Fantasy subgenres
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2008-07-06T11:42:42Z
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/* Historical high fantasy */
{{Fantasy}}
The [[fantasy]] [[genre]] has spawned many new [[subgenre]]s with no clear counterparts in the myths or [[folklore]] upon which the tradition of fantasy storytelling is based, although inspiration from [[mythology]] and folklore remains a consistent theme. Since the rise of popular fantasy fiction in the twentieth century, the fantasy genre is often subdivided into a number of branches. However, like all discussions of genre, there are very few definitions of any of the subgenres that can be called 'definitive' to cover every and only work of that subgenre. These new subgenres are frequently extended back to include earlier works.
==Alternate history==
{{details|Alternate history}}
Although many forms of alternate history are classified as science fiction, [[Alternate history#Alternate history in the contemporary fantasy genre|alternate histories]] where magic works or fantastic creatures abound are classified as fantasy.
The characteristics that separate it from [[historical fantasy]] and [[contemporary fantasy]] are that the history has both clear differences and clear connections to history and geography.
*[[Randall Garrett]]'s ''[[Lord Darcy (fiction)|Lord Darcy]]'' series
*[[Keith Roberts]]'s ''[[Pavane (novel)|Pavane]]''
*[[Poul Anderson]]'s ''[[Operation Chaos (novel)|Operation Chaos]]''
*[[Gregory Keyes]]' ''[[The Age of Unreason]]''
*The TV film ''[[Cast A Deadly Spell]]''
== Bangsian fantasy ==
{{details|Bangsian fantasy}}
Bangsian fantasy is named for [[John Kendrick Bangs]], whose late 19th- and early 20th-century [[Associated Shades]] series of novels deals with the afterlives of various famous people. Frequently used are the [[Underworld]]/[[Limbo]]/[[Purgatory]] ("neutral"), [[Elysium]]/[[Nirvana]]/[[Heaven]] ("good"), and [[Erebus]]/[[Gehenna]]/[[Hell]] ("bad").
* ''[[Inferno (novel)|Inferno]]'', [[Larry Niven]] and [[Jerry Pournelle]] ([[1976]])
*''[[Heroes in Hell]]'', [[C. J. Cherryh]] and [[Janet Morris]] ([[1986]])
*''[[God Bless You, Dr. Kevorkian]]'', [[Kurt Vonnegut]] ([[1999]])
*''[[Divine Comedy]]'', [[Dante Alighieri]] ([[1321]])
== Comic fantasy ==
{{details|Comic fantasy}}
This sub-genre parodies the above ideas as well as ideas outside the genre, sometimes in a [[postmodern]] manner. A peculiarly early example of this genre is the aforementioned ''Gulliver's Travels''. It might also include the so-called "worst fantasy story ever published" [[The Eye of Argon]].
Although many of these works qualify, by setting, as [[Fantasy subgenres#High fantasy|high fantasy]], comic fantasy can theoretically overlap with any of the other subgenres.
* ''[[Bored of the Rings]]'', [[Henry N. Beard]] and [[Douglas C. Kenney]] ([[1969]])
* ''[[The Eye of Argon]]'', [[Jim Theis]] ([[1970]])
* ''[[A Spell for Chameleon]]'', [[Piers Anthony]] ([[1977]])
* ''[[Hordes of the Things]]'', [[Andrew Marshall (writer)|Andrew Marshall]] and [[John Lloyd]] ([[1980]])
* ''[[The Colour of Magic]]'', [[Terry Pratchett]] ([[1983]])
== Contemporary fantasy ==
{{details|Contemporary fantasy}}
This fantasy comprises stories set in the putative real world or [[consensus reality]] in contemporary times, in which, the story reveals, magic or magical creatures exist, such as [[vampire]]s or, as in the ''[[Highlander (franchise)|Highlander]]'' films and television series, [[Immortal (Highlander)|immortals]].
All the fantasy elements in a contemporary fantasy must exist in, or at least intrude into, the real world. Fantasy stories where the characters leave the real world for a [[fantasy world]], and the real world contains nothing magical except, perhaps, the portal, are [[Fantasy subgenres#High fantasy|high fantasy]].{{Fact|date=July 2007}} On the other hand, their existence must be secret enough that a reader can be convinced that by one means or another, the fantasy elements could hide or be hidden from history, the media, and the overwhelming majority of people. If the fantasy elements are so clear as to make the majority of people aware of them, the story becomes [[Fantasy subgenres#Alternate history|alternate history]]. {{Fact|date=July 2007}}
* ''[[Neverwhere]]'', [[Neil Gaiman]] ([[1996]])
* ''[[Harry Potter series]]'', [[J. K. Rowling]] ([[1997]])
* ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia]]'', [[C. S. Lewis]]
* ''[[The Dark is Rising]]'', [[Susan Cooper]]
* ''[[Spiderwick]]'', [[Holly Black]]
* ''[[His Dark Materials]]'', Phillip Pullman
* ''[[King Rat (1998 novel)|King Rat]]'', [[China Miéville]] ([[1998]])
* ''[[Newford|The Newford Series]]'', [[Charles de Lint]]
* ''[[Jason Asala#The_Great_Wormwood|The Great Wormwood]]'', [[Jason Asala]]
* ''[[Hellboy]]'', [[Mike Mignola]]
===Urban fantasy===
{{details|Urban fantasy}}
Most contemporary fantasy takes place in an urban setting, leading the designation urban fantasy.
The term is rarely used for stories taking place in the cities of imaginary lands.
* ''[[The Wizard of the Pigeons]]'' by Megan Lindholm
* ''[[War for the Oaks]]'' by Emma Bull
* ''[[Storm Front]]'' by Jim Butcher
* ''[[Moonheart]]'' by Charles de Lint
* ''[[Percy Jackson]]'' by [[Rick Riordan]]
===Elfpunk===
{{details|Elfpunk}}
Elfpunk is a subgenre of [[contemporary fantasy]] and [[urban fantasy]], specifically consisting of novels and stories in which [[faeries]] and [[elves]] are transplanted from rural folklore into modern urban settings. Some works in this subgenre are
* ''[[Tithe : A Modern Faerie Tale|Tithe]]'' by [[Holly Black]]
* ''[[War for the Oaks]]'' by [[Emma Bull]]
* ''[[Jack, The Giant Killer]]'' by [[Charles de Lint]]
* ''[[The Last Hot Time]]'' by [[John M. Ford]]
* ''Changeling'' by [[Delia Sherman]]
* ''[[Faerie Tale]]'' by [[Raymond E. Feist]]
== Dark fantasy ==
{{details|Dark fantasy}}
Dark fantasy in this context refers to stories that focus on elements usually found in the horror genre but which take place in a setting more alike [[sword and sorcery]] or [[high fantasy]]. Dark fantasy includes "grittier" fantasy, conducted in settings which represent the brutality of the medieval period more realisticly than the traditionally idealised representations of conventional fantasy, generally with a dash of supernatural horror. It may or may not take place in its own [[fantasy world]].
* ''[[Berserk (manga)|Berserk]]'', [[Kentaro Miura]] ([[1989]])
== Erotic fantasy ==
{{details|Erotic fantasy}}
Erotic fantasy utilizes [[erotica]] in a fantasy setting.
This subgenre can, in fact, overlap with almost every other subgenre, since its distinguishing traits are not the fantastical elements or setting that distinguish the others.
*[[Kushiel's Dart]], [[Jacqueline Carey]]
== Fairytale fantasy ==
{{details|Fairytale fantasy}}
Fairytale [[fantasy]] is distinguished from other subgenres by the works' heavy use of motifs, and often plots, from folklore. They sometimes ignore the standards of [[world-building]] common to fantasy as blithely as the tales from which they derive, though not always; stories that use a high fantasy, contemporary, or historical setting, with the world-building thus entailed, may also be considered part of those genres.
*[[George MacDonald]]'s [[The Princess and the Goblin]] (1872)
*[[James Thurber]]'s [[The 13 Clocks]] (1950)
*[[Robin McKinley]]'s ''[[Beauty: A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast]]'' (1978)
*[[Tanith Lee]]'s ''[[Red As Blood, or Tales from the Sisters Grimmer]]'' (1983)
*[[Patricia Wrede]]'s ''[[Snow White and Rose Red]]'' (1989)
*[[Shannon Hale]]'s ''[[The Goose Girl]]'' (2003) and ''[[Book of a Thousand Days]]'' (2007)
==Heroic fantasy==
{{details|Heroic fantasy}}
A subgenre touching high fantasy on one hand and sword-and-sorcery on the other. A hero is usually the main character, and is usually on a [[quest]], and often is carrying one or more [[magical items]].
*''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]
*''[[Inheritance Cycle]]'', [[Christopher Paolini]]
*''[[The Hero and the Crown]] and [[The Blue Sword]]'', [[Robin McKinley]]
*''[[The Chronicles of Prydain]]'', [[Lloyd Alexander]]
*''[[Deryni]]'', [[Katherine Kurtz]]
*''[[The Sword of Shannara]]'' and subsequent books
*''[[The Worm Ouroboros]]'', [[E. R. Eddison]]
*''[[The Belgariad]]'', [[David Eddings]]
== High fantasy ==
{{details|High fantasy}}
The term ''high fantasy'' (also ''epic fantasy'') generally refers to fantasy that depicts an epic struggle between good and evil in a [[fantasy world]], parallel to ours. The moral concepts in such tales take on objective status, and are not relative to the one making the judgement.
The moral tone and high stakes -- usually world-shaking -- separates this genre from [[Fantasy subgenres#Sword and sorcery|sword and sorcery]], while the degree to which the world is not based on a real-world history separates it from [[Fantasy subgenres#Historical fantasy|historical fantasy]].
* ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia]], [[C. S. Lewis]]
* ''[[The Wheel of Time]]'', [[Robert Jordan]]
* ''[[His Dark Materials]], [[Phillip Pullman]]
* ''[[A Wrinkle in Time]], [[Madeleine L'Engle]]
* ''[[The Dark is Rising]], [[Susan Cooper]]
* ''[[Spiderwick]]'', [[Holly Black]]
* ''[[Riftwar Saga]]'', [[Raymond E. Feist]]
== Historical fantasy ==
{{details|Historical fantasy}}
Historical fantasy takes two distinct forms. One encompasses stories set in the historical past but with fantasy elements introduced, much as contemporary fantasy is set in the present. The other is set in a created fantasy world that closely parallels our own, with recognisable analogs for countries, historical events or historical personages.
* ''[[The Russian Stories (C.J. Cherryh)|The Russian Stories]]'', [[C. J. Cherryh]]
* ''[[The Sarantine Mosaic]]'', [[Guy Gavriel Kay]] ([[1998]]–[[2000]])
* ''[[Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell]]'', [[Susanna Clarke]] ([[2004]])
* ''[[A Song of Ice and Fire]]'', [[George R. R. Martin]]
* ''[[Prince of Nothing|Prince of Nothing series]]'', [[R. Scott Bakker]]
===Celtic Fantasy===
Within the genre, further subgenres arise when a given historical era is popular. For instance, many fantasy settings have been in, or inspired by, Dark Age Celtic cultures have lead to the name of "Celtic fantasy."
* [[C. J. Cherryh]], the ''[[Ealdwood Stories]]''
* [[Katherine Kurtz]],the ''[[Deryni]]'' series
* [[Teresa Edgerton]]'s the ''Green Lion'' Trilogy
* [[Katharine Kerr]]'s ''[[Deverry]]'' series
* [[Spiderweb Software]]'s game ''[[Nethergate]]''
===Steampunk===
[[Steampunk#Fantasy steampunk|Fantasy Steampunk]] is another subgenre of historical fantasy, being set in the Victorian or Edwardian eras, although certain technological features must also be present to label it as steampunk, and some works in this genre are [[Fantasy subgenres#Alternate history|alternate history]].
===Wuxia===
{{details|Wuxia}}
Wǔxiá (Traditional Chinese: 武俠, Simplified Chinese: 武侠, Mandarin IPA: wuɕiɑ, Cantonese Pinyin: mów hàb), literally meaning "martial (arts) heroes", is a sub-genre of the quasi-fantasy and martial arts genre in literature, television and cinema. Wǔxiá figures prominently in the popular culture of Chinese-speaking areas, and the most important writers have devoted followings.
The wǔxiá genre is a blend of the philosophy of xiá (俠, "honor code", "an ethical person", "a hero"), and China's long history in wǔshù ("kung fu" (pronounced gong fu, despite popular misconceptions) or "martial arts"). A martial artist who follows the code of xiá is called a swordsman, or xiákè (俠客/侠客, literally "chivalrous guest"). Japan's samurai bushidō traditions, England's knight chivalry traditions, and America's gunslinger Western traditions all share some aspects with China's swordsman xiá traditions. The swordsman, however, need not serve a lord or hold any military power and they are not required to be from an aristocratic class.
* ''[[Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon]]'', [[Ang Lee]] ([[2000]])
===Historical high fantasy===
{{details|Historical high fantasy}}
When the historical setting is used for characters and a plot resembling high fantasy, the names may be combined to indicate this subgenre.
===Medieval fantasy===
{{details|Medieval fantasy}}
==Juvenile fantasy==
{{details|Juvenile fantasy}}
Fantasies may be intended specifically for a juvenile audience. This subgenre usually overlaps with others.
* [[J. K. Rowling]]: ''[[Harry Potter]]''
* [[C. S. Lewis]]: ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia]]''
* [[L. Frank Baum]]: ''[[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz]]''
* [[Norton Juster]]: ''[[The Phantom Tollbooth]]''
* [[Mary Norton (author)|Mary Norton]]: ''[[The Borrowers]]''
* [[Kenneth Grahame]]: ''[[The Wind in the Willows]]''
* [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]: ''[[The Hobbit]]''
== Low fantasy ==
{{details|Low fantasy}}
Low fantasy is not a proper subgenre as such, but a catch-all term employed to describe works of fantasy literature described in an antagonistic relationship with the more well-defined [[high fantasy]] genre. As such, it can indicate fantasy that tries not to emphasise magic; fantasy set in the real world; fantasy that contains [[realism (arts)|realism]] and a more cynical worldview; and [[Dark fantasy]] -- among others.
== Fantasy of manners ==
{{details|Fantasy of manners}}
Fantasy of manners, sometimes called "mannerpunk", is the fantasy genre's arena for the [[comedy of manners]]. Its worlds involve elaborately complex social hierarchies, and its plots revolve around its characters' interactions within those hierarchies in the traditions of [[Jane Austen]] or [[Anthony Hope]].
Many fantasy of manners could, by the setting, be classified as [[Fantasy subgenres#Alternate history|alternate history]], [[Fantasy subgenres#High fantasy|high fantasy]], or [[Fantasy subgenres#Historical fantasy|historical fantasy]]. The subgenre is marked out by tone and plot, and the centrality of etiquette to the characters' negiotations.
*''[[Swordspoint]]'', [[Ellen Kushner]] ([[1987]])
*''[[The Queen's Necklace (novel)|The Queen's Necklace]]'', [[Teresa Edgerton]]
*''[[The Death of the Necromancer]]'', [[Martha Wells]]
== Mythic fiction ==
[[Mythic fiction]] is a term often used for contemporary, real-world fantasy (including fantastical work published as mainstream fiction) that draws upon the themes, symbols, and archetypes of myth and folklore. Mythic fiction overlaps with [[urban fantasy]] and the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, but mythic fiction also includes contemporary works in non-urban settings.
Though often ''very'' loosely based in mythology, it uses familiar mythological personages archetypes(such as [[trickster]]s, or the [[Thunder#List of thunder gods|thunderer]]). This is in contrast to many other forms of fantasy (with the usual exception of fairytale fantasy), such as the works of J. R. R. Tolkien, which generally invent their own legends and folklore, and volunteer entirely new pantheons, or attempt to disguise actual mythology with made-up names. Some examples of mythic fiction:
* ''Someplace to Be Flying'' by [[Charles de Lint]]
* ''[[The Stolen Child]]'' by [[Keith Donohue]]
* ''The Antelope Wife'' by [[Louise Erdich]]
* ''[[Strandloper]]'' by [[Alan Garner]]
* ''[[Anansi Boys]]'' by [[Neil Gaiman]]
* ''[[American Gods]]'' by Neil Gaiman
* ''[[Mythago Wood]]'' by [[Robert Holdstock]]
* ''The Limits of Enchantment'' by [[Graham Joyce]]
* ''[[The Famished Road]]'' by [[Ben Okri]]
* ''[[Not before sundown|Troll, A Love Story]]'' by [[Johanna Sinisalo]]
* ''[[The Wood Wife]]'' by [[Terri Windling]]
===Mythpunk===
[[Mythpunk]], a subgenre of [[mythic fiction]], is a term used by [[Catherynne M. Valente]] and other American [[fantasy]] writers to define a specific brand of nonrealist fiction, largely written by women authors, which starts in folklore and myth and from there layers in postmodern fantastic techniques: urban fantasy, confessional poetry, non-linear storytelling, linguistic calisthenics, worldbuilding, and academic fantasy. Writers of works that can be considered to fall under the mythpunk label are [[Greer Gilman]], [[Theodora Goss]], [[Yoon Ha Lee]], [[Vera Nazarian]], [[Holly Phillips]], [[Sonya Taaffe]], [[Erzebet Barthold Yellow-Boy]], and Valente herself.
== Romantic fantasy ==
{{details|Romantic fantasy}}
The plots of romantic fantasies centre upon a romantic relationship between the protagonists, and the plots or settings include fantastical elements. Romantic fantasy has been published both as fantasy and as romance.
Although this subgenre can overlap with almost every other fantasy subgenre, since its distinguishing traits are not the fantastical elements or setting that distinguish the others, most romantic fantasy shares setting elements that go beyond the focus on romantic relationships. Romantic fantasy novels usually feature valiant female warriors and in most of these books, female soldiers and mercenaries are either accepted and common in enlightened realms, or gain acceptance in the course of the story.
* ''[[The Door into Fire]]'', [[Diane Duane]] ([[1979]])
* ''[[Arrows of the Queen]]'', [[Mercedes Lackey]] ([[1987]])
* ''[[Wild Magic]]'', [[Tamora Pierce]] ([[1992]])
== Science fantasy ==
{{details|Science fantasy}}
Fantasy and [[science fiction]] jointly share the subgenre called science fantasy, which has many of the trappings of science fiction, such as space travel and laser guns, but also contains significant elements that bear more resemblance to magic than science or in some other way draw more from fantasy than from science fiction. One of the best known examples of science fantasy is the [[Star Wars]] series of films, set aboard spaceships and on alien planets but featuring [[swashbuckling]] knights, princesses in distress, a dark sorcerer who has enslaved the galaxy, a mystical source of magical power called the Force, and even an opening line that is a variant of "Once upon a time": ''A long time ago in a galaxy far, far away.''
* ''[[Star Wars]]''
* [[Marion Zimmer Bradley]]'s ''[[Darkover series]]''
* The ''[[Dune (novel)|Dune]]'' series by [[Frank Herbert]] could also be seen as science fantasy.
See also:
*[[Planetary Romance]]
=== Sword and Planet ===
{{details|Sword and Planet}}
A subgenre of science fantasy, it focuses on [[swashbuckling]] adventures on other planets.
* [[Edgar Rice Burroughs]]' ''[[Barsoom]]'' series
* [[Otis Adelbert Kline]]'s ''Venus'' series
* [[John Norman]]'s ''[[Gor]]'' series
* [[Kenneth Bulmer]]'s ''[[Dray Prescot]]'' series
* [[Disney]]'s ''[[Treasure Planet]]''
=== Dying Earth fiction ===
{{details|Dying Earth subgenre}}
A subgenre of science fantasy, distinguished by its setting in the far-distant future.
* ''[[Dying Earth]] series'', [[Jack Vance]]
* ''[[Viriconium]]'', [[M. John Harrison]]
* ''[[The Book of the New Sun]]'', [[Gene Wolfe]]
== Superhero fantasy ==
{{details|Superhero}}
Superhero fantasy began in American [[comic book]]s, evolving into a combination of science fantasy and contemporary fantasy. That is, it is a genre that is typically set in the contemporary world in where all fantastic concepts from extraterrestrials and futuristic technology to magic and classic mythological beings potentially co-exist. The feature characters, however, are costumed heroes often endowed with fantastic abilities, skills or equipment.
*''[[Lois & Clark: A Superman Novel]]'' (1996), [[C. J. Cherryh]]
*''[[Wild Cards]]'', [[George R. R. Martin]] (editor)
*''[[Visionaries: Knights of the Magical Light]]''
== Sword and sorcery ==
{{details|Sword and sorcery}}
Inspired primarily by the works of [[Robert E. Howard]], especially [[Conan the Barbarian]], sword and sorcery is more concerned with immediate physical threats and action than high fantasy, distinguishing the two genres. Further, sword and sorcery, in contrast to high fantasy, tends to portray [[Amorality|amoral]] protagonists and/or worlds--there are rarely objective values, or any sort of cosmic justice. Even when the protagonists act morally and do incidental good deeds along the way, the usual protagonist's motivation is self-interest.
* ''[[Conan the Barbarian]]'' series, [[Robert E. Howard]]
* ''[[Jirel of Joiry]]'' series, [[C. L. Moore]]
* ''[[Elric]]'' series, [[Michael Moorcock]]
* ''[[Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser]]'' series, [[Fritz Leiber]]
* ''[[Kane (fantasy)|Kane]]'' series, [[Karl Edward Wagner]]
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