Fields of science 4935132 224885620 2008-07-10T21:05:38Z Ha060244 7122840 /* Political science */ '''Fields of science''' are widely-recognized categories of specialized expertise within [[science]], and typically embody their own [[terminology]] and [[nomenclature]]. == Natural sciences == {{main|Natural science}}   See also: [[#Social sciences|Social sciences, below]]'' {{Natural sciences-footer}} ===[[Physical Sciences]]=== ====[[Chemistry]]==== {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} * [[Analytical chemistry]] * [[Biochemistry]] * [[Computational chemistry]] * [[Electrochemistry]] * [[Inorganic chemistry]] * [[Materials science]] * [[Medicinal chemistry]] {{col-break}} * [[Organic chemistry]] * [[Polymer chemistry]] * [[Physical chemistry]] * [[Quantum chemistry]] * [[Spectroscopy]] * [[Stereochemistry]] * [[Thermochemistry]] * [[Thermodynamics]] {{col-end}} ====[[Physics]]==== {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} * [[Acoustics]] * [[Agrophysics]] * [[Atomic, Molecular, and Optical physics]] * [[Biophysics]] * [[Computational physics]] * [[Condensed matter physics]] * [[Cryogenics]] * [[dynamics (mechanics)|Dynamics]] * [[Electromagnetism|Electricity & Magnetism]] * [[Fluid dynamics]] * [[Geophysics]] * [[Materials physics]] {{col-break}} * [[Mathematical physics]] * [[Mechanics]] * [[Nuclear physics]] * [[Optics]] * [[Particle physics]] (or High Energy Physics) * [[Plasma physics]] * [[Polymer physics]] * [[Quantum Physics]] * [[Statics]] * [[Solid state physics|Solid State]] * [[Thermodynamics]] * [[Vehicle dynamics]] *[[Electronics]] *[[Laser Physics]] {{col-end}} ===[[Space sciences]]=== {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} * [[Archaeoastronomy]] * [[Astrobiology]] * [[Astrochemistry]] * [[Astrodynamics]] * [[Astrometry]] * [[Astronomy]] * [[Astrophysics]] * [[Cosmochemistry]] * [[Cosmology]] {{col-break}} * [[Extragalactic astronomy]] * [[Galactic astronomy]] * [[Physical cosmology|Cosmology]] * [[Planetary geology]] * [[Planetary science]] * [[Sun|Solar astronomy]] * [[Astronomy#Stellar astronomy|Stellar astronomy]] {{col-end}} ===[[Earth sciences]]=== {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} * [[Biogeography]] * [[Cartography]] * [[Climatology]] * [[Coastal geography]] * [[Geodesy]] * [[Geography]] * [[Geology]] * [[Geomorphology]] {{col-break}} * [[Geostatistics]] * [[Geophysics]] * [[Glaciology]] * [[Hydrology]] * [[Hydrogeology]] * [[Mineralogy]] * [[Meteorology]] * [[Oceanography]] {{col-break}} * [[Paleoclimatology]] * [[Paleontology]] * [[Petrology]] * [[Limnology]] * [[Seismology]] * [[Soil science]] * [[Topography]] * [[Volcanology]] {{col-end}} ===[[Environmental science]]s=== {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} *[[Environmental science]] *[[Environmental chemistry]] {{col-break}} *[[Environmental geology]] *[[Environmental soil science]] {{col-end}} ===[[Life sciences]]=== {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} * [[Anatomy]] * [[Astrobiology]] * [[Biochemistry]] * [[Bioinformatics]] * [[Biology]] * [[Biophysics]] * [[Biotechnology]] * [[Botany]] * [[Cell biology]] * [[Chronobiology]] * [[Cladistics]] * [[Cytology]] * [[Dermatology]] * [[Developmental biology]] * [[Ecology]] * [[Embryology]] * [[Entomology]] * [[Epidemiology]] * [[Ethology]] * [[Evolution]] (Evolutionary biology) * [[Evolutionary developmental biology]] * [[Freshwater Biology]] * [[Genetics]] ([[Population genetics]], [[Genomics]], [[Proteomics]]) {{col-break}} * [[Histology]] * [[Immunology]] * [[Kinesiology]] * [[Marine biology]] * [[Microbiology]] * [[Molecular Biology]] * [[Morphology (biology)|Morphology]] * [[Neuroscience]] * [[Ontogeny]] * [[Phycology]] (Algology) * [[Phylogeny]] * [[Physical anthropology]] * [[Physical therapy]] * [[Physiology]] * [[Population dynamics]] * [[Structural biology]] * [[Taxonomy]] * [[Toxicology]] * [[Virology]] * [[Zoology]] {{col-end}} == Formal sciences == {{main|Formal sciences}} === [[Computer sciences]] === {{col-begin|width=95%}} {{col-1-of-3}} * [[Theory of computation]] ** [[Automata theory]] ([[Formal languages]]) ** [[Computability theory (computer science)|Computability theory]] ** [[Computational complexity theory]] ** [[Concurrency (computer science)#Theory|Concurrency theory]] * [[Algorithms]] ** [[Randomized algorithms]] ** [[Distributed algorithms]] ** [[Parallel algorithms]] * [[Data structures]] * [[Computer architecture]] ** [[Very-large-scale integration|VLSI design]] * [[Operating systems]] * [[Computer networking|Computer communications (networks)]] ** [[Information theory]] ** [[Internet]], [[World wide web]] ** [[Wireless computing]] ([[Mobile computing]]) * [[Computer security]] and [[High availability|reliability]] ** [[Cryptography]] ** [[Fault-tolerant system|Fault-tolerant computing]] * [[Distributed computing]] ** [[Grid computing]] * [[Parallel computing]] ** [[High-performance computing]] * [[Quantum computing]] * [[Computer graphics]] ** [[Image processing]] ** [[Scientific visualization]] ** [[Computational geometry]] {{col-2-of-3}} * [[Software engineering]] ** [[Formal methods]] ([[Formal verification]]) * [[Programming languages]] ** [[Programming paradigms]] *** [[Object-oriented programming]] *** [[Functional programming]] ** [[Program semantics]] ** [[Type theory]] ** [[Compilers]] ** [[Concurrent computing#Concurrent programming languages|Concurrent programming languages]] * [[Information science]] ** [[Database]] *** [[Relational database]] *** [[Distributed database]] *** [[Object database]] ** [[Multimedia]], [[hypermedia]] ** [[Data mining]] ** [[Information retrieval]] * [[Artificial intelligence]] **[[Cognitive science]] *** [[Automated reasoning]] *** [[Machine learning]] **** [[Artificial neural network]] *** [[Natural language processing]] ([[Computational linguistics]]) *** [[Computer vision]] ** [[Expert systems]] ** [[Robotics]] {{col-3-of-3}} * [[Human-computer interaction]] * Computing in [[Mathematics]], [[Natural sciences]], [[Engineering]] and [[Medicine]] ** [[Numerical analysis]] ** [[Symbolic computation|Algebraic (symbolic) computation]] ** [[Computational number theory]] ** [[Computational mathematics]] ** [[Scientific computing|Scientific computing (Computational science)]] ** [[Computational biology|Computational biology (bioinformatics)]] ** [[Computational physics]] ** [[Computational chemistry]] ** [[Computational neuroscience]] ** [[Computer-aided engineering]] *** [[Finite element analysis]] ***[[Computational fluid dynamics]] * Computing in [[Social sciences]], [[Arts]] and [[Humanities]], [[Professions]] **[[Computational economics]] ** [[Computational sociology]] ** [[Computational finance]] ** [[Digital Humanities|Humanities computing (Digital Humanities)]] * [[Information systems]] ([[Business informatics]]) ** [[Information technology]] ** [[Management information systems]] ** [[Health informatics]] * Computer and society ** History of computing ([[history of computer hardware]] & [[history of computer science]]) ** [[Humanistic informatics]] ** [[Community informatics]] {{col-end}} See also [[List of basic computer science topics#Branches of computer science|Branches of Computer Science]] and ACM [http://www.acm.org/class/ Computing Classification System] === [[Mathematics]]=== {{col-begin|width=95%}} {{col-1-of-3}} *[[Algebra]] ** [[Group theory]] *** [[Group representation]] ** [[Ring theory]] ** [[Field theory (mathematics)|Field theory]] ** [[Linear algebra]] ([[Vector space]]) ** [[Multilinear algebra]] ** [[Lie algebra]] ** [[Associative algebra]] ** [[Non-associative algebra]] ** [[Universal algebra]] ** [[Homological algebra]] ** [[Category theory]] ** [[Lattice theory]] ([[Order theory]]) ** [[Differential algebra]] *[[Mathematical analysis|Analysis]] **[[Real analysis]] ***[[Calculus]] **[[Complex analysis]] **[[Functional analysis]] *** [[Operator theory]] **[[Non-standard analysis]] **[[Harmonic analysis]] **[[p-adic analysis]] **[[Ordinary differential equations]] **[[Partial differential equations]] {{col-2-of-3}} *[[Probability theory]] **[[Measure theory]] **[[Ergodic theory]] **[[Stochastic process]] *[[Geometry]] and [[Topology]] **[[General topology]] **[[Algebraic topology]] **[[Geometric topology]] **[[Differential topology]] **[[Algebraic geometry]] **[[Differential geometry]] **[[Projective geometry]] **[[Affine geometry]] **[[Non-Euclidean geometry]] **[[Convex geometry]] **[[Discrete geometry]] *[[Number theory]] **[[Analytic number theory]] **[[Algebraic number theory]] **[[Geometric number theory]] *[[Mathematical logic|Logic]] and [[Foundations of mathematics]] **[[Set theory]] **[[Proof theory]] **[[Model theory]] **[[Recursion theory]] **[[Modal logic]] **[[Intuitionistic logic]] {{col-3-of-3}} *[[Applied mathematics]] **[[Statistics]] ***[[Mathematical statistics]] ***[[Econometrics]] ***[[Actuarial science]] ***[[Demography]] **[[Approximation theory]] **[[Numerical analysis]] **[[Optimization (mathematics)|Optimization (Mathematical programming)]] ***[[Operations research]] ***[[Linear programming]] **[[Dynamical systems]] ***[[Chaos theory]] ***[[Fractal geometry]] **[[Mathematical physics]] ***[[Quantum field theory]] ***[[Statistical mechanics]] **[[Theory of computation]] ***[[Computational complexity theory]] **[[Information theory]] **[[Cryptography]] **[[Combinatorics]] ***[[Coding theory]] **[[Graph theory]] **[[Game theory]] {{col-end}} see also [[list of mathematics lists#Fields of mathematics|Branches of Mathematics]] and AMS [http://www.ams.org/msc/ Mathematics Subject Classification]'' === [[Systems science]] === {{col-begin|width=95%}} {{col-1-of-3}} * [[Chaos theory]] * [[Complex systems]] * [[Complexity theory]] * [[Cybernetics]] ** [[Biocybernetics]] ** [[Engineering cybernetics]] ** [[Management cybernetics]] ** [[Medical cybernetics]] ** [[New Cybernetics]] ** [[Second-order cybernetics]] * [[Control theory]] ** [[Affect control theory]] ** [[Control engineering]] ** [[Control systems]] ** [[Dynamical systems]] ** [[Perceptual control theory]] {{col-2-of-3}} * [[Operations research]] * [[Systems biology]] ** [[Computational systems biology]] ** [[Synthetic biology]] ** [[Systems immunology]] * [[Systems dynamics]] ** [[Social dynamics]] * [[Systems ecology]] ** [[Ecosystem ecology]] * [[Systems engineering]] ** [[Biological systems engineering]] ** [[Earth systems engineering and management]] ** [[Enterprise systems engineering]] ** [[Systems analysis]] {{col-3-of-3}} * [[Systems psychology]] ** [[Ergonomics]] ** [[Family systems theory]] ** [[Systemic therapy]] * [[Systems theory]] ** [[Biochemical systems theory]] ** [[Ecological systems theory]] ** [[Developmental systems theory]] ** [[General systems theory]] ** [[Living systems theory]] ** [[LTI system theory]] ** [[Sociotechnical systems theory]] ** [[Mathematical system theory]] ** [[World-systems theory]] {{col-end}} == Social sciences == {{main|Social sciences}}   See also: [[#Natural sciences|Natural sciences, above]]'' {{Social sciences-footer}} ===[[Anthropology]]=== {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} * [[Applied anthropology]] * [[Anthropology of religion]] * [[Archaeology]] * [[Cultural anthropology]] * [[Ethnobiology]] * [[Ethnography]] * [[Ethnology]] * [[Ethnopoetics]] * [[Evolutionary anthropology]] {{col-break}} * [[Experimental archaeology]] * [[Historical archaeology]] * [[Linguistic anthropology]] * [[Medical anthropology]] * [[Physical anthropology]] * [[Psychological anthropology]] * [[Zooarchaeology]] {{col-end}} ===[[Economics]]=== {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} * [[Macroeconomics]] * [[Microeconomics]] * [[Behavioural economics]] * [[Bioeconomics]] * [[Development economics]] * [[Econometrics]] * [[Economic geography]] * [[Economic history]] * [[Economic sociology]] * [[Energy economics]] * [[Entrepreneurial Economics]] * [[Environmental economics]] * [[Feminist economics]] * [[Financial economics]] * [[Green economics]] * [[Industrial organization]] * [[International economics]] * [[Institutional economics]] * [[Islamic economics]] * [[Labor economics]] * [[Law and Economics]] {{col-break}} * [[Managerial economics]] * [[Mathematical economics]] * [[Monetary economics]] * [[Public finance]] * [[Public economics]] * [[Platform economics]] * [[Real estate economics]] * [[Resource economics]] * [[Socialist economics]] * [[Welfare economics]] * [[Computational economics]] * [[Econometrics]] * [[Evolutionary economics]] * [[Experimental economics]] * [[Social psychology]] * [[Neuroeconomics]] * [[Political economy]] * [[Socioeconomics]] * [[Transport economics]] {{col-end}} ===[[Psychology]]=== {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} * [[Behavior analysis]] * [[Biopsychology]] * [[Cognitive psychology]] * [[Clinical psychology]] * [[Cultural psychology]] * [[Developmental psychology]] * [[Educational psychology]] * [[Evolutionary psychology]] * [[Experimental psychology]] * [[Forensic psychology]] * [[Health psychology]] {{col-break}} * [[Humanistic psychology]] * [[Industrial and organizational psychology]] * [[Neuropsychology]] * [[Personality psychology]] * [[Psychometrics]] * [[Psychology of religion]] * [[Psychophysics]] * [[Physical psychology]] * [[Sensation and perception psychology]] * [[Social psychology]] {{col-end}} ===[[Geography]]=== {{col-start|width=95%}} {{col-break}} * [[Cartography]] * [[Human geography]] ** [[Critical geography]] ** [[Cultural geography]] ** [[Feminist geography]] ** [[Economic geography]] ** [[Development geography]] ** [[Historical geography]] ** [[Time geography]] ** [[Political geography]] & [[geopolitics]] ** [[Marxist geography]] ** [[Military geography]] ** [[Strategic geography]] ** [[Population geography]] ** [[Social geography]] ** [[Behavioral geography]] ** [[Children's geographies]] ** [[Health geography]] ** [[Tourism geography]] ** [[Urban geography]] {{Col-break}} * [[Environmental geography]] * [[Physical geography]] ** [[Biogeography]] ** [[Climatology]] ** [[Palaeoclimatology]] ** [[Coastal geography]] ** [[Geomorphology]] ** [[Geodesy]] ** [[Hydrology]]/[[Hydrography]] ** [[Glaciology]] ** [[Limnology]] ** [[Oceanography]] ** [[Pedology (soil study)|Pedology]] ** [[Landscape ecology]] ** [[Palaeogeography]] * [[Regional geography]] {{col-break}} {{col-end}} ===[[Linguistics]]=== * [[Historical linguistics]] * [[Morphology (linguistics)|Morphology]] * [[Phonetics]] * [[Phonology]] * [[Semantics]] * [[Semiotics]] * [[Syntax]] * [[Etymology]] ===[[Philosophy]]=== Not considered a science by some thinkers, instead considered a precursor of it. Several fields of philosophy are more directly relevant to the natural and social sciences than others. These include: * [[Epistemology]] * [[Ethics]] * [[Logic]] * [[Philosophy of mind]] * [[Philosophy of science]] ===[[Political science]]=== * [[Public policy]] * [[Public administration]] * [[Ideology]] * [[Game theory]] * [[Psephology]] ([[voting systems]] and electoral behaviour) * [[Political economy]] * [[Geopolitics]] and [[political geography]] * Policy studies and [[public policy]] analysis * [[Comparative politics]] * National systems * Cross-national political analysis * [[Supranational]] and [[intergovernmental]] politics * [[Globalization]] studies * Political development * [[International relations theory]] * [[Foreign policy analysis]] * [[public administration]] and [[local government]] studies * [[Political psychology]], bureaucratic, administrative and judicial behaviour * Legislative processes and public law * [[Power in international relations]] and the theory of [[great power]]s and [[superpower]]s. * Political science of religion * Research methodology * Security Studies * Strategic Studies ===[[Sociology]]=== See also [[Subfields of sociology]] * [[Criminology]] * [[Demography]] ===[[History]]=== ===[[Education]]=== ===[[Law]]'''/'''[[Government]]=== ===[[Management]]=== ==Applied sciences== ===[[Architecture]]=== {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} * [[Architectural engineering]] * [[Architecture]] {{col-break}} * [[Building science]] * [[Urbanism]] {{col-end}} ===[[Cognitive sciences]]=== {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} * [[Cognitive neuroscience]] * [[Cognitive psychology]] {{col-break}} * [[Neuropsychology]] * [[Psycholinguistics]] {{col-end}} ===[[Engineering]]=== {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} * [[Aeronautical engineering]] * [[Aerospace engineering]] * [[Agricultural engineering]] * [[Agricultural science]] * [[Biomedical engineering]] * [[Chemical engineering]] * [[Civil engineering]] * [[Computer engineering]] * [[Control engineering]] {{col-break}} * [[Electrical engineering]] * [[Language engineering]] * [[Marine engineering]] * [[Mechanical engineering]] * [[Mining engineering]] * [[Nuclear engineering]] * [[Polymer science|Polymer engineering]] * [[Software engineering]] * [[Systems engineering]] {{col-end}} ===[[Health science]]s=== {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} * [[Conservation medicine]] * [[Dentistry]] * [[Nutrition]] {{col-break}} * [[Medicine]] * [[Veterinary medicine]] {{col-end}} ====[[Medicine]]==== {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} * [[Anatomy]] * [[Dermatology]] * [[Gynecology]] * [[Immunology]] * [[Internal medicine]] * [[Neurology]] * [[Ophthalmology]] * [[Pathology]] * [[Pathophysiology]] {{col-break}} * [[Pediatrics]] * [[Pharmacology]] * [[Physical therapy]] * [[Physiology]] * [[Psychiatry]] * [[Radiology]] * [[Toxicology]] * [[Urology]] {{col-end}} ===[[Military science|Military Science]]=== * [[Military organisation|Military Organisation]] * [[Recruit training|Military Education and Training]] * [[Military history|Military History]] * [[Military technology and equipment|Military Engineering]] * [[Military strategy|Military Strategy and Tactics]] == See also == * [[Science]] * [[List of fields of doctoral studies]] * [[List of academic disciplines]] *Complete [[Joint Academic Classification of Subjects]] (JACS) from [[Higher Education Statistics Agency]] (HESA) in the [[United Kingdom]]: [http://www.hesa.ac.uk/jacs/completeclassification.htm] [[Category:Science]] [[ar:حقول العلم]] [[nov:Fakes de sientie]]