Expressive aphasia 9841 225915637 2008-07-16T00:17:05Z 220.255.7.216 /* Presentation */ {{DiseaseDisorder infobox | Name = Expressive aphasia | Image = BrocasAreaSmall.png | Caption = Broca's area and Wernicke's area | ICD10 = {{ICD10|F|80|1|f|80}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|315.31}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | DiseasesDB = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = | eMedicineTopic = | MeshID = D001039 | }} '''Expressive aphasia''', known as '''Broca's aphasia''' in [[clinical neuropsychology]] and '''agrammatic aphasia''' in [[cognitive neuropsychology]], is an [[aphasia]] caused by damage to or developmental issues in anterior regions of the [[brain]], including (but not limited to) the left inferior frontal region known as [[Broca's area]] ([[Brodmann area 44]] and [[Brodmann area 45]]).{{Fact|date=November 2007}} ==Presentation== Sufferers of this form of aphasia exhibit the common problem of '''[[agrammatism]]'''. For them, [[Speech communication|speech]] is difficult to initiate, [[fluency|non-fluent]], labored, and halting. Respectfully, writing is difficult as well. [[Intonation (linguistics)|Intonation]] and stress patterns are deficient. [[Language]] is reduced to disjointed words and sentence construction is poor, omitting [[function word]]s and [[inflections]] ([[bound morpheme]]s). A person with expressive aphasia might say ''"Son ... University ... Smart ... Boy ... Good ... Good ... "'' For example, in the following passage, a Broca's aphasic patient is trying to explain how he came to the hospital for dental surgery: :Yes... ah... Monday... er... Dad and Peter H... (his own name), and Dad.... er... hospital... and ah... Wednesday... Wednesday, nine o'clock... and oh... Thursday... ten o'clock, ah doctors... two... an' doctors... and er... teeth... yah.<ref>{{cite book | first=H. | last=Goodglass | coauthors=N. Geschwind | chapter=Language disorders | editor=E. Carterette and M.P. Friedman | title=Handbook of Perception: Language and Speech. Vol VII | publisher=Academic Press | location=New York | year=1976}}</ref> In extreme cases, patients may be only able to produce a single word. The most famous case of this was [[Paul Broca]]'s patient Leborgne, nicknamed "Tan", after the only syllable he could say. Even in such cases, over-learned and rote-learned speech patterns may be retained<ref>{{cite web | title= Specific Syndromes: The Nonfluent Aphasias | work=Neuropathologies of Language and Cognition | url=http://www.csuchico.edu/~pmccaff/syllabi/SPPA336/336unit7.html | accessdate=2006-05-10}}</ref>&mdash;for instance, some patients can count from one to ten, but cannot produce the same numbers in ordinary conversation. While word [[comprehension]] is generally preserved, meaning interpretation dependent on syntax and phrase structure is substantially impaired. This can be demonstrated by using phrases with unusual structures. A typical Broca's aphasic patient will misinterpret "the dog is bitten by the man" by switching the subject and object.<ref>{{cite web | title= Neurology of Syntax | work=Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23 (1) | url=http://bbsonline.cup.cam.ac.uk/Preprints/OldArchive/bbs.grodzinsky.html | accessdate=2006-05-10}}</ref> Patients who recover go on to say that they knew what they wanted to say but could not express themselves. [[wikt:Residual|Residual]] deficits will often be seen. ==Classification and diagnosis== Expressive aphasia is also a classification of non-fluent aphasia, as opposed to fluent aphasia. Diagnosis is done on a case by case basis, as [[lesions]] often affect surrounding [[Cerebral cortex|cortex]] and deficits are not well conserved between patients. ==Famous Sufferers== * [[Ram Dass]] == See also == * [[Broca's area]] * [[aphasia]] * [[Dysnomia]] * [[Anomia]] * Compare with [[receptive aphasia|receptive aphasia (Wernicke's aphasia)]]. ==References== {{reflist}} ==External Links== * [http://www.aphasiacenter.org/ Aphasia Center of California] in Oakland, CA, U.S. {{Mental and behavioural disorders}} {{Lesions of spinal cord and brain}} {{Speech and voice symptoms and signs}} [[Category:Aphasias]] {{psych-stub}} {{disease-stub}} [[de:Broca-Aphasie]] [[it:Afasia motoria]] [[nl:Motorische afasie]]