Eye surgery 587878 222893170 2008-07-01T16:58:50Z Palfrey 10096 /* Eyelid surgery [http://www.iupui.edu/~ophthal/html/eyes_eyelidesurgery.html] */ reduce excess indenting [[Image:Augenoperation 1195.jpg|thumb|right|Eye surgery in the middle ages.]] '''Eye surgery''', also known as '''orogolomistician surgery''' or '''ocular surgery''', is [[surgery]] performed on the [[eye]] or its [[adnexa]], typically by an [[ophthalmologist]].<ref>[http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/La-Pa/Ophthalmologic-Surgery.html Surgery Encyclopedia - Ophthalmologic surgery]</ref> Although most eye surgery can be performed by an experienced general ophthalmologist, more complex procedures are usually done by one who is fellowship trained. ==Preparation and precautions== The eye is a delicate organ, requiring extreme care before, during and after a surgical procedure. An expert ophthalmologist must identify the need for specific procedure and be responsible for conducting the procedure safely. Many university programs allow patients to specify if they want to be operated upon by the consultant or the resident / fellow. Proper anesthesia is a must for any eye surgery. Local anesthesia is most commonly used. [[Retrobulbar]] and [[peribulbar]] techniques for infiltrating the local area surrounding the eye muscle cone are used to immobilize the extraocular muscles and eliminate pain sensation. Topical [[anesthesia]] using lidocaine topical gel is preferred for quick procedures. In topical anesthesia, patient cooperation is a must for a smooth procedure. [[General anesthesia]] is recommended for children, traumatic eye injuries, major orbitotomies and for apprehensive patients. Cardiovascular monitoring is preferable in [[local anesthesia]] and is mandatory in general anesthesia. Proper sterile precautions are taken to prepare the area for surgery, including use of antiseptics like [[povidone-iodine]]. Sterile drapes, gowns and gloves are a must. A plastic sheet with a receptacle helps collect the fluids during phacoemulsification. An eye speculum is inserted to keep the eyes wide open. For anxious patients, supplementation with a facial nerve block using [[lidocaine]] and [[bupivacaine]] is recommended. ==Laser eye surgery == Although the terms Laser Eye Surgery and [[Refractive surgery]] are commonly used as if they were interchangeable, this is not the case. Lasers may be used to treat nonrefractive conditions (e.g. to seal a retinal tear), while radial keratotomy is an example of refractive surgery without the use of a laser. ==Cataract surgery== {{main|Cataract surgery}} [[Image:Cataract surgery.jpg|thumb|216px|right|Cataract surgery, using a temporal approach phacoemulsification probe (in right hand) and "chopper"(in left hand) being done under operating microscope at a Navy medical center]] A [[cataract]] is an opacification or cloudiness of the eye's [[lens (anatomy)|crystalline lens]] due to aging, disease, or trauma that typically prevents light from forming a clear image on the [[retina]]. If [[visual loss]] is significant, surgical removal of the lens may be warranted, with lost [[optical power]] usually replaced with a plastic [[intraocular lens]] (IOL). Due to the high prevalence of cataracts, cataract extraction is the most common eye surgery.<ref>Uhr, Barry W. ''History of ophthalmology at Baylor University Medical Center''. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2003 October; 16(4): 435–438. PMID 16278761</ref> ==Glaucoma surgery== {{main|Glaucoma surgery}} [[Glaucoma]] is a group of diseases affecting the [[optic nerve]] that results in [[vision loss]] and is frequently characterized by raised [[intraocular pressure]] (IOP). There are many types of glaucoma surgery, and variations or combinations of those types, that facilitate the escape of excess [[aqueous humor]] from the eye to lower intraocular pressure, and a few that lower IOP by decreasing the production of aqueous humor. ==== Canaloplasty ==== Canaloplasty is an advanced, nonpenetrating procedure designed to enhance drainage through the eye’s natural drainage system to provide sustained reduction of IOP. Canaloplasty utilizes microcatheter technology in a simple and minimally invasive procedure. To perform a canaloplasty, an Ophthalmologist creates a tiny incision to gain access to a canal in the eye. A microcatheter circumnavigates the canal around the iris, enlarging the main drainage channel and its smaller collector channels through the injection of a sterile, gel-like material called viscoelastic. The catheter is then removed and a suture is placed within the canal and tightened. By opening up the canal, the pressure inside the eye can be reduced. [https://mediamillinc.com/vjo.php?display=video&id=013] [http://www.jcrsjournal.org/article/S0886-3350(08)00004-7/abstract,][http://www.jcrsjournal.org/article/S0886-3350(07)00697-9/abstract] ==Refractive surgery== {{main|Refractive surgery}} *Refractive surgery aims to correct errors of refraction in the eye, reducing or eliminating the need for corrective lenses **'''[[Keratomilleusis]]''' is method of reshaping the cornea surface to change its [[optical power]]. A disc of cornea is shaved off, quickly frozen, lathe-ground, then returned to its original power. **'''[[Automated lamellar keratoplasty]]''' (ALK) **'''Laser assisted in-situ keratomileusis''' ([[LASIK]])<ref name="LASIK">[http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/La-Pa/Laser-In-Situ-Keratomileusis-LASIK.html Surgery Encyclopedia - LASIK]</ref> ***'''[[IntraLASIK]]''' **'''Laser assisted sub-epithelial keratomileusis''' ([[LASEK]]), aka Epi-LASIK **'''[[Photorefractive keratectomy]]''' (PRK)<ref>[http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Pa-St/Photorefractive-Keratectomy-PRK.html Surgery Encyclopedia - PRK]</ref> **'''[[Laser thermal keratoplasty]]''' (LTK) **'''[[Conductive keratoplasty]]''' (CK) uses radio frequency waves to shrink corneal collagen. It is used to treat mild to moderate hyperopia.<ref name="LASIK"/> **Limbal relaxing incisions (LRI) **'''[[Astigmatic keratotomy]]''' (AK), aka Arcuate keratotomy or Transverse keratotomy **'''[[Radial keratotomy]]''' (RK) **'''[[Hexagonal keratotomy]]''' (HK) **'''[[Epikeratophakia]]''' is the removal of the corneal epithelium and replacement with a lathe cut corneal button.<ref name="cornealtransplant">[http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Ce-Fi/Corneal-Transplantation.html Surgery Encyclopedia - Corneal transplantation]</ref> **'''[[Intracorneal rings]]''' (ICRs), or corneal ring segments (''Intacs'') <ref>[http://www.iupui.edu/~ophthal/html/eyes_intercornealrings.html intercornealrings<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> **Implantable contact lenses *Presbyopia reversal **Anterior ciliary sclerotomy (ACS) ***Laser reversal of presbyopia (LRP) **Scleral expansion bands ==Corneal surgery== *[[Cornea|Corneal surgery]] includes most refractive surgery as well as the following: **'''[[Cornea transplant|Corneal transplant surgery]]''', is used to remove a cloudy/diseased cornea and replace it with a clear donor cornea.<ref name="cornealtransplant"/> ***'''[[Penetrating keratoplasty]]''' (PK) ***'''[[Boston Keratoprosthesis]]'''(KPro) **'''[[Phototherapeutic keratectomy]]''' (PTK)<ref>[http://www.iupui.edu/~ophthal/html/eyes_phototherapeutickeratectomy.html Indiana University Department of Ophthalmology - Phototherapeutic Keratectomy (PTK)]</ref> **[[Pterygium]] excision<ref>[http://www.mdadvice.com/library/symp/surgery44.html MDAdvice.com - Pterygium removal]</ref> **[[Corneal tattooing]] **'''Osteo-Odonto-Keratoprosthesis''' (OOKP), in which support for an artificial cornea is created from a tooth and its surrounding jawbone.<ref>http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/irelandbritainhealthoffbeat</ref> This is a still-experimental procedure used for patients with severely damaged eyes, generally from burns.<ref>http://www.wihrd.soton.ac.uk/projx/signpost/steers/STEER_2001(6).pdf</ref> ==Vitreo-retinal surgery== [[Image:Vitrectomy3727-PH.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Vitrectomy.]] *Vitreo-retinal surgery includes the following **'''[[Vitrectomy]]'''<ref>[http://www.iupui.edu/~ophthal/html/eyes_vitrectomysurgery.html vitrectomysurgery<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ***'''Anterior vitrectomy''' is the removal of the front portion of vitreous tissue. It is used for preventing or treating vitreous loss during cataract or corneal surgery, or to remove misplaced vitreous in conditions such as aphakia pupillary block glaucoma. ***'''Pars plana vitrectomy''' (PPV), or trans pars plana vitrectomy (TPPV), is a procedure to remove vitreous opacities and membranes through a pars plana incision. It is frequently combined with other intraocular procedures for the treatment of giant retinal tears, tractional retinal detachments, and posterior vitreous detachments [http://www.vrmny.com/vitrectomy.htm]. **'''Pan retinal photocoagulation''' (PRP) is a type of photocoagulation therapy used in the treatment of [[diabetic retinopathy]].<ref name="photocoagulation">[http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Pa-St/Photocoagulation-Therapy.html Surgery Encyclopedia - Photocoagulation therapy]</ref> **[[Retinal detachment]] repair ***'''[[Ignipuncture]]''' is an obsolete procedure that involves [[cauterization]] of the retina with a very hot pointed instrument.<ref name="Wolfensberger">Wolfensberger TJ. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14750617&dopt=Abstract "Jules Gonin. Pioneer of retinal detachment surgery."] ''Indian J Ophthalmol.'' 2003 Dec;51(4):303-8. PMID 14750617.</ref> ***A [[scleral buckle]] is used in the repair of a retinal detachment to indent or "buckle" the sclera inward, usually by sewing a piece of preserved sclera or silicone rubber to its surface.<ref>[http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Pa-St/Scleral-Buckling.html Surgery Encyclopedia - Scleral Buckling]</ref> ***Laser photocoagulation, or photocoagulation therapy, is the use of a laser to seal a retinal tear.<ref name="photocoagulation"/> ***'''Pneumatic retinopexy''' ***'''Retinal cryopexy''', or '''retinal cryotherapy''', is a procedure that uses intense cold to induce a chorioretinal scar and to destroy retinal or choroidal tissue.<ref>[http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Pa-St/Retinal-Cryopexy.html Surgery Encyclopedia - Retinal_cryopexy]</ref> **Macular hole repair **'''Partial lamellar sclerouvectomy'''<ref>Shields JA, Shields CL. ''Surgical approach to lamellar sclerouvectomy for posterior uveal melanomas: the 1986 Schoenberg lecture.'' Ophthalmic Surg. 1988 Nov;19(11):774-80. PMID 3222038.</ref> ***'''Partial lamellar sclerocyclochoroidectomy''' ***'''Partial lamellar sclerochoroidectomy''' **'''Posterior sclerotomy''' is an opening made into the vitreous through the sclera, as for detached retina or the removal of a foreign body [http://www.merckmedicus.com/pp/us/hcp/thcp_dorlands_content.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/dmd_s_05.htm]. **'''Radial optic neurotomy''' **macular translocation surgery ***through 360 degree retinotomy ***through scleral imbrication technique ==Eye muscle surgery== [[Image:Eye surgery.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Isolating the inferior rectus muscle]] [[Image:Desinsertion du muscle CO.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Disinserting the medial rectus muscle, after pre-placing vicryl suture]] {{main|Strabismus surgery}} With approximately 1.2 million procedures each year, [[extraocular muscle]] surgery is the third most common eye surgery in the United States [http://www.nystagmus.org/doc/conf2005/Hertle%20Presentation%20Handout.doc]. *[[Eye muscle]] surgery typically corrects [[strabismus]] and includes the following<ref>[http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Ce-Fi/Eye-Muscle-Surgery.html Surgery Encyclopedia - Eye Muscle Surgery]</ref> [http://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/asorn/CE/2002-09Strabismus.pdf]: **Loosening / weakening procedures ***Recession involves moving the insertion of a muscle posteriorly towards its origin. ***Myectomy ***Myotomy ***Tenectomy ***Tenotomy **Tightening / strengthening procedures ***Resection ***Tucking ***Advancement is the movement of an eye muscle from its original place of attachment on the eyeball to a more forward position. **Transposition / repositioning procedures **Adjustable suture surgery is a method of reattaching an extraocular muscle by means of a stitch that can be shortened or lengthened within the first post-operative day, to obtain better ocular alignment [http://www.eyemdlink.com/EyeProcedure.asp?EyeProcedureID=61]. ==Oculoplastic surgery== {{main|Oculoplastics}} *Oculoplastic surgery, or oculoplastics, is the subspecialty of ophthalmology that deals with the reconstruction of the eye and associated structures. Oculoplastic surgeons perform procedures such as the repair of droopy eyelids ([[blepharoplasty]])[http://www.plasticsurgery.org/public_education/procedures/Blepharoplasty.cfm], repair of tear duct obstructions, orbital fracture repairs, removal of tumors in and around the eyes, and facial rejuvenation procedures including laser skin resurfacing, eye lifts, brow lifts, and even facelifts. Common procedures are: ===Eyelid surgery [http://www.iupui.edu/~ophthal/html/eyes_eyelidesurgery.html]=== *Blepharoplasty (Eyelift) **'''[[Blepharoplasty]]''' is [[plastic surgery]] of the [[eyelid]]s to remove excessive skin or subcutaneous fat.<ref>[http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/A-Ce/Blepharoplasty.html Surgery Encyclopedia - Blepharoplasty]</ref> ***'''[[Asian blepharoplasty]]''' *[[ptosis (eyelid)|Ptosis]] repair for droopy eyelid **[[Ectropion]] repair[http://www.stlukeseye.com/Conditions/Ectropion.asp] *[[Entropion]] repair *Canthal resection *A '''[[canthectomy]]''' is the surgical removal of tissue at the junction of the upper and lower eyelids.<ref name="Cline">Cline D; Hofstetter HW; Griffin JR. ''Dictionary of Visual Science''. 4th ed. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston 1997. ISBN 0-7506-9895-0</ref> *'''[[Cantholysis]]''' is the surgical division of the canthus.<ref name="Cline"/> *'''[[Canthopexy]]''' *A '''[[canthoplasty]]''' is plastic surgery at the canthus.<ref name="Cline"/> *A '''[[canthorrhaphy]]''' is suturing of the outer canthus to shorten the [[palpebral fissure]].<ref name="Cline"/> *A '''[[canthotomy]]''' is the surgical division of the canthus, usually the outer canthus.<ref name="Cline"/> **A '''[[lateral canthotomy]]''' is the surgical division of the outer canthus. *'''[[Epicanthoplasty]]''' *'''[[Tarsorrhaphy]]''' is a procedure in which the [[eyelid]]s are partially sewn together to narrow the opening (i.e. [[palpebral fissure]]). Oculoplastic surgery refers to Specialist Reconstructive and Cosmetic (aesthetic) surgery in the eyelid region of the face for abnormalities which may be present by birth or acquired later by aging, accident or tumour etc. This includes eyelid cysts and tumours, malpositions such as drooping eyelids ( ptosis ), inturning ( entropion) or outturning ( ectropion ) of lid margin, staring eyes in thyroid eye disease, watering eyes, facial palsy rehabilitation and artificial ( prosthetic ) eyes. Oculoplastic surgeons also undertake aesthetic treatments and surgery to improve the cosmetic appearance of the face, such as blepharoplasty (eyelid lift) to remove excess overhanging skin of the upper eyelids and puffy bags from under the eyes ; brow lift, Botox and dermal filler injections to remove wrinkles ( crow feet) , forehead lines and tear trough deformity ===Surgery involving the [[lacrimal apparatus]]=== **A '''[[dacryocystorhinostomy]]''' (DCR) or '''[[dacryocystorhinotomy]]''' is a procedure to restore the flow of tears into the nose from the lacrimal sac when the nasolacrimal duct does not function.<ref name="Cline"/><ref>Indiana University Department of Ophthalmology. [http://www.iupui.edu/~ophthal/html/eyes_lacrimaldrainagesurgery.html "Lacrimal Drainage Surgery (DCR: Dacryocystorhinostomy)."] Retrieved August 18, 2006</ref> **'''[[Canaliculodacryocystostomy]]''' is a surgical correction for a congenitally blocked [[lacrimal canaliculi|tear duct]] in which the closed segment is excised and the open end is joined to the [[lacrimal sac]].<ref name="Cline"/><ref>Cherkunov BF, Lapshina AV. ["Canaliculodacryocystostomy in obstruction of medial end of the lacrimal duct."] ''Oftalmol Zh.'' 1976;31(7):544-8. PMID 1012635.</ref> **'''[[Canaliculotomy]]''' involves slitting of the [[Puncta lacrimalia|lacrimal punctum]] and [[lacrimal canaliculi|canaliculus]] for the relief of [[epiphora]]<ref name="Cline"/> **A '''[[dacryoadenectomy]]''' is the surgical removal of a lacrimal gland.<ref name="Cline"/> **A '''[[dacryocystectomy]]''' is the surgical removal of a part of the lacrimal sac.<ref name="Cline"/> **A '''[[dacryocystostomy]]''' is an incision into the lacrimal sac, usually to promote drainage.<ref name="Cline"/> **A '''[[dacryocystotomy]]''' is an incision into the lacrimal sac.<ref name="Cline"/> ===Eye removal=== **An '''[[enucleation]]''' is the removal of the eye leaving the eye muscles and remaining orbital contents intact.<ref>[http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Ce-Fi/Enucleation-Eye.html Surgery Encyclopedia - Enucleation]</ref> **An '''[[Evisceration (Ophthalmology)|evisceration]]''' is the removal of the eye's contents, leaving the scleral shell intact. Usually performed to reduce pain in a blind eye.<ref name="Cassin">Cassin, B. and Solomon, S. ''Dictionary of Eye Terminology''. Gainsville, Florida: Triad Publishing Company, 1990.</ref> **An '''[[exenteration]]''' is the removal of the entire orbital contents, including the eye, extraocular muscles, fat, and connective tissues; usually for malignant orbital tumors.<ref>[http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Ce-Fi/Exenteration.html Surgery Encyclopedia - Exenteration]</ref> ===Orbital surgery=== *Orbital reconstruction / [[Ocular prosthetic]]s (False Eyes) *Orbital decompression for Grave's Disease ===Other oculoplastic surgery=== *[[Botox]] injections *Ultrapeel [[Microdermabrasion]] *Endoscopic forehead and browlift *Face lift ([[Rhytidectomy]]) *[[Liposuction]] of the face and neck *'''[[Browplasty]]''' [http://www.emedicine.com/ent/topic100.htm] ==Other surgery== Many of these described procedures are historical and are not recommended due to a risk of complications. Particularly, these include operations done on ciliary body in an attempt to control glaucoma, since highly safer surgeries for glaucoma, including lasers, non-penetrating surgery, guarded filtration surgery and seton valve implants have been invented. *A '''[[ciliarotomy]]''' is a surgical division of the ciliary zone in the treatment of glaucoma.<ref name="Cline"/> *A '''[[ciliectomy]]''' is 1) the surgical removal of part of the ciliary body, or 2) the surgical removal of part of a margin of an eyelid containing the roots of the eyelashes.<ref name="Cline"/> *A '''[[ciliotomy]]''' is a surgical section of the ciliary nerves.<ref name="Cline"/> *A '''[[conjunctivoanstrostomy]]''' is an opening made form the inferior conjuctival cul-de-sac into the maxillary sinus for the treatment of epiphora.<ref name="Cline"/> *'''[[Conjuctivoplasty]]''' is plastic surgery of the conjunctiva.<ref name="Cline"/> *A '''[[conjunctivorhinostomy]]''' is a surgical correction of the total obstruction of a lacrimal canaliculus by which the conjuctiva is anastomosed with the nasal cavity to improve tear flow.<ref name="Cline"/> *A '''[[corectomedialysis]]''', or '''[[coretomedialysis]]''', is an excision of a small portion of the iris at its junction with the ciliary body to form an artificial pupil.<ref name="Cline"/> *A '''[[corectomy]]''', or '''[[coretomy]]''', is any surgical cutting operation on the iris at the pupil.<ref name="Cline"/> *A '''[[corelysis]]''' is a surgical detachment of [[synechia|adhesions of the iris]] to the capsule of the crystalline lens or cornea.<ref name="Cline"/> *A '''[[coremorphosis]]''' is the surgical formation of an artificial pupil.<ref name="Cline"/> *A '''[[coreplasty]]''', or '''[[coreoplasty]]''', is plastic surgery of the iris, usually for the formation of an artificial pupil.<ref name="Cline"/> *A '''[[coreoplasy]]''', or '''[[laser pupillomydriasis]]''', is any procedure that changes the size or shape of the pupil.<ref name="Cassin"/> *A '''[[cyclectomy]]''' is an excision of portion of the ciliary body.<ref name="Cline"/> *A '''[[cyclotomy]]''', or '''[[cyclicotomy]]''', is a surgical incision of the ciliary body, usually for the relief of glaucoma.<ref name="Cline"/> *A '''[[cycloanemization]]''' is a surgical obliteration of the long ciliary arteries in the treatment of glaucoma.<ref name="Cline"/> *An '''[[iridectomesodialsys]]''' is the formation of an artificial pupil by detaching and excising a portion of the iris at its periphery.<ref name="Cline"/> *An '''[[iridodialysis]]''', sometimes known as a '''[[coredialysis]]''', is a localized separation or tearing away of the iris from its attachment to the ciliary body.<ref name="Cline"/><ref name="Cassin"/> *An '''[[iridencleisis]]''', or '''[[corenclisis]]''', is a surgical procedure for glaucoma in which a portion of the iris is incised and incarcerated in a limbal incision.<ref name="Cline"/> (Subdivided into '''[[basal iridencleisis]]''' and '''[[total iridencleisis]]'''.<ref name="Cvetkovic">Cvetkovic D, Blagojevic M, Dodic V. ["Comparative results of trepanotrabeculectomy and iridencleisis in primary glaucoma."] ''J Fr Ophtalmol.'' 1979 Feb;2(2):103-7. PMID 444110.</ref>) *An '''[[iridesis]]''' is a surgical procedure in which a portion of the iris is brought through and incarcerated in a corneal incision in order to reposition the pupil.<ref name="Cline"/>[http://www.merckmedicus.com/pp/us/hcp/thcp_dorlands_content.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/dmd_i_12.htm] *An '''[[iridocorneosclerectomy]]''' is the surgical removal of a portion of the iris, the cornea, and the sclera.<ref name="Cline"/> *An '''[[iridocyclectomy]]''' is the surgical removal of the iris and the ciliary body.<ref name="Cline"/> *An '''[[iridocystectomy]]''' is the surgical removal of a portion of the iris to form an artificial pupil.<ref name="Cline"/> *An '''[[iridosclerectomy]]''' is the surgical removal of a portion of the sclera and a portion of the iris in the region of the limbus for the treatment of glaucoma.<ref name="Cline"/> *An '''[[iridosclerotomy]]''' is the surgical puncture of the sclera and the margin of the iris for the treatment of glaucoma.<ref name="Cline"/> *A '''[[rhinommectomy]]''' is the surgical removal of a portion of the internal canthus.<ref name="Cline"/> *A '''[[trepanotrabeculectomy]]''' is used in the treatment of chronic open and chronic closed angle glaucoma.<ref name="Cvetkovic"/> ==See also== * [[LASIK]] * [[Ophthalmology]] * [[Topical anesthetic]] * [[SEE-KID]]-Computer-assisted Simulation and Treatment of Eye Motility Disorders ==References== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==External links== *[http://media.putfile.com/Is-that-bacon-cooking Video of LASIK procedure] *[http://www.fbka.com/icdxweb/3p.htm#3. Operations on the Eye - 2006 ICD-9-CM OFFICIAL CODES] *[http://www.mchk.org.hk/OP.doc Operations (Word doc)] *[http://www.eyemdlink.com/EyeProcedure.asp?EyeProcedureID=1 EyeMDLink.com - Cataract Surgery] *[http://www.emedicine.com/oph/topic720.htm eMedicine.com - Glaucoma, Complications and Management of Glaucoma Filtering] *[http://www.aces-abes.org/ American Board of Eye Surgeons] *[http://www.eyeslasering.com/ Everything about Lasik eye surgery, do's and don'ts, is it for me, risks and expectations] {{Medicine}} {{Eye surgery}} [[Category:Surgery]] [[Category:Surgical specialties]] [[Category:Ophthalmology]] [[de:Augenoperation]] [[fr:Chirurgie oculaire]] [[ne:नेत्रशल्यचिकित्सा]] [[tr:Oftalmoloji]]