 2008-06-15T19:34:48Z TXiKiBoT 3171782 robot Adding: [[sk:Exopterygota]] {{Taxobox | name = Exopterygota |fossil_range=[[Carboniferous]] - Recent | image = Totenkopfschabe ausgewachsen.jpg | image_width = 240px | image_caption = [[Death's head cockroach]] or brown-winged ''[[Blaberus]]'' hybrid<br/>Adult (above) and two immatures (note wing stubs) | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Arthropod]]a | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | classis = [[Insect]]a | subclassis = [[Pterygota]] | infraclassis = [[Neoptera]] | superordo = '''Exopterygota''' | superordo_authority = | subdivision_ranks = [[Order (biology)|Order]]s | subdivision = [[Notoptera]] (ice-crawlers & gladiators)<br /> [[Plecoptera]] (stoneflies)<br /> [[Embioptera]] (webspinners)<br /> [[Zoraptera]] (angel insects)<br /> [[Dermaptera]] (earwigs)<br /> [[Orthoptera]] ([[grasshopper]]s, etc)<br /> [[Phasmatodea]] (stick insects)<br /> [[Blattaria]] (cockroaches)<br /> [[Isoptera]] (termites)<br /> [[Mantodea]] (mantids)<br /> [[Psocoptera]] (booklice, barklice)<br /> [[Thysanoptera]] (thrips)<br /> [[Phthiraptera]] ([[lice]])<br /> [[Hemiptera]] (true [[bug (disambiguation)|bug]]s)<br /> For Extinct groups and possible future splits, see text. }} The '''Exopterygota''', also known as '''Hemipterodea''', are a [[superorder]] of [[insect]]s of the [[subclass]] [[Pterygota]] in the [[infraclass]] [[Neoptera]], in which the young resemble adults but have externally-developing wings. They undergo a modest change between immature and adult, without going through a [[pupa]]l stage. The nymphs develop gradually into adults through a process of [[ecdysis|moulting]]. The Exopterygota are a highly diverse insect superorder, with at least 130,000 living species divided between 15 [[Order (biology)|orders]]. They include [[termite]]s, [[locust]]s, [[thrip]]s, [[lice]] and [[stick insect]]s, among many other types of insects. They are distinguished from the [[Endopterygota]] (or Holometabola) by the way in which their wings develop. Endopterygota (meaning literally "internal winged forms") develop wings inside the body and undergo an elaborate metamorphosis involving a pupal stage. Exopterygota ("external winged forms") develop wings on the outside of their bodies without going through a true pupal stage, though a few have something resembling a pupa (e.g., [[Aleyrodidae]]). [[Ephemeroptera]] (mayflies) and [[Odonata]] (dragonflies and damselflies) also have gradual wing development, this being a [[plesiomorph]]ic trait. These two orders belong to the [[paraphyletic]] infraclass [[Paleoptera]] however, which is not included in Neoptera. As opposed to Neoptera, they cannot fold their wings over their back in the [[horizontal]] plane, only vertically (as [[damselflies]] do) if at all. ==Systematics== [[Integrated Taxonomic Information System|ITIS]] considers any subdivision of the Neoptera beyond the [[order (biology)|order]]s invalid, but this is almost universally rejected. More recently, there is increasing debate about how to subdivide the Exopterygota, and the Neoptera in general. It is realized that some presumed Exopterygota may in fact be [[basal (evolution)|basal]] neopterans, making the superorder [[paraphyletic]], just as the Palaeoptera are now increasingly accepted to be among the winged insects in general. Here is a complete list of living and [[Extinct]] orders of "exopterygotes", with some proposed subdivisions: Superorder Exopterygota ''[[sensu stricto]]''{{Verify source|date=August 2007}}<!-- most are more likely basal, such as mantids, blattids, termites etc --> * [[Caloneurodea]] (Extinct) * [[Titanoptera]] (Extinct) * [[Protorthoptera]] (Extinct) * [[Plecoptera]] (stoneflies) * [[Embioptera]] (webspinners) * [[Zoraptera]] (angel insects) * [[Dermaptera]] (earwigs) * [[Orthoptera]] ([[grasshopper]]s, etc) Proposed superorder [[Dictyoptera]] * [[Phasmatodea]] (stick insects - tentatively placed here) * [[Notoptera]] (ice-crawlers & gladiators - tentatively placed here) * [[Blattaria]] (cockroaches) * [[Isoptera]] (termites) * [[Mantodea]] (mantids) Proposed superorder [[Paraneoptera]] * [[Psocoptera]] (booklice, barklice) * [[Thysanoptera]] (thrips) * [[Phthiraptera]] ([[lice]]) * [[Hemiptera]] (true [[bug (disambiguation)|bug]]s) [[Category:Insects]] [[ca:Exopterigot]] [[de:Hemimetabole Insekten]] [[es:Exopterygota]] [[fr:Exopterygota]] [[ko:외시상목]] [[is:Útvængjur]] [[it:Exopterygota]] [[nl:Exopterygota]] [[pt:Exopterygota]] [[sk:Exopterygota]]