Family planning 231085 225756755 2008-07-15T07:09:38Z Sephiroth BCR 621952 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/121.97.247.175|121.97.247.175]] to last version by Tthheeppaarrttyy (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]]) {{expert-subject|Sociology}} {{globalize}} [[Image:Ortho tricyclen.jpg|thumb|right|[[Combined oral contraceptive]]s. Introduced in 1960, "the Pill" has played an instrumental role in family planning for decades.]]'''Family planning''' is frequently used to mean that people ''plan'' when to have children,<ref name=OPAMission>{{cite web |url=http://www.hhs.gov/opa/about/mission/index.html |title=Mission Statement |publisher=US Dept. of Health and Human Services, Office of Population Affairs}}</ref> using [[birth control]]<ref name="WHOFP" /><ref name="UKNHS" /> and other techniques to implement that plan. Other techniques commonly used include [[sex education | sexuality education]]<ref name="USDOH-FPSvcs" /><ref name="UKNHS" />, prevention and management of [[sexually transmitted disease | sexually transmitted infections]]<ref name="UKNHS">[http://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/articles/article.aspx?articleId=839 What services do family planning clinics provide? - Health Questions - NHS Direct<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, [[pre-conception counseling | preconceptional counseling]]<ref name="UKNHS" /> and [[pregnancy#management | management]], and [[infertility | infertility management]]<ref name="WHOFP">[http://www.who.int/topics/family_planning/en/ WHO | Family planning<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. Family planning is sometimes used as a synonym for the use of [[birth control]], though it often includes more. It is most usually applied to the circumstance of a [[monogamous]] [[female]]-[[male]] couple who wish to limit the number of [[child]]ren they have and/or to control the timing of [[pregnancy]] (also known as ''spacing children''). ==Definitions== "FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES: Educational, comprehensive medical or social activities which enable individuals, including minors, to determine freely the number and spacing of their children and to select the means by which this may be achieved."<ref name="USDOH-FPSvcs">[http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/systems/ncands/ncands98/glossary/glossary.htm US Dept. of Health, Administration for children and families]</ref> ==Planning Children== Raising a child uses significant amounts of resources: time<ref name=USDAChildExpense />, social, financial<ref>[http://www.msmoney.com/mm/planning/marriage/family_planning.htm MsMoney.com - Marriage, Kids & College - Family Planning<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, environmental. Planning can help assure that resources are available. ===Planning for Health=== {{seealso | Maternal health}} Waiting until mother is at least 18 years old before trying to have children improves maternal and child health.<ref name=USAIDHTSP>{{cite web |url=http://www.esdproj.org/site/PageServer?pagename=Themes_Spacing_KeyMessages | title = Healthy Timing and Spacing of Pregnancy: HTSP Messages | publisher = USAID |accessdate=13 May 2008}}</ref> If additional children are desired, it is healthier for both the mother and child to wait at least 2 years after the previous birth before attempting to conceive (but not more than 5 years).<ref name=USAIDHTSP/> After a miscarriage or abortion, it is healthier to wait at least 6 months.<ref name=USAIDHTSP/> ===Finances=== Childbirth and prenatal health care cost averaged $7,090 for normal delivery in the US in 1996.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mushinski, M. |title=Average charges for uncomplicated vaginal, cesarean and VBAC deliveries: Regional variations, United States, 1996. |date=1998 | journal = Statistical Bulletin | volume = 79 | issue = 3 |pages=17–28}}</ref> US Department of Agriculture estimates that a US family will spend an average of $11,000 to $23,000 per year for the first 17 years of child's life on a child born in 2007.<ref name=USDAChildExpense /> (Total inflation adjusted estimated expenditure: $196,000 to $393,000, depending on household income.)<ref name=USDAChildExpense>{{cite web | title = Expenditures on Children by Families, 2007; Miscellaneous Publication Number 1528-2007 | publisher = United States Department of Agriculture, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion |url=http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/Publications/CRC/crc2007.pdf |url=http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/ExpendituresonChildrenbyFamilies.htm |notes = Breaks down cost by age, type of expense, region of country. Adjustments for number of children (one child - spend 24% more, 3 or more spend less on each child.) }}</ref> ==Policy== ===International=== {{seealso|International Planned Parenthood Federation|United States Agency for International Development}} [[United Nations Population Fund]] (UNFPA) is the world's largest international source of funding for population and reproductive health programs. The main goals of the [[International Conference on Population and Development]] Program of Action are: * Universal access to [[reproductive health]] services by 2015 * Universal primary education and closing the gender gap in education by 2015 * Reducing maternal mortality by seventy-five percent by 2015 * Reducing infant mortality * Increasing life expectancy * HIV infection rates in persons 15-24 years of age should be reduced by 25 percent in the most-affected countries by 2005 and by 25 percent globally by 2010. ===China=== [[China]]'s ''[[one-child policy]]'' encourages couples to have no more than one child. China's population policy has been credited with a very significant slowing of China's population growth which had been very high before the policy was implemented. It has come under criticism that the implementation of the policy has involved forced [[abortion]]s and [[forced sterilization]]. However, while the punishment of "Unplanned" pregnancy is a fine, both forced abortion and forced sterilization can be charged with intentional assault, which is punished with up to 10 years' imprisonment. ===United States=== Enacted in 1970 as Title X of the Public Health Service Act provides access to contraceptive services, supplies and information to those in need. Priority for services is given to persons of low-income. The Title X Family Planning program is administered within the Office of Population Affairs within the Office of Public Health and Science. The Office of Family Planning directs Title X.<ref name="pop">[http://opa.osophs.dhhs.gov/titlex/ofp.html Office of Population Affairs]</ref> In 2007, Congress appropriated roughly $283 million for family planning under Title X, at least 90 percent of which was used for services in family planning clinics.<ref name="pop" /> Title X is a vital source of funding for family planning clinics throughout the nation.<ref name="pp">[http://www.plannedparenthood.org/news-articles-press/politics-policy-issues/birth-control-access-prevention/family-planning-6553.htm Planned Parenthood, Title X]</ref> Family planning clinics are very important in providing reproductive health care. The education and services supplied by the Title X-funded clinics support young individuals and low-income families. Goals of developing healthy families are accomplished by helping individuals and couples decide whether and when to have children.<ref name="pp" /> Titles X has made possible the prevention of unintended pregnancies.<ref name="pp" /> It has allowed millions of American women to receive necessary reproductive health care, plan their pregnancies and prevent abortions. Title X is dedicated exclusively to funding family planning and reproductive health care services.<ref name="pop" /> Title X as a percentage of total public funding to family planning client services has steadily declined from 44% of total expenditures in 1980 to 12% in 2006. Medicaid has increased from 20% to 71% in the same time. In 2006, Medicaid contributed $1.3 billion to public family planning.<ref>Sonfield A, Alrich C and Gold RB, Public funding for family planning, sterilization and abortion services, FY 1980–2006, Occasional Report, New York: Guttmacher Institute, 2008, No. 38. http://guttmacher.org/pubs/2008/01/28/or38.pdf</ref> ===Iran=== {{main|Family planning in Iran}} Another noted example is [[Iran]], which has succeeded in sharply reducing its birth rate in recent years. ==References== {{reflist}} ==See also== {{Portal|Sustainable development|Sustainable development.svg}} *[[Childfree]] *[[Child]] *[[Family]] *[[Maternal health]] *[[natalism]] and [[antinatalism]] *[[Parenting]] **[[Parental leave]] *[[Planning]] *[[Reproductive health]] ==External links== *[http://www.hhs.gov/opa/familyplanning/index.html US DHHS Office of Population Affairs] Administers the U.S. Title X Family Planning program. {{Birth control methods}} {{Human rights}} {{Population}} {{socio-stub}} [[Category:Birth control]] [[Category:Family]] [[Category:Population]] [[Category:Demography]] [[Category:Planning]] [[Category:Personal development]] [[Category:Simple living]] [[de:Familienplanung]] [[es:Planificación familiar]] [[fr:Planification familiale]] [[lb:Planning familial]] [[ja:家族計画]] [[no:Familieplanlegging]] [[pt:Planejamento familiar]] [[ru:Планирование семьи]] [[sr:Планирање породице]] [[fi:Perhesuunnittelu]] [[sv:Familjeplanering]] [[ta:குடும்பக் கட்டுப்பாடு]] [[te:కుటుంబ నియంత్రణ]] [[tr:Aile planlaması]]