Fellow
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221807955
2008-06-26T05:18:52Z
Squideshi
202826
/* Oxford, Cambridge, and other Colleges */
A '''fellow''' in the broadest sense is someone who is an equal or a comrade. Historically, the term fellow was also used to describe a [[man]], particularly by those in the upper social classes. Nowadays, it is most often used in an academic context: a fellow is often part of an elite group of learned people who work together as peers in the pursuit of knowledge or practice.
==Academia==
===Research fellow===
{{seealso|Research fellow}}
The title of research fellow is used to denote an academic research position at a university or similar institution.
===Emeritus title in the UK===
The title fellow might be given to an academic member of staff upon retirement who continues to be affiliate to a university institution in the United Kingdom.
===Oxford, Cambridge, and other Colleges===
At [[residential college|Colleges]] of the Universities of [[Colleges of the University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[Colleges of the University of Cambridge|Cambridge]], and [[Trinity College, Dublin]], full fellows form the [[School governor|governing body]] of the College, although they may elect a Council to handle day-to-day management. All fellows are entitled to certain privileges within their College, which may include dining at [[High Table]] (free of charge) and possibly the right to a room in College (free of charge).
There are a number of types of fellow:
*''[[Research fellow]]s'' are researchers, whose salaries or [[stipend|stipends]] are paid by a College from the income of its [[Financial endowment|endowment]]. Some of the less affluent Colleges do not pay their research fellows a salary, instead award fellowships to researchers already employed by the University.
*At Oxford, ''college tutors'' are fellows, who are paid to provide small-group teaching to a college's undergraduates. The position is typically a joint appointment (there are a variety of types) with the University.
*At Cambridge, ''teaching officers'' ([[lecturer]]s, [[Reader (academic rank)|reader]]s, and [[professor]]s) are entitled to a college fellowships. For lecturers and readers, the process is competitive – generally the most able academics get fellowships at the richest and most prestigious Colleges. Professors are allocated to Colleges by a centralised process to ensure fairness. These fellows may or may not provide small-group teaching to undergraduates in the College, for which they would be paid by the hour. College fellows at Cambridge (except for research fellows) have no duties as such and are not paid. They will typically have a salaried post either with their College or the University.
* At Cambridge, a ''[[praelector]]'' is a fellow of a college, who formally presents students during the matriculation and graduation ceremony.
Most Cambridge Colleges grant fellowships for life after a qualifying period. Retired academics may therefore remain as fellows. In Oxford on retirement a Governing Body fellow would normally be elected a 'fellow emeritus' and would leave the Governing Body. Distinguished old members of the college, or its benefactors and friends might also be elected 'Honorary Fellow', normally for life; but beyond limited dining rights this is merely an honour. Most Oxford Colleges have 'Fellows by Special Election' or 'Supernumerary Fellows' who may be members of the teaching staff, but not necessarily members of the Governing Body.
===US Medical Training===
{{seealso|Fellowship (medicine)}}
In US medical institutions, a fellow refers to someone who has completed residency training (e.g. in internal medicine, pediatrics, general surgery, etc.) and is currently in a 1 to 3 year subspecialty training program (e.g. cardiology, pediatric nephrology, transplant surgery, etc.).
===Graduate school fellowships===
{{seealso|Scholarship}}
In the context of [[graduate school]] in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]], a fellow is a recipients of a ''fellowship''. Examples are the [[NSF-GRF|NSF Graduate Research Fellowship]], [[Guggenheim Fellowship]], and the [[Presidential Management Fellowship]].
==Academia administration==
===Harvard University===
{{seealso|President and Fellows of Harvard College}}
At Harvard and some other universities in the United States, "fellows" are members of the [[Board of Governors|Board of Trustees]] who hold administrative positions as non-executive trustee rather than academics.
===Cambridge and Oxford Colleges===
Some senior administrators of a college such as [[bursar]]s are made fellows, and thereby become members of the governing body, because of their importance to the running of a College.
==Secondary Education==
===Teaching fellows in the US===
{{seealso|Teaching assistant}}
The term used, in the United States, the high school and middle school setting for students or adults that assist a teacher with one or more classes <ref>http://www.teachingfellows.org</ref>.
==Learned or professional societies==
Fellows are the highest grade of membership of most [[Professional body|professional societies]] (see for example, the [[Chartered Institute of Arbitrators]]. Lower grades are referred to as members (who typically share voting rights with the fellows), or associates (who may or may not, depending on whether "associate" status is a form of full membership).
How a fellowship is acquired varies for each society, but may typically involves some or all of these:
*A qualifying period in a lower grade
*Nomination by two existing fellows who know the applicant professionally
*Evidence of continued formal training post-qualification
*Evidence of substantial achievement in the subject area
*Submission of a thesis or portfolio of works which will be examined
Exclusive [[learned society|learned societies]] such as the [[Royal Society]] have Fellow as the only grade of membership, others like the Faculty of Young Musicians (now defunct) have members holding the post of Associate and posts ''Honoris Causa''.
==Industry==
Large corporations in [[research and development]]-intensive industries ([[IBM]] or [[Sun Microsystems]] in [[information technology]], and [[Boston Scientific]] in Medical Devices for example) appoint a small number of senior scientists and engineers as fellows. Fellow is the most senior rank or title one can achieve on a technical [[career]], though some fellows also hold business titles such as [[vice president]] or [[chief technology officer]].
==See also==
* [[Academic rank]]
* [[University don]]
* [[Research]]
==Notes and references==
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[[Category:Academia]]
[[Category:Members of learned societies|Fellow]]
[[Category:Education, training, and library occupations]]
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