Female ejaculation 155202 226172044 2008-07-17T03:56:40Z Atomaton 1217613 [[WP:UNDO|Undid]] revision 226146655 by [[Special:Contributions/82.29.240.159|82.29.240.159]] ([[User talk:82.29.240.159|talk]]) '''Female ejaculation''' (also known colloquially as '''''squirting''''' or '''''gushing''''') refers to the expulsion of noticeable amounts of clear [[fluid]] by human females from the [[Skene's gland|paraurethral ducts]] and/or [[urethra]] during [[orgasm]]. The exact source of the fluid is debated, although some researchers believe it originates from the [[Skene's gland]]. ===Relation to urinary incontinence=== For most of the last century, there was controversy over whether the effect existed at all, and in recent history there has been confusion between female ejaculation and [[urinary incontinence]]. However, scientific studies from the 1980s and later have demonstrated that a substance is produced which is distinct from urine, though it shares some qualities, such as alkalinity, with urine. <ref name=Kratochvil>{{cite journal |name=Kratochvil |author=Kratochvíl S. |year=1994 |month=April |title=Orgasmic expulsions in women |journal=Cesk Psychiatr. |volume=90 |issue=2 |pages=71–7 |pmid=8004685 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=8004685&ordinalpos=24&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum |accessdate=2007-06-22}}</ref> ===Sexual stimulation=== According to some, female ejaculation is mostly accomplished by stimulation of the [[urethral sponge]] (sometimes identified as the [[G-spot]]) an area purported to be near the front of the [[vagina]]l wall.<ref>{{cite journal |name=Rabinerson |first=D |last=Rabinerson |coauthors=E Horowitz. |year=2007 |month=February |title=G-spot and female ejaculation: fiction or reality? |journal=Harefuah. |volume=146 |issue=2 |pages=145–7, 163 |pmid=17352286 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17352286&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus |accessdate=2007-06-22}} </ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=JK |last=Davidson |coauthors=CA Darling CA, C Conway-Welch. |year=1989 |month=Summer |title=The role of the Grafenberg Spot and female ejaculation in the female orgasmic response: an empirical analysis. |journal=J Sex Marital Ther. |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=102–20 |pmid=2769772 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2769772&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus |accessdate=2007-06-22}}</ref> More rarely, ejaculation can be accomplished through external stimulation of the clitoris alone, the internal tissue of the clitoris then contracting and stimulating the urethral tissue. {{Fact|date=June 2007}} ==Historical and scientific discussion== Female ejaculation has been discussed in anatomical, medical, and biological literature throughout recorded history. In addition to references in ancient Indian<ref> Wimpissinger et al 'The female prostate revisited' ''journal of sexual medicine'' 4(5) 1388-93 september 2007 </ref>, Tibetan, Jewish, and Chinese writings{{Facts|date=July 2008}}, the ancient Greek philosopher [[Aristotle]] noted the existence of female ejaculation,<ref>{{cite book | author = Sundahl, D. | title = Female Ejaculation and the G-Spot | id = ISBN 0-89793-380-X | month = February | year = 2003 | publisher = Hunter House Publishers | url = http://www.hunterhouse.com/shopexd.asp?id=367&bc=no}}</ref> and the physician [[Galen]] (2nd century) described the female [[Prostate#Male_sexual_response|prostate]]. However Aristotle's reference 'to swell with wetness' in describing the orgasm may be instead interpreted by some as arousal. The [[Italian Renaissance]] [[anatomist]] [[Renaldus Columbus]] referred to female ejaculate in his explanation of the function of the clitoris. In the 17th century, the Dutch anatomist [[Regnier de Graaf]] wrote a book about female anatomy and spoke of female fluid "rushing out" and "coming in one gush" during sexual excitement.<ref>Regnier De Graaf, New Treatise Concerning the Generative Organs of Women</ref> [[Image:Skenes gland.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Research suggests that female ejaculate originates from [[Skene's gland]].]] Many Indian temples including Khajurao (Maharashtra), Kornak Sun Temple (Orissa) and Vijayangra temples (Karnataka) adorn carved images of female ejaculatuon. ===Modern investigation=== In recent centuries, female ejaculation was largely ignored by the modern medical community, until the 1982 publication of a bestselling book ''The G-Spot And Other Discoveries About Human Sexuality,'' by Ladas, Whipple, and Perry. The book discussed the question of female ejaculation and brought the concept back into discussions of women's sexuality, both in the medical community and among the general public.{{Facts|date=July 2008}} Many Tantric gurus such as Osho and Mantak Chia among others were educating followers about the existence and the techniques to achieve female ejaculation as far back as the sixties and seventies. By the seventies and eighties notable American and British Tantric teachers were further popularising it. With the turn of the century it was been depicted in porn. 'Sex and the City' perhaps bought it to the widest audience though it was represented as a lesbian phenomena. ===Lack of understanding=== While many in the medical and scientific communities are now acknowledging the existence of female ejaculation, there remains a large void when it comes to solid scientific data explaining: *The process of ejaculation in females. *The source of the fluid itself. ===Nature of the fluid=== Studies have been done by Beverly Whipple, John Perry, Gary Schubach, Milan Zaviacic and Cabello Santamaria, but their findings are limited. While current information offers no solid information about the source of the fluid, chemical analysis performed on the fluid has revealed that while it sometimes contains at least traces of urine, it regularly contains chemical markers unique to the [[prostate]] (whether male or female).<ref name=Kratochvil/> The latest research indicates the possibility that all women produce female ejaculate, even if they are not aware of it: *The expelled or released fluid is not urine, it is an [[alkaline]] liquid secreted by the paraurethral (''alongside the urethra'') glands. *The paraurethral glands produce an enzyme called prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), along with prostate-specific antigen (PSA).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pollen |first=JJ |coauthors=A. Dreilinger |year=1984 |month=March |title=Immunohistochemical identification of prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate specific antigen in female periurethral glands. |journal=Urology. |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=303–4 |pmid=6199882 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6199882&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus |accessdate=2007-06-22 |doi=10.1016/S0090-4295(84)90053-0}} </ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=SL |last=Tepper |coauthors=J Jagirdar, D Heath, SA Geller. |year=1984 |month=May |title=Homology between the female paraurethral (Skene's) glands and the prostate. Immunohistochemical demonstration. |journal=Arch Pathol Lab Med. |volume=108 |issue=5 |pages=423–5 |pmid=6546868 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6546868&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus |accessdate=2007-06-22}} </ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=N |last=Wernert |coauthors=M Albrech, I Sesterhenn, R Goebbels, H Bonkhoff, G Seitz, R Inniger, K Remberger. |year=1992 |month= |title=The 'female prostate': location, morphology, immunohistochemical characteristics and significance. |journal=Eur Urol. |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=64–9 |pmid=1385145 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1385145&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus |accessdate=2007-06-22}} </ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Z |last=Zaviacic |coauthors=M Ruzicková, J Jakubovský, L Danihel, P Babál, J Blazeková. |year=1994 |month=November |title=The significance of prostate markers in the orthology of the female prostate |journal=Bratisl Lek Listy. |volume=95 |issue=11 |pages=491–7 |pmid=7533639 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=7533639&ordinalpos=22&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum |accessdate=2007-06-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Z |last=Zaviacic |coauthors=RJ Ablin. |year=2000 |month=January |title=The female prostate and prostate-specific antigen. Immunohistochemical localization, implications of this prostate marker in women and reasons for using the term "prostate" in the human female. |journal=Histol Histopathol. |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=131–42 |pmid=10668204 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=10668204&ordinalpos=11&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum |accessdate=2007-06-22}}</ref> *Skene's gland also produces Human Protein 1, a trait formerly believed to be unique to the male prostate.<ref>{{cite journal |first=M |last=Zaviacic |coauthors=L Danihel, M Ruzicková, J Blazeková, Y Itoh, R Okutani, T Kawai. |year=1997 |month=March |title=Immunohistochemical localization of human protein 1 in the female prostate (Skene's gland) and the male prostate. |journal=Histochem J. |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=219–27 |pmid=9472384 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=9472384&ordinalpos=18&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum |accessdate=2007-06-22 |doi=10.1023/A:1026401909678}}</ref> Studies have found that: *54-60% of women have experienced emission of fluid at orgasm, *with 6% reporting that they regularly ejaculate in a forceful manner, and *an additional 13% stating that they have done so infrequently.<ref>{{cite journal |first=B |last=Bullough |coauthors=M David, B Whipple, J Dixon, ER Allgeier, KC Drury. |year=1984 |month=March |title=Subjective reports of female orgasmic expulsion of fluid. |journal=Nurse Pract. |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=55–9 |pmid=6546788 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6546788&ordinalpos=44&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum |accessdate=2007-06-22}}</ref><ref name=Kratochvil/> Dr. Schubach believes that "most women, the overwhelming proportion of women" are capable of ejaculation with training and practice.<ref>{{cite web | date=[[2007-05-15]] | title=Female Ejaculation & G-Spot Orgasm Podcast Interview with Dr. Gary Schubach | url=http://www.personallifemedia.com/podcasts/expanded-lovemaking/episode007-gary-schubach-squirting-female-ejaculations.html | publisher=Personal Life Media | accessdate=2007-05-15}}</ref> ==Research== There have been a number of studies carried out on the fluid expelled during female ejaculation to determine the chemical makeup. Through chemical analysis the expelled fluid has been found to contain the following: * [[glucose]] (a natural sugar) and [[fructose]] (another natural sugar, also found in the prostatic fluid of semen) * [[prostate-specific antigen]] (PSA), a [[protein]] in male ejaculate produced by the [[prostate|prostate gland]], and in females, believed to be generated by [[Skene's gland]]s * very low levels of [[creatinine]] and [[urea]] (the two primary chemical markers of urine, found in high levels in pre- and post-ejaculatory urinalysis).<ref>Edwin G. Belzer, Jr., Beverly Whipple and William Moger, co-researchers with Addiego, et al (1981)</ref> In 1988, Milan Zaviacic, M.D., Ph.D., head of the Institute of Pathology, [[Comenius University Bratislava]], published a study of five women who were patients at a fertility department of a hospital of gynecology and obstetrics. Total samples from one of the participants and one of four samples from a second participant were collected in the laboratory. The rest were collected at the homes of the women and transported to the laboratory in ice. In four of the five cases, the samples were analyzed within three hours of collection, with the fifth subject’s specimens analyzed three months after collection. The results in all five cases showed a higher concentration of fructose in the ejaculate sample than in the urine sample.<ref>Gary Schubach, Ed.D 2001, Urethral Expulsions During Sensual Arousal and Bladder Catheterization in Seven Human Females</ref> According to studies conducted by the Universidade de São Paulo, by doctor Paulo Carvalho Fez Barroso, a probable explanation to the fact was that of the female ejaculation delivers important energy sources such as glucose and fructose to improve the semen feeding sources, thus improving too the chances of fertilization of the woman's egg. In 1997 Dr. F Cabello Santamaria analyzed urine for PSA using Microparticle Enzyme Immunoassay and found that 75 percent of the samples showed a concentration of PSA in post-orgasmic urine samples which was not present in pre-orgasmic urine samples. The fluid collected at the point of orgasm (distinct from the urine samples) showed the presence of PSA in 100 percent of samples.<ref>Cabello, F. (1997). Female ejaculation: Myth and reality. In J.J. Baras-Vass & M.Perez-Conchillo (Eds) Sexuality and Human Rights: Proceedings of the XIII World Congress of Sexology (pp.325-333) Valencia, Spain: E.C.V.S.A.</ref> In 2002, Emanuele Jannini of [[L'Aquila University]] in Italy offered one explanation for this phenomenon, as well as for the frequent denials of its existence: Skene's gland openings are usually the size of pinholes, and vary in size from one woman to another, to the point where they appear to be missing entirely in some women. If Skene's glands are the cause of female ejaculation, this may explain the observed absence of this phenomenon in many women. In 2007, researchers at Rudolfstiftung Hospital-Urology, Vienna, performed high-resolution ultrasound and urethroscopy on two premenopausal women who reported orgasmic ejaculation. They verified diffuse glandular tissue around the length of the female urethra with an midline ductal opening at 6 o'clock position just inside the urethral meatus. Biochemical analysis of collected female ejaculate was found to be consistent with prostatic secretions and not urine.<ref> Wimpissinger et al 'The female prostate revisited' ''journal of sexual medicine'' 4(5) 1388-93 september 2007 </ref> == In society == === Medical contradictions === Misinformation about female ejaculation can lead to misdiagnosis of underlying medical conditions or wrong diagnosis where no medical condition exists. Current studies verify that female ejaculate is expelled through the [[urethra]] yet many continue to believe that the fluid leaves the body through the vagina. Expulsion of copious amounts of fluid from the vagina is called [[profuse vaginal discharge]] and can have several different causes: * infection or sexually transmitted disease - presents with typical symptoms including itch, odor and / or redness; * a sexually transmitted infection such as [[Trichomonas vaginalis]] which will often present without typical symptoms;<ref>CEG (2001) National guidelines on the management of Trichomoniasis vaginalis. Clinical Effectiveness Group (Association of Genitourinary Medicine and the Medical Society for the Study of Venereal Diseases)</ref> or * physiological discharge - an abundant amount of discharge with no underlying medical disorder. For this reason it is important that any female who experiences abnormal amounts of vaginal discharge undergo a physical examination to rule out underlying medical conditions. In other cases, women who may not be fully educated about female ejaculation may assume themselves to be suffering from urinary stress incontinence and seek medical intervention. Treatment for urinary stress incontinence may involve the use of medications or surgery, both unnecessary and dangerous if the source of the fluid leakage is female ejaculation. ==== British film classification ==== In the [[United Kingdom]], the [[British Board of Film Classification]] has neither confirmed nor denied the existence of the phenomenon of female ejaculation, only claiming that all examples they have seen thus far during classification have been urination during sex. Therefore, any sex videos on the UK market are allegedly yet to feature the phenomenon.<ref>[http://www.fiawol.demon.co.uk/FAC/femejac.htm Female Ejaculation: Research Contrary to BBFC Ruling]</ref> ==See also== *[[Bartholin's gland]] *[[Retrograde ejaculation]], where the fluid travels up the urethra towards the bladder could also possibly account for the absence otherwise observed. == Notes == {{reflist|2}} == References == * Addiego, F., Belzer, E. G., Comolli, J., Moger, W., Perry, J. D., & Whipple, B. (1981). Female ejaculation: A case study. ''The Journal of Sex Research'', 17, 13-21. * Arthur, Clint (2004) "9 Free Secrets of New Sensual Power" * {{cite journal | author = Nicola Jones | date = [[2002-07-03]] | title = Bigger is better when it comes to the G spot | journal = New Scientist | url = http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn2495 | accessdate = 2006-06-29}} ==External links== {{wiktionary}} * [http://userwww.service.emory.edu/~kim/orgasm.html An Annotated Bibliography on Sexual Arousal, Orgasm, and Female Ejaculation in Humans and Animals] * [http://www.the-clitoris.com/f_html/ejacula.htm The-Clitoris.com: Female Ejaculation & The G-Spot]: Instructions and diagrams from the feminist perspective. * [http://www.ejhs.org/volume4/Schubach/abstract.html Electronic Journal of Human Sexuality: Urethral Expulsions During Sensual Arousal and Bladder Catheterization in Seven Human Females by Gary Schubach] ([http://www.incontinet.com/ejacbib.htm "Female Ejaculation" Bibliography]) * [http://www.fiawol.demon.co.uk/FAC/femejac.htm Feminists Against Censorship: Submission to the BBFC]: Female Ejaculation: Research Contrary to BBFC Ruling. * [http://www.holisticwisdom.com/services_female-ejaculation_what-is-it.htm Female Ejaculation: What is it?] - by Lisa S. Lawless, R.M., C.E.O. Psychotherapist, Founder Of HolisticWisdom.com * [http://doctorg.com/female-ejaculation-myth-reality-1.htm Female Ejaculation, Myth and Reality by Dr. Santamaría Cabello] * [http://www.doctorg.com/history-female-ejaculation-3.htm History of "shejaculation"] [[Category:Body fluids]] [[Category:Gynecology]] [[Category:Orgasm]] [[Category:Female reproductive system]] <!-- Interwikis --> [[ca:Ejaculació femenina]] [[cs:Ženská ejakulace]] [[da:Kvindelig ejakulation]] [[de:Weibliche Ejakulation]] [[es:Eyaculación femenina]] [[fr:Éjaculation féminine]] [[it:Eiaculazione femminile]] [[lt:Moters ejakuliacija]] [[ml:രതിസലിലം]] [[nl:Vrouwelijke ejaculatie]] [[ja:潮吹き (アダルト)]] [[pl:Wytrysk u kobiet]] [[pt:Ejaculação feminina]] [[ru:Женская эякуляция]] [[simple:Ejaculation#Women]] [[fi:Naisen ejakulaatio]] [[sv:Kvinnlig ejakulation]] [[tr:Kadınlarda boşalma]] [[zh:女性射精]]