Fernando Amorsolo 3980316 216298808 2008-06-01T00:45:42Z Stepshep 5485465 Fixing [[Template:Infobox Artist]] per [[Template_talk:Infobox_Artist#Famous_works|discussions]] using [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]] {{Infobox Artist | bgcolour = | name = Fernando Amorsolo | image = Fernando Amorsolo 1a.jpg | imagesize = 200px | caption = | birthname = Fernando Cueto Amorsolo | birthdate = {{Birth date|1892|5|30}} | location = [[Paco, Manila]] | deathdate = {{Death date and age|1972|4|26|1892|5|30}} | deathplace = Manila | nationality = Filipino | field = Painting | training = Liceo de Manila, University of the Philippines, Academia de San Fernando | movement = | works = | patrons = | influenced by = | influenced = | awards = National Artist of the Philippines, 1972 }} '''Fernando Cueto Amorsolo''' ([[May 30]], [[1892]] - [[April 26]], [[1972]]) is one of the most important artists in the history of painting in the [[Philippines]].<ref name="asianart">Hallman, Tim. [http://www.asianart.org/documents/AAMPoPAPRFINAL_000.pdf "Pioneers of Philippine Art: Luna, Amorsolo, Zobel"]. [[Asian Art Museum of San Francisco]] ([[August 11]], [[2006]]). Retrieved [[July 2]], [[2007]].</ref> Amorsolo was a portraitist and painter of rural Philippine landscapes. He is popularly known for his craftsmanship and mastery in the use of light. Born in [[Paco, Manila]], he earned a degree from the Liceo de Manila Art School in 1909.<ref name=NCCA>[http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about_cultarts/cultprofile/natarts/visual/amorsolo.php "Fernando C. Amorsolo"]. [[National Commission for Culture and the Arts (Philippines)]] (2002). Retrieved [[June 30]], [[2007]].</ref><ref name=Encyclopedia>[http://www.bookrags.com/biography/fernando-amorsolo/ "Fernando Amorsolo"]. ''Encyclopedia of World Biography''. Thompson Gale (2005-2006).</ref> ==Biography== ===Early life and education=== Fernando Amorsolo was born on May 30, 1892 in Paco, Manila to Pedro Amorsolo, a [[bookkeeper]], and Bonifacia Cueto.<ref name=GlobalPinoy/><ref name=Encyclopedia/> Amorsolo spent his childhood in [[Daet, Camarines Norte]], where he studied in a public school and was tutored at home in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] reading and writing.<ref name=fih>"Fernando Amorsolo". ''Filipinos in History''. Manila, Philippines: National Historical Institute. Available for download though [http://www.nhi.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_remository&Itemid=44&func=select&id=3 nhi.gov.ph] (requires registration).</ref> After his father’s death, Amorsolo and his family moved to [[Manila]] to live with Don [[Fabian de la Rosa]], his mother's cousin and a Philippine painter.<ref name=GlobalPinoy/> At the age of 13, Amorsolo became an apprentice to De la Rosa, who would eventually become the advocate and guide to Amorsolo's painting career.<ref name=GlobalPinoy/> During this time, Amorsolo's mother [[embroidered]] to earn money, while Amorsolo helped by selling [[watercolor]] postcards to a local bookstore for 10 [[Philippine peso|centavo]]s each.<ref name=GlobalPinoy/> Amorsolo's brother, [[Pablo Amorsolo|Pablo]], was also a painter.<ref name=GlobalPinoy/> Amorsolo's first success as a young painter came in 1908, when his painting ''Levendo Periodico'' took second place at the Bazar Escolta, a contest organized by the Asociacion Internacional de Artistas.<ref name=fih/> Between 1909 and 1914, Amorsolo enrolled at the Art School of the Liceo de Manila, where he earned honors for his paintings and drawings.<ref name=GlobalPinoy/> After graduating from the Liceo, he entered the [[University of the Philippines]]' School of Fine Arts, where Dela Rosa worked at the time.<ref name=GlobalPinoy/> During college, Fernando Amorsolo's primary influences were the [[Spaniard|Spanish]] court painter [[Diego Velazquez]], [[John Singer Sargent]], [[Anders Zorn]], [[Joaquín Sorolla y Bastida]], [[Claude Monet]], [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]], and [[Ignacio Zuloaga]].<ref name=geringer/> Amorsolo's most notable work as a student at the Liceo was his painting of a young man and a young woman in a garden, which won him the first prize in the art school exhibition during his graduation year.<ref name=fih/> To make money during school, Amorsolo joined competitions and did illustrations for various Philippine publications,<ref name=fih/> including Severino Reyes’ first novel in [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], ''Parusa ng Diyos'' (God’s Punishment), and Iñigo Ed. Regalado's ''Madaling Araw'' (Dawn).<ref name=fih/> He also illustrated for the religious ''Pasion'' books.<ref name=fih/> Amorsolo graduated with medals from the University of the Philippines in 1914.<ref name=GlobalPinoy/> ===Career=== [[Image:Amorsoloposter.jpg|thumb|Amorsolo poster promoting [[liberty bonds]], 1917]] After graduating from the University of the Philippines, Amorsolo worked as a [[draftsman]] for the Bureau of Public Works, as a chief artist at the Pacific Commercial Company, and as a part-time instructor at the University of the Philippines (where he would work for 38 years).<ref name=GlobalPinoy>[http://www.globalpinoy.com/ch/ch_nationalartists_sub.php?name=Fernando%20C.%20Amorsolo%20(1892-1972)&category=Visual%20Arts "Fernando C. Amorsolo (1892-1972)"]. GlobalPinoy.com (2006). Retrieved [[June 30]], [[2007]].</ref> After three years as an instructor and commercial artist, Amorsolo was given a grant to study at the Academia de San Fernando in [[Madrid, Spain]] by Filipino businessman [[Enrique Zobel]] de Ayala.<ref name=GlobalPinoy/> During his seven months in Spain, Amorsolo sketched at museums and along the streets of Madrid, experimenting with the use of light and color.<ref name=Encyclopedia/> Through De Ayala’s grant, Amorsolo was also able to visit [[New York City|New York]], where he encountered postwar [[impressionism]] and [[cubism]], which would be major influences on his work. Amorsolo set up his own studio upon his return to Manila and painted prodigiously during the 1920s and the 1930s.<ref name=Encyclopedia/> His ''Rice Planting'' (1922), which appeared on posters and tourist brochures, became one of the most popular images of the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Commonwealth]] era.<ref name="geringer">[http://www.geringerart.com/p1.html Fernando Cueto Amorsolo<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Beginning in the 1930s, Amorsolo's work was exhibited widely both in the Philippines and abroad.<ref name="geringer"/> His optimistic, pastoral images set the tone for Philippine painting before World War II.<ref>Rodell, Paul. ''Culture and Customs of the Philippines''. Greenwood Press (2001): [http://books.google.com/books?id=HUgP3InN37cC&pg=PA52&ots=oJCfZs1Se8&dq=%22fernando+amorsolo%22&as_brr=3&sig=sKddMJFgfuqEB9N8ERBx_kUizjM#PPA52,M1 p52]. ISBN 0313304157.</ref> Except for his darker World War II-era paintings, Amorsolo painted quiet and peaceful scenes throughout his career.<ref name="Ocampo"/> Amorsolo was sought after by influential Filipinos including Luis Araneta, Antonio Araneta and [[Jorge B. Vargas|Jorge Vargas]].<ref name=Sylvia/> Amorsolo also became the favorite Philippine artist of [[United States]] officials and visitors in the Philippines. Due to his popularity, Amorsolo had to resort to [[photograph]]ing his works and pasted and mounted them in an [[album]]. Prospective patrons could then choose from this [[catalog]]ue of his works. Amorsolo did not create exact [[replica]]s of his trademark themes; he recreated the paintings by varying some elements. His works later appeared on the cover and pages of children's textbooks, in novels, in commercial designs, in cartoons and illustrations for the Philippine publications such ''The Independent'', ''Philippine Magazine'', ''Telembang'', ''Renacimiento Filipino'', and ''Excelsior''.<ref name="geringer"/> He was the director of the University of the Philippine’s College of Fine Arts from 1938 to 1952. [[Image:Amorsolo memorial.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A memorial to Amorsolo near his grave in Marikina City]] During the 1950s until his death in 1972, Amorsolo averaged to finishing 10 paintings a month. However, during his later years, [[diabetes]], [[cataract]]s, [[arthritis]], headaches, dizziness and the death of two sons affected the execution of his works. Amorsolo underwent a cataract operation when he was 70 years old, a surgery that did not impede him from drawing and painting.<ref name=fih/> Two months after being confined at the St. Luke’s Hospital in Manila,<ref name=Sylvia/> Amorsolo died of [[heart failure]] on April 24, 1972 at the age of 79.<ref name=GlobalPinoy/> Four days after his death, Amorsolo was conferred as the First Philippine National Artist in Painting at the [[Cultural Center of the Philippines]] by [[Ferdinand E. Marcos]].<ref name=fih/> ===Personal life=== During his lifetime, Amorsolo was married twice and had 14 children.<ref name="officialbio">[http://www.fernandocamorsolo.com/biography.html "Biography"]. FernandoAmorsolo.com.</ref> In 1916, he married Salud Jorge, with whom he had six children.<ref name="officialbio"/> After Jorge’s death in 1931, Amorsolo married Maria del Carmen Zaragoza, with whom he had eight more children.<ref name="officialbio"/> Among her daughters are Sylvia Amorsolo Lazo and Luz Amorsolo.<ref name=Sylvia/> Five of Amorsolo’s children became painters themselves.<ref name=Encyclopedia/> Amorsolo was a close friend to the Philippine [[sculptor]] [[Guillermo Tolentino]], the creator of the [[Caloocan City]] monument for Philippine hero [[Andres Bonifacio]].<ref name="Ocampo"/> ==Style and techniques== ===Women and landscapes=== [[Image:FernandoAmorsoloSmilingPlainMaiden1a.jpg|thumb|right|150px|A typical Filipina country woman as portrayed by Amorsolo. This painting also demonstrates his characteristic backlighting technique.]] Amorsolo is best known for his illuminated landscapes,<ref name=fih/> which often portrayed traditional Filipino customs, culture, fiestas and occupations. His pastoral works presented "an imagined sense of nationhood in counterpoint to American colonial rule" and were important to the formation of Filipino national identity.<ref name="asianart"/> Amorsolo was educated in the classical tradition and aimed "to achieve his Philippine version of the Greek ideal for the human form."<ref name="benesa"/> In his paintings of Filipina women, Amorsolo rejected Western ideals of beauty in favor of Filipino ideals<ref name=Paras/> and was fond of basing the faces of his subjects on members of his family.<ref name=Sylvia/> He said that the women he painted should have {{Quote|a rounded face, not of the oval type often presented to us in newspapers and magazine illustrations. The eyes should be exceptionally lively, not the dreamy, sleepy type that characterizes the Mongolian. The nose should be of the blunt form but firm and strongly marked. ... So the ideal Filipina beauty should not necessarily be white complexioned, nor of the dark brown color of the typical Malayan, but of the clear skin or fresh colored type which we often witness when we met a blushing girl.<ref name=Paras/>}} Amorsolo used natural light in his paintings and developed the [[backlight]]ing technique, which became his artistic trademark and his greatest contribution to Philippine painting.<ref name=NCCA/><ref name=GlobalPinoy/><ref name=Encyclopedia/> In a typical Amorsolo painting, figures are outlined against a characteristic glow, and intense light on one part of the canvas highlights nearby details.<ref name=Encyclopedia/> Philippine sunlight was a constant feature of Amorsolo's work; he is believed to have painted only one rainy-day scene.<ref name=Encyclopedia/> ===Sketches=== [[Image:Amorsolosketch.jpg|Sketch of a woman, whose unfinished style is representative of Amorsolo's sketching.|left|thumb|140px]] Amorsolo was an incessant [[sketch]] artist,<ref name=Paras>Paras-Perez, Rodriguez. ''Amorsolo Drawings'' ([http://www.lopezmuseum.org.ph/gallery_amorsolo.html excerpt available online]) (1992), ISBN 9491386742.</ref> often drawing sketches at his home, at [[Luneta Park]], and in the countryside.<ref name=Sylvia/> He drew the people he saw around him, from Filipino farmers to city-dwellers coping with the [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines|Japanese occupation]].<ref name="Paras"/> Amorsolo's impressionistic tendencies, which may be seen in his paintings as well, were at their height in his sketches.<ref name="Paras"/> His figures were not completely finished but were mere "suggestions" of the image.<ref name="Paras"/> ===Historical paintings and portraits=== Amorsolo also painted a series of historical paintings on pre-Colonial and Spanish Colonization events. Amorsolo’s ''Making of the [[Philippine Flag]]'', in particular, was widely reproduced.<ref name=Ocampo/> His ''The First Baptism in the Philippines'' required numerous detailed sketches and colored studies of its elements.<ref name=Ocampo/> These diverse elements were meticulously and carefully set by the artist before being transferred to the final canvas.<ref name=Ocampo/> For his pre-colonial and 16th-century depiction of the Philippines, Amorsolo referred to the written accounts of [[Antonio Pigafetta]], other available reading materials, and visual sources.<ref name=Ocampo/> He consulted with the Philippine scholars of the time, H. Pardo de Tavera and [[Epifanio de los Santos]].<ref name=Ocampo>Ocampo, Ambeth. [http://www.lopezmuseum.org.ph/artscene_zeroin_amorsolo_01.html "Amorsolo's Brush with History"]. [[Lopez Memorial Museum]] (2003). Retrieved [[June 30]], [[2007]].</ref> Amorsolo also painted oil portraits of Philippine General [[Emilio Aguinaldo]], [[Philippine presidents]], and other prominent Filipino individuals. ===World War II-era works=== [[Image:FernandoAmorsoloDefendingWomanHonor1a.jpg|thumb|right|165px|Detail from Fernando Amorsolo's 1945 ''Defense of a Filipina Woman's Honor'', which is representative of Amorsolo's WWII-era paintings. Here, a man defends his wife or daughter from being raped or executed by an unseen Japanese soldier.]] After the onset of World War II, Amorsolo's typical pastoral scenes were replaced by the depictions of a war-torn nation. During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines during [[World War II]], Amorsolo spent his days at his home near the Japanese [[garrison]], where he sketched war scenes from the house's windows or rooftop.<ref name=Sylvia>Amorsolo Lazo, Sylvia. [http://www.lopezmuseum.org.ph/main_reader5.html "Remembering Papa"]. [[Lopez Memorial Museum]] (2003). Retrieved [[June 30]], [[2007]].</ref> During the war, he documented the destruction of many landmarks in Manila and the pain, tragedy and death experienced by Filipino people, with his subjects including "women mourning their dead husbands, files of people with pushcarts and makeshift bags leaving a dark burning city tinged with red from fire and blood."<ref name="Ocampo"/> Amorsolo frequently portrayed the lives and suffering of Filipina women during World War II. Other WWII-era paintings by Amorsolo include a portrait ''in absentia'' of General [[Douglas MacArthur]] as well as self-portraits and paintings of Japanese occupation soldiers.<ref name=Encyclopedia/> In 1948, Amorsolo’s wartime paintings were exhibited at the [[Malacañang]] Presidential Palace.<ref name=Encyclopedia/> ==Critical evaluation== Amorsolo's supporters consider his portrayals of the countryside as "the true reflections of the Filipino Soul."<ref name="benesa">Benesa, Leo. [http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about_cultarts/comarticles.php?artcl_Id=163 "An Amorsolo Festival"] (originally from Philippine Sunday Express, November 16, 1975). ''What is Philippine about Philippine Art? and Other Essays'', Manila: National Commission for Culture and the Arts, 2000, pp. 24-27.</ref> Amorsolo has been accused, however, of succumbing to commercialism and merely producing souvenir paintings for American soldiers.<ref name="benesa"/> Critic [[Francisco Arcellana]] wrote in 1948 that Amorsolo's paintings "have nothing to say" and that they were not hard to understand because "there is nothing to understand."<ref name="benesa"/> Critics have criticized Amorsolo's portraits of Philippine Commonwealth personalities, his large, mid-career anecdotal works, and his large historical paintings.<ref name="benesa"/> Of the latter, critics have said that his "artistic temperament was simply not suited to generating the sense of dramatic tension necessary for such works."<ref name="benesa"/> Another critic, however, while noting that most of Amorsolo's estimated ten thousand works were not worthy of his talent, argues that Amorsolo's oeuvre should nonetheless be judged by his best works instead of his worst.<ref name="benesa"/> Amorsolo's small landscapes, especially those of his early career, have been judged as his best works, "hold[ing] well together plastically."<ref name="benesa"/> Amorsolo may "be considered a master of the Philippine landscape as landscape, even outranking [[Juan Luna|Luna]] and [[Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo|Hidalgo]] who also did some Philippine landscapes of the same measurements."<ref name="benesa"/> [[Image:Amorsolo grave.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Amorsolo's grave in Marikina City]] ==Legacy== The volume of paintings, sketches and studies of Amorsolo is believed to have reached more than 10,000 pieces. Amorsolo was an important influence on contemporary Filipino art and artists, even beyond the so-called "Amorsolo school."<ref name="benesa"/> Amorsolo's influence can be seen in many landscape paintings by Filipino artists, including early landscape paintings by abstract painter [[Federico Aguilar Alcuaz]].<ref name="benesa"/> In 2003, Amorsolo's children founded the Fernando C. Amorsolo Art Foundation, which is dedicated to preserving Fernando Amorsolo’s legacy, promoting his style and vision, and preserving a national heritage through the conservation and promotion of his works. <ref name=Foundation>[http://www.fernandocamorsolo.com/index.html "Fernando C. Amorsolo Art Foundation"]. FernandoAmorsolo.com. Retrieved [[July 2]], [[2007]].</ref> ===Amorsolo paintings in the art market=== At a 2001 auction in [[Wellesley, Massachusetts]], two original 1950s paintings by Amorsolo, ''The Cockfight'' and ''Resting Under the Trees'', were bought by a New Jersey collector for $36,000 and $31,500, respectively.<ref name=BeePub> [http://antiquesandthearts.com/AW0-01-16-2001-11-41-23 "Estate Sale Yields Fine Art, Furniture Gems in Wellesley, Mass."] Antiques and the Arts online, January 16, 2001. Retrieved on July 2, 2007</ref> During a 2002 episode of [[Antiques Roadshow]], a [[Sotheby]]'s antiques appraiser estimated that an attendee's signed 1945 rural landscape painting by Amorsolo could fetch between $30,000 and $50,000 at auction.<ref name=PBS>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/roadshow/series/highlights/2002/neworleans/neworleans.html "New Orleans, LA (2002)"] (Antiques Roadshow program #619, Morial Convention Center, aired November 11, 2002). PBS.org, retrieved on: July 2, 2007</ref> At a 1996 Christie's auction, Amorsolo's ''The Marketplace'' went for $174,000.<ref> Bacani, Cesar (Reported by Steven Poh/Kuala Lumpur, Keith Loveard/Jakarta and Susan Berfield/Hong Kong). [http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/96/0426/biz2.html "The Fine Art of the Sale: Sotheby's and Christie's are Targeting Southeast Asia,"] Asiaweek (April 26, 1996), retrieved on: July 2, 2007.</ref> ==Major works== Major works by Amorsolo include:<ref name=GlobalPinoy/> {{Col-begin}} {{Col-2}} * ''Afternoon Meal of the Workers'' (''Noonday Meal of the Rice Workers'') (1939) * ''Assassination of Governor Bustamante'' * ''Bataan'' * ''The Bombing of the Intendencia'' (1942) * ''The Building of Intramuros'' * ''Burning of the Idol'' * ''The Burning of Manila'' (1946) * ''El Ciego'' (1928) * ''The Conversion of the Filipinos'' (1931) * ''Corner of Hell'' * ''Dalagang Bukid'' (1936) * ''Defense of a Filipina Woman’s Honor'' (1945) * ''La destruccion de Manila por los salvajes japoneses'' (''The Destruction of Manila by the Savage Japanese'') * ''Early Filipino State Wedding'' * ''Early Sulu Wedding'' * ''The Explosion'' (1944) {{Col-2}} * ''The First Baptism in the Philippines'' * ''The First Mass in the Philippines'' * ''Maiden in a Stream'' (1921) * ''Making of the Philippine Flag'' * ''The Mestiza'' (1943) * ''My Wife, Salud'' (1920) * ''One Casualty'' * ''Our Lady of Light'' (1950) * ''Planting Rice'' (1946) * ''Princess Urduja'' * ''The Rape of Manila'' (1942) * ''Rice Planting'' (1922) * ''Sale of Panay'' * ''Sikatuna'' * ''Sunday Morning Going To Town'' (1958) * ''Traders'' * ''El Violinista'' (''The Violinist'') {{Col-end}} ==Awards and achievements== * 1908 – 2nd Prize, Bazar Escolta (''Asocacion Internacional de Artistas''), for ''Levendo Periodico'' * 1922 – 1st Prize, Commercial and Industrial Fair in the Manila Carnival * 1929 (1939?) – 1st Prize, New York’s World Fair, for ''Afternoon Meal of Rice Workers'' (also known as ''Noonday Meal of the Rice Workers'') * 1940 – Outstanding University of the Philippines Alumnus Award * 1959 – Gold Medal, [[UNESCO]] National Commission * 1961 – Rizal Pro Patria Award * 1961 – Honorary Doctorate in the [[Humanities]], from the Far Eastern University * 1963 – Diploma of Merit from the University of the Philippines * 1963 – ''Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinangan Award'', from the City of Manila * 1963 – Republic Cultural Heritage Award * 1972 – ''Gawad CCP para sa Sining'', from the Cultural Center of the Philippines<ref name=GlobalPinoy/> In 1972, Fernando Amorsolo became the first Filipino to be distinguished as the [[National Artists of the Philippines|Philippine's National Artist]] in Painting. He was named as the “Grand Old Man of Philippine Art” during the [[inauguration]] of the [[Hilton Hotels|Manila Hilton]]’s art center, where his paintings were exhibited on January 23, 1969. ===Major exhibitions=== Outside the Philippines, his exhibitions were held in [[Belgium]], at the Exposicion de [[Panama]] in 1914, at a one-man show at the Grand Central Gallery in New York City in 1925, and at the [[National Museum]] in Herran on November 6, 1948. During the 1931 [[Paris]] Exposition, Amorsolo exhibited one of his anecdotal paintings, ''The Conversion of the Filipinos''. Amorsolo's entries at the ''Exposicion'' in Panama were a portrait of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson and the piece ''La Muerte de Socrates''. At the 1948 National Museum in Herran, Amorsolo exhibition was sponsored by the Art Association of the Philippines. In 1950, Amorsolo exhibited two more historical paintings, ''Faith Among the Ruins'' and ''Baptism of Rajah Humabon'' at the Missionary Art Exhibit in [[Rome]]. In 1979, Fernando Amorsolo's legacy as a painter was celebrated through an exhibition of his works at the Art Center of the Manila Hilton.<ref name=fih/> His art was also featured in a 2007 exhibition in Havana.<ref>[http://www.dfa.gov.ph/news/pr/pr2007/mar/pr112.htm "Havana Inaugurates Philippine Modern Exhibit."] Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs, March 2, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2007.</ref> ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==See also== *[[Arts of the Philippines]] ==External links== *Photographs of Amorsolo's [http://www.flickr.com/photos/gpherman/120852520/ palette], [http://www.flickr.com/photos/gpherman/120852389/ wallet], and [http://www.flickr.com/photos/gpherman/120852436/ other personal effects] at [[flickr.com]]. *[http://www.allinsongallery.com/amorsolo/index.html Amorsolo works] at Allinson Gallery. *[http://www.frazerfineart.com/SearchE2.asp?At=FernandoAmorsolo Amorsolo works] at Frazer Fine Art. {{DEFAULTSORT:Amorsolo, Fernando}} [[Category:Filipino painters]] [[Category:Landscape artists]] [[Category:Portrait artists]] [[Category:National Artists of the Philippines]] [[Category:University of the Philippines alumni]] [[Category:1892 births]] [[Category:1972 deaths]] [[Category: Filipinos of Spanish descent]] {{Link FA|tl}} [[nl:Fernando Amorsolo]] [[tl:Fernando Amorsolo]]