Fern
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226170839
2008-07-17T03:47:22Z
24.61.195.95
/* Fern structure */ copy edit
{{dablink|This article is about the group of pteridophyte plants. For the environmental organisation, see [[Forests and the European Union Resource Network|FERN]]. For the letter of the [[Ogham]] alphabet, see [[Fern (letter)]]. }}
{{Taxobox
| name = Ferns (Pteridophyta)
| fossil_range = Mid [[Devonian]]<ref>''[[Wattieza]]'', Stein, W. E., F. Mannolini, L. V. Hernick, E. Landling, and C. M. Berry. 2007. [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7138/abs/nature05705.html "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa"], ''Nature'' (19 April 2007) 446:904-907.</ref> - Recent
| image = Athyrium filix-femina.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''[[Athyrium filix-femina]]'' unrolling young frond
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = '''Pteridophyta'''
| subdivision_ranks = Classes<ref name=Smith2006>{{cite journal
| author = Smith, A.R.
| coauthors = Pryer, K.M.; Schuettpelz, E.; Korall, P.; Schneider, H.; Wolf, P.G.
| year = 2006
| title = A classification for extant ferns
| journal = Taxon
| volume = 55
| issue = 3
| pages = 705–731
| url = http://www.pryerlab.net/publication/fichier749.pdf
| accessdate = 2008-02-12
| doi = 10.1093/molbev/msm267.
| doi_brokendate = 2008-06-26
}}</ref>
| subdivision =
*†[[Cladoxylopsida]]
*[[Psilotopsida]]
*[[Equisetopsida]] (''alias'' Sphenopsida)
*[[Marattiopsida]]
*[[Polypodiopsida]] (''alias'' Pteridopsida, Filicopsida)
}}
A '''fern''' is any one of a group of about 20,000 [[species]] of [[plant]]s classified in the phylum or division '''Pteridophyta''', also known as '''Filicophyta'''. The group is also referred to as '''Polypodiophyta''', or '''Polypodiopsida''' when treated as a subdivision of [[tracheophyta]] (vascular plants). The study of ferns and other pteridophytes is called pteridology, and one who studies ferns and other pteridophytes is called a pteridologist. The term "[[pteridophyte]]" has traditionally been used to describe all seedless [[vascular plant]]s, making it synonymous with "ferns and [[fern allies]]". This can be confusing since members of the fern phylum Pteridophyta are also sometimes referred to as pteridophytes.
==Life cycle==
Ferns are [[vascular plant]]s differing from the more primitive [[lycophyte]]s by having true [[leaf|leaves]] (megaphylls), and they differ from [[seed plant]]s ([[gymnosperm]]s and [[angiosperm]]s) in their mode of reproduction - lacking flowers and [[seed]]s. Like all other vascular plants, they have a [[biological life cycle|life cycle]] referred to as [[alternation of generations]], characterized by a [[diploid]] [[sporophyte|sporophytic]] and a [[haploid]] [[gametophyte|gametophytic]] phase. Unlike the gymnosperms and angiosperms, the ferns' gametophyte is a free-living organism. The life cycle of a typical fern is as follows:
# A [[sporophyte]] ([[diploid]]) phase produces [[haploid]] [[spore]]s by [[meiosis]];
# A spore grows by mitosis into a [[gametophyte]], which typically consists of a photosynthetic [[prothallus]]
# The gametophyte produces [[gametes]] (often both [[sperm]] and [[Ovum|egg]]s on the same prothallus) by [[mitosis]]
# A mobile, [[flagellum|flagellate]] sperm fertilizes an egg that remains attached to the prothallus
# The fertilized egg is now a diploid [[zygote]] and grows by mitosis into a sporophyte (the typical "fern" plant).
==Fern ecology==
[[Image:sa-fern.jpg|thumb|Ferns at Muir Woods, California]]
The stereotypic image of ferns growing in moist shady woodland nooks is far from being a complete picture of the habitats where ferns can be found growing. Fern species live in a wide variety of [[habitat]]s, from remote [[mountain]] elevations, to dry [[desert]] rock faces, to bodies of water or in open fields. Ferns in general may be thought of as largely being specialists in marginal habitats, often succeeding in places where various environmental factors limit the success of [[flowering plant]]s. Some ferns are among the world's most serious weed species, including the [[bracken]] fern growing in the British highlands, or the mosquito fern (''[[Azolla]]'') growing in tropical lakes, both species form large aggressively spreading colonies. There are four particular types of habitats that ferns are found in: moist, shady [[forest]]s; crevices in rock faces, especially when sheltered from the full sun; acid wetlands including [[bog]]s and [[swamp]]s; and tropical [[tree]]s, where many species are [[epiphyte]]s.
Many ferns depend on associations with [[mycorrhizal]] fungi. Many ferns only grow within specific pH ranges; for instance, the climbing fern (''[[Lygodium]]'') of eastern [[North America]] will only grow in moist, intensely [[acid]] soils, while the bulblet bladder fern (''[[Cystopteris]] bulbifera''), with an overlapping range, is only ever found on [[limestone]].
== Fern structure ==
[[Image:Ferns at melb botanical gardens.jpg|thumb|Ferns at the Royal Melbourne Botanical Gardens]]
[[Image:Ferns02.jpg|thumb|Tree ferns, probably ''Dicksonia antarctica,'' growing in Nunniong, Australia]]
Like the sporophytes of seed plants, those of ferns consist of:
* [[Plant stem|Stems]]: Most often an underground creeping [[rhizome]], but sometimes an above-ground creeping [[stolon]] (e.g., [[Polypodiaceae]]), or an above-ground erect semi-woody trunk (e.g., [[Cyatheaceae]]) reaching up to 20 m in a few species (e.g., ''Cyathea brownii'' on [[Norfolk Island]] and ''Cyathea medullaris'' in [[New Zealand]]).
* [[Leaf]]: The [[green]], [[photosynthesis|photosynthetic]] part of the plant. In ferns, it is often referred to as a [[frond]], but this is because of the historical division between people who study ferns and people who study seed plants, rather than because of differences in structure. New leaves typically expand by the unrolling of a tight spiral called a crozier or [[fiddlehead]]. This uncurling of the leaf is termed [[circinate vernation]]. Leaves are divided into three types:
** Trophophyll: A leaf that does not produce spores, instead only producing sugars by photosynthesis. Analogous to the typical green leaves of seed plants.
** [[Sporophyll]]: A leaf that produces spores. These leaves are analogous to the scales of pine cones or to stamens and pistil in gymnosperms and angiosperms, respectively. Unlike the seed plants, however, the sporophylls of ferns are typically not very specialized, looking similar to trophophylls and producing sugars by photosynthesis as the trophophylls do.
** Brophophyll: A leaf that produces abnormally large amounts of spores. There leaves are also larger than the other leaves but bear a resemblance to trophopylls.
* [[Root]]s: The underground non-photosynthetic structures that take up water and nutrients from soil. They are always [[fibrous root system|fibrous]] and are structurally very similar to the roots of seed plants.
The gametophytes of ferns, however, are very different from those of seed plants. They typically consist of:
* Prothallus: A green, photosynthetic structure that is one cell thick, usually heart or kidney shaped, 3-10 mm long and 2-8 mm broad. The prothallus produces gametes by means of:
** [[antheridium|Antheridia]]: Small spherical structures that produce [[flagellum|flagellate]] sperm.
** [[archegonium|Archegonia]]: A flask-shaped structure that produces a single egg at the bottom, reached by the sperm by swimming down the neck.
* [[Rhizoid]]s: [[root]]-like structures (not true roots) that consist of single greatly-elongated cells, water and mineral salts are absorbed over the whole structure. Rhizoids anchor the prothallus to the soil.
One interesting difference between sporophytes and gametophytes might be summed up by the saying that "Nothing eats ferns, but everything eats gametophytes." This is an over-simplification, but it is true that gametophytes are often difficult to find in the field because they are far more likely to be food than are the sporophytes.
==Evolution and classification==
{{Cleanup-laundry|date=January 2008}}
Ferns first appear in the fossil record in the early-[[Carboniferous]] period. By the [[Triassic]], the first evidence of ferns related to several modern families appeared. The "great fern radiation" occurred in the late-[[Cretaceous]], when many modern families of ferns first appeared.
Ferns have traditionally been grouped in the Class Filices, but modern classifications assign them their own division in the plant kingdom, called Pteridophyta.
Traditionally, three discrete groups of plants have been considered ferns: two groups of eusporangiate ferns--families [[Ophioglossaceae]] ([[Ophioglossum|adders-tongues]], [[moonwort]]s, and [[grape-fern]]s) and [[Marattiaceae]]--and the [[sporangium|leptosporangiate]] ferns. The Marattiaceae are a primitive group of tropical ferns with a large, fleshy rhizome, and are now thought to be a sibling taxon to the main group of ferns, the leptosporangiate ferns. Several other groups of plants were considered "[[fern ally|fern allies]]": the [[clubmoss]]es, [[spikemoss]]es, and [[Isoëtes|quillwort]]s in the [[Lycopodiophyta]], the [[whisk fern]]s in [[Psilotaceae]], and the [[horsetail]]s in the [[Equisetaceae]]. More recent genetic studies have shown that the Lycopodiophyta are only distantly related to any other [[vascular plant]]s, having radiated evolutionarily at the base of the vascular plant [[clade]], while both the whisk ferns and horsetails are as much "true" ferns as are the Ophioglossoids and Marattiaceae. In fact, the whisk ferns and Ophioglossoids are demonstrably a clade, and the horsetails and Marattiaceae are arguably another clade. Molecular data - which remain poorly constrained for many parts of the plants' phylogeny - have been supplemented by recent morphological observations supporting the inclusion of ''Equisetaceae'' within the ferns, notably relating to the construction of their sperm, and peculiarities of their roots (Smith ''et al'' 2006, and references therein).
One possible means of treating this situation is to consider only the leptosporangiate ferns as "true" ferns, while considering the other three groups as "fern allies". In practice, numerous classification schemes have been proposed for ferns and fern allies, and there has been little consensus among them. A new classification by Smith et al. (2006) is based on recent molecular systematic studies, in addition to morphological data. This classification divides ferns into four classes:
*Psilotopsida
*Equisetopsida
*Marattiopsida
*Polypodiopsida
The last group includes most plants familiarly known as ferns. Modern research supports older ideas based on morphology that the Osmundaceae diverged early in the evolutionary history of the leptosporangiate ferns; in certain ways this family is intermediate between the eusporangiate ferns and the leptosporangiate ferns.
The complete classification scheme proposed by Smith et al. (2006; alternative names in brackets):
*Class [[Psilotopsida]]
**Order [[Ophioglossales]]
***Family [[Ophioglossaceae]] (incl. [[Botrychiaceae]], [[Helminthostachyaceae]])
**Order [[Psilotales]]
***Family [[Psilotaceae]] (incl. [[Tmesipteridaceae]])
*Class [[Equisetopsida]] [=Sphenopsida]
**Order [[Equisetales]]
***Family [[Equisetaceae]]
*Class [[Marattiopsida]]
**Order [[Marattiales]]
***Family [[Marattiaceae]] (incl. [[Angiopteridaceae]], [[Christenseniaceae]], [[Danaeaceae]], [[Kaulfussiaceae]])
*Class [[Pteridopsida]] [=Filicopsida, Polypodiopsida]
**Order [[Osmundales]]
***Family [[Osmundaceae]]
**Order [[Hymenophyllales]]
***Family [[Hymenophyllaceae]] (incl. [[Trichomanaceae]])
**Order [[Gleicheniales]]
***Family [[Gleicheniaceae]] (incl. [[Dicranopteridaceae]], [[Stromatopteridaceae]])
***Family [[Dipteridaceae]] (incl. [[Cheiropleuriaceae]])
***Family [[Matoniaceae]]
**Order [[Schizaeales]]
***Family [[Lygodiaceae]]
***Family [[Anemiaceae]] (incl. [[Mohriaceae]])
***Family [[Schizaeaceae]]
**Order [[Salviniales]]
***Family [[Marsileaceae]] (incl. [[Pilulariaceae]])
***Family [[Salviniaceae]] (incl. [[Azollaceae]])
**Order [[Cyatheales]]
***Family [[Thyrsopteridaceae]]
***Family [[Loxomataceae]]
***Family [[Culcitaceae]]
***Family [[Plagiogyriaceae]]
***Family [[Cibotiaceae]]
***Family [[Cyatheaceae]] (incl. [[Alsophilaceae]], [[Hymenophyllopsidaceae]])
***Family [[Dicksoniaceae]] (incl. [[Lophosoriaceae]])
***Family [[Metaxyaceae]]
**Order [[Polypodiales]]
***Family [[Lindsaeaceae]] (incl. [[Cystodiaceae]], [[Lonchitidaceae]])
***Family [[Saccolomataceae]]
***Family [[Dennstaedtiaceae]] (incl. [[Hypolepidaceae]], [[Monachosoraceae]], [[Pteridiaceae]])
***Family [[Pteridaceae]] (incl. [[Acrostichaceae]], [[Actiniopteridaceae]], [[Adiantaceae]], [[Anopteraceae]], [[Antrophyaceae]], [[Ceratopteridaceae]], [[Cheilanthaceae]], [[Cryptogrammaceae]], [[Hemionitidaceae]], [[Negripteridaceae]], [[Parkeriaceae]], [[Platyzomataceae]], [[Sinopteridaceae]], [[Taenitidaceae]], [[Vittariaceae]])
***Family [[Aspleniaceae]]
***Family [[Thelypteridaceae]]
***Family [[Woodsiaceae]] (incl. [[Athyriaceae]], [[Cystopteridaceae]])
***Family [[Blechnaceae]] (incl. [[Stenochlaenaceae]])
***Family [[Onocleaceae]]
***Family [[Dryopteridaceae]] (incl. [[Aspidiaceae]], [[Bolbitidaceae]], [[Elaphoglossaceae]], [[Hypodematiaceae]], [[Peranemataceae]])
***Family [[Oleandraceae]]
***Family [[Davalliaceae]]
***Family [[Polypodiaceae]] (incl. [[Drynariaceae]], [[Grammitidaceae]], [[Gymnogrammitidaceae]], [[Loxogrammaceae]], [[Platyceriaceae]], [[Pleurisoriopsidaceae]])
== Economic uses ==
Ferns are not as important economically as seed plants but have considerable importance. Some ferns are used for food, including the fiddleheads of [[bracken]], ''Pteridium aquilinum'', [[ostrich fern]], ''Matteuccia struthiopteris'', and [[cinnamon fern]], ''Osmunda cinnamomea]''. ''[[Diplazium esculentum]]'' is also used by some tropical peoples as food.
Ferns of the genus ''[[mosquito fern|Azolla]]'' are very small, floating plants that do not look like ferns. Called [[mosquito fern]], they are used as a biological fertilizer in the rice paddies of southeast Asia, taking advantage of their ability to [[nitrogen fixation|fix nitrogen]] from the air into compounds that can then be used by other plants.
A great many ferns are grown in [[horticulture]] as landscape plants, for [[greenery|cut foliage]] and as [[houseplant]]s, especially the [[Boston fern]] (''Nephrolepis exaltata''). The [[Bird's Nest Fern]], ''Asplenium nidus'', is also popular, and the [[staghorn fern]]s, genus ''Platycerium'', have a considerable following.
Several ferns are noxious [[weed]]s or [[invasive species]], including Japanese climbing fern (''[[Lygodium]] japonicum''), mosquito fern and [[sensitive fern]] (''Onoclea sensibilis''). Giant water fern (''[[Salvinia molesta]]'') is one of the world's worst aquatic weeds. The important fossil fuel [[coal]] consists of the remains of primitive plants, including ferns.
Ferns have been studied and found to be useful in the removal of heavy metals, especially arsenic, from the soil<ref>http://www.sciencedaily.com/videos/2005/0804-danger_in_your_backyard.htm</ref>
Other ferns with some economic significance include:
*''[[Dryopteris filix-mas]]'' (male fern), used as a [[vermifuge]], and formerly in the [[US Pharmacopeia]]; also, this fern accidentally sprouting in a bottle resulted in Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward's 1829 invention of the terrarium or [[Wardian case]]
*''[[Rumohra adiantoides]]'' (floral fern), extensively used in the [[floristry|florist]] trade
*''[[Osmunda|Osmunda regalis]]'' (royal fern) and ''[[Osmunda|Osmunda cinnamomea]]'' (cinnamon fern), the root fiber being used horticulturally; the fiddleheads of ''O. cinnamomea'' are also used as a cooked vegetable
*''[[Matteuccia struthiopteris]]'' (ostrich fern), the fiddleheads used as a cooked vegetable in North America
*''[[Pteridium aquilinum]]'' (bracken), the fiddleheads used as a cooked vegetable in Japan and are believed to be responsible for the high rate of stomach cancer in Japan. It is also one of the world's most important agricultural weeds, especially in the British highlands, and often poisons cattle and horses.
*''[[Diplazium esculentum]]'' (vegetable fern), a source of food for some native societies
*''[[Pteris|Pteris vittata]]'' (brake fern), used to absorb [[arsenic]] from the soil
*''Polypodium glycyrrhiza'' (licorice fern), roots chewed for their pleasant flavor
*[[Tree fern]]s, used as building material in some tropical areas
*''[[Cyathea cooperi]]'' (Australian tree fern), an important invasive species in Hawaii
*[[Parkeriaceae|''Ceratopteris'']] ''richardii'', a model plant for teaching and research, often called C-fern
==Cultural connotations==
[[Image:Nature print, Alois Auer .jpg|thumb|''Blätter des Manns Walfarn.'' by [[Alois Auer]], Vienna: Imperial Printing Office, 1853]]
In [[Slavic folklore]], ferns are believed to bloom once a year, during the [[Ivan Kupala]] night. Although it's exceedingly difficult to find, anyone who takes a look of a [[fern flower]] will be happy and rich for the rest of his life. Similarly in [[Finland]], the tradition holds that one who finds the [[seed]] of a fern in bloom on [[Midsummer]] night, will by the possession of it be able to travel under a glamour of invisibility and shall be guided to the locations where eternally blazing [[Will o' the wisp]]s mark the spot of hidden [[treasure]] caches{{Fact|date=June 2007}}.
"[[Pteridomania]]"' is a term for the [[Victorian era]] [[Fads and trends|craze]] of fern [[collecting]] and fern motifs in [[decorative art]] including [[pottery]], [[glass]], [[metal]]s, [[textile]]s, [[wood]], [[printing|printed paper]], and [[sculpture]] "appearing on everything from [[christening]] presents to [[gravestone]]s and memorials." The fashion for growing ferns indoors led to the development of the [[Wardian case]], a glazed cabinet that would exclude air pollutants and maintain the necessary humidity. <ref>[http://www.peterboyd.com/pteridomania.htm Peter D. A. Boyd's Pteridomania]</ref>
[[Image:Fractal fern1.png|thumb|left|150px|[[Fractal]] fern created using [[chaos game]], through an [[Iterated function system]] (IFS).]]
The dried form of ferns was also used in other arts, being used a stencil or directly inked for use in a design. The botanical work, ''[[The Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland]]'', is a notable example of this type of [[nature printing]]. The process, patented by the artist and publisher Henry Bradbury, impressed a specimen on to a soft lead plate. The first publication to demonstrate this was [[Alois Auer]]'s ''The Discovery of the Nature Printing-Process''.
==Medicinal Value==
Ferns are sometimes used in medicine to treat cuts and clean them out. Ferns are also good bandages if you are stuck out in the wild.{{Fact|date=April 2008}}
==Misunderstood names==
Several non-fern plants are called "ferns" and are sometimes confused with true ferns. These include:
*"Asparagus fern" - This may apply to one of several species of the [[monocotyledon|monocot]] genus ''[[Asparagus]]'', which are flowering plants.
*"Sweetfern" - A flowering shrub of the genus ''[[Comptonia]]''.
*"[[Air fern]]" - A group of [[animal]]s called [[hydrozoa]]n that are distantly related to [[jellyfish]] and [[coral]]s. They are harvested, dried, dyed green, and then sold as a "plant" that can "live on air". While it may look like a fern, it is merely the skeleton of this [[Colony (biology)|colonial animal]].
In addition, the book ''[[Where the Red Fern Grows]]'' has elicited many questions about the mythical "red fern" named in the book. There is no such known plant, although there has been speculation that the oblique grape-fern, ''[[Sceptridium|Sceptridium dissectum]]'', could be referred to here, because it is known to appear on disturbed sites and its fronds may redden over the winter.
== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Image:Fern.jpg|Fern leaf, probably ''Blechnum nudum''
Image:Tree Fern.jpg|A tree fern unrolling a new frond
Image:Fern02.jpg|Tree fern, probably ''Dicksonia antarctica''
Image:Ferns.jpg|Tree ferns, probably ''Dicksonia antarctica''
Image:Haeckel Filicinae 92.jpg|"Filicinae" from [[Ernst Haeckel]]'s ''[[Kunstformen der Natur]]'', 1904
Image:Oaxaca fern.jpg|Unidentified tree fern in [[Oaxaca (state)|Oaxaca]]
Image:Tree Fern Spores.jpg|Tree Fern Spores [[San Diego, CA]]
Image:Fern-leaf-oliv.jpg|Leaf of fern
Image:Fern leaves.jpg|Unidentified fern with spores showing in [[Rotorua]], [[New Zealand|NZ]].
Image:CowellFerns.JPG|Ferns in one of many natural [[Sequoia|Coast Redwood]] undergrowth settings [[Santa Cruz, CA]].
Image:Asplenium_marinum_Moore38.png|[[Nature printing|Nature print]]s in [[The Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland]] used fronds to produce the plates
</gallery>
==See also==
* [[Fern spike]]
* [[Pteridomania]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
* Pryer, Kathleen M., Harald Schneider, Alan R. Smith, Raymond Cranfill, Paul G. Wolf, Jeffrey S. Hunt and Sedonia D. Sipes. 2001. Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants. ''Nature'' 409: 618-622 (abstract [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v409/n6820/abs/409618a0.html here]).
* Pryer, Kathleen M., Eric Schuettpelz, Paul G. Wolf, Harald Schneider, Alan R. Smith and Raymond Cranfill. 2004. Phylogeny and evolution of ferns (monilophytes) with a focus on the early leptosporangiate divergences. ''American Journal of Botany'' 91:1582-1598 (online abstract [http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/91/10/1582 here]).
* Moran, Robbin C. (2004). ''A Natural History of Ferns''. Portland, OR: Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-667-1.
* Lord, Thomas R. (2006). ''Ferns and Fern Allies of Pennsylvania''. Indiana, PA: Pinelands Press. [http://www.paferns.com]
* Smith, A. R., K. M. Pryer, E. Schuettpelz, P. Korall, H. Schneider & P. G. Wolf. 2006. A classification for extant ferns. ''Taxon'' 55(3):705–731.[http://www.pryerlab.net/publication/fichier749.pdf online available]
*{{cite paper | first = Peter D. A. | last = Boyd | authorlink = | title = Pteridomania - the Victorian passion for ferns | version = Revised: web version | publisher = Antique Collecting 28, 6, 9-12. | date = 2002-01-02 | url = http://www.peterboyd.com/pteridomania.htm | format = | id = | accessdate = 2007-10-02 }}
==External links==
{{Wikispecies|Pteridophyta}}
{{Commonscat|Pteridophyta}}
* [http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Filicopsida&contgroup=Embryophytes Tree of Life Web Project: Filicopsida]
* A classification of the [http://www.anbg.gov.au/fern/taxa/classification.html ferns and their allies]
* [http://www.jaknouse.athens.oh.us/ferns/bookfern.html A fern book bibliography]
* [http://www1.akira.ne.jp/~unzen/pteridophyta.html Register of fossil Pteridophyta]
* [http://delta-intkey.com/britfe/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (2004 onwards). The Ferns (Filicopsida) of the British Isles.]
* [http://www.peterboyd.com/pteridomania2.htm Ferns and Pteridomania in Victorian Scotland]
* [http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/pages/non-seed-plants.htm Non-seed plant images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu]
* [http://www.birdock.com/read/ferns_in_detail/ ''Ferns in detail''], an online book
* [http://www.amerfernsoc.org/ "American Fern Society"]
{{-}}
{{Botany}}
[[Category:Pteridophyta| ]]
[[ar:سراخس]]
[[gn:Chachĩ]]
[[bg:Папратовидни]]
[[ca:Falguera]]
[[cs:Kapraďorosty]]
[[cy:Rhedynen]]
[[da:Bregne]]
[[de:Farne]]
[[et:Sõnajalgtaimed]]
[[el:Φτέρη]]
[[es:Pterophyta]]
[[eo:Filiko]]
[[fr:Filicophyta]]
[[id:Tumbuhan paku]]
[[it:Pteridophyta]]
[[he:שרכאים]]
[[lt:Papartūnai]]
[[hu:Harasztok]]
[[nl:Varens]]
[[nds-nl:Adderblad]]
[[ja:シダ植物門]]
[[no:Bregner]]
[[pl:Paprotniki]]
[[pt:Samambaia]]
[[ro:Ferigă]]
[[qu:Raki-raki]]
[[ru:Папоротниковидные]]
[[sr:Папрати]]
[[fi:Saniaiset]]
[[sv:Ormbunksväxter]]
[[ta:பன்னம்]]
[[uk:Папороть]]
[[wa:Fetchire]]
[[zh:蕨类植物]]