Fijian mercenaries in Bougainville
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{{History and Politics of Fiji}}
Relationships between [[Fiji]] and [[Papua New Guinea]] became strained in November 2005 in the wake of revelations that 9 Fijian [[mercenaries]] had entered Papua New Guinea illegally and were arming and training a private [[militia]] on the island of [[Bougainville Island|Bougainville]].
== The first wave ==
It was revealed on [[15 November]] that the men, formerly connected with the now disbanded [[Counter Revolutionary Warfare Unit (Fiji)|Counter Revolutionary Warfare Unit]], had been hired as "bodyguards" by [[Noah Musingku]], a follower of the late Bougainville separatist leader [[Francis Ona]]. Musingku has in the past been involved in organizing failed [[pyramid scheme]]s. The men were reportedly giving arms training to students from schools around [[Tonu, Papua New Guinea|Tonu]], in the [[Siwai]] district.
Papua New Guinea's Inter-Governmental Relations Minister, [[Peter Barter|Sir Peter Barter]], expressed serious concern about the men's activities, saying they had been lured to Bougainville by false promises.
On [[18 November]], the eight men confirmed that they were in Bougainville to train security officers, but denied being mercenaries.
The Fijian government formally apologised on [[30 November]] for the embarrassing incident.
=== No sympathy from Fijian government ===
Fiji's [[High Commissioner]] to [[Port Moresby]], [[Inoke Kubuabola|Ratu Inoke Kubuabola]], said that the men had been identified. He condemned their actions, saying, ''"It has brought disrepute to all the good work done in the past by our Fijian missionaries and soldiers who served in peace building and monitoring process on Bougainville."'' He had had to assure [[Joseph Kabui]], the President of Bougainville's autonomous regional government, that the soldiers were no longer members of the [[Military of Fiji|Fiji Military Forces]] and that the Fijian government did not support them.
Prime Minister Qarase told Parliament on [[17 November]] that if the 8 former CRW soldiers were found guilty, they would get no help from the Fijian government. ''"Basically if you are in a foreign country and you break the law then you have to account for your action,"'' he said.
Fiji's [[Minister for Home Affairs (Fiji)|Home Affairs Minister]], [[Josefa Vosanibola]], issued a statement on [[20 November]] calling on all Fijian citizens living or working abroad to respect he laws of their host countries, and to refrain from involvement in any activities that could tarnish Fiji's reputation.
The Fijian government has refused to label the men "mercenaries", however. Foreign Affairs spokesman [[Isikeli Mataitoga]] said that the government would not brand them as such until they had ascertained exactly why they were on Bougainville.
=== Missionary visas ===
The [http://www.Fijilive.com Fiji Live] new service reported the same day that the 8 former soldiers were recruits of the [[Ronin Security]] firm, whose founder [[Ilisoni Ligairi]] was implicated in the [[Fiji coup of 2000]]. According to Fiji Live, the recruits travelled to Bougainville ostensibly as [[missionary|missionaries]], and it was reported on [[18 November]] that three of the men belonged to the [[Christian Mission Fellowship (Fiji)|Christian Mission Fellowship]], a Fijian church group, and that at least two of them had entered Papua New Guinea on missionary visas.
[[Pastor]] [[Manasa Kolivuso]] of the [[Every Home for Christ]] Church denied on [[20 November]] that he or the church had authorized the two men connected with the church to travel to Papua New Guinea as missionaries.
Also on [[20 November]], it was revealed that [[Suliasi Turagabeci]], the official secretary to Fiji's [[List of Presidents of Fiji|President]], had supported the visa applications of two of the men, [[Freddy Rokondi]] and [[Sam Baroi]]. He had supplied them with references testifying that he had known them for more than a decade, and asserting that they were devout Christians and trustworthy men. The men were subsequently granted missionary visas.
=== National security threat ===
Military spokesman [[Captain]] [[Neumi Leweni]] said that the actions of the mercenaries constituted a threat to national security in Fiji. He blamed government policy, including its promotion of the controversial [[Reconciliation and Unity Commission (Fiji)|Reconciliation, Tolerance, and Unity Bill]], for fostering a ''"do whatever you want syndrome"'' of which this incident was a symptom.
On the other hand, former [[List of Prime Ministers of Fiji|Prime Minister]] [[Sitiveni Rabuka]], who founded the CRW unit, defended the mercenaries, saying they had nothing else to do. He said that the disbanding of the unit following the coup and [[Mutinies of Fiji coup of 2000|mutinies]] of 2000, coupled with the tarnishing of the reputations of the soldiers involved, had left the men unemployed and unemployable. He called on the government to ensure that others in similar circumstances do not likewise end up in illegal activities.
=== Fears of danger ===
Meanwhile, Kubuabola said that the 8 men would be in great danger if the charges against them were substantiated. He appealed to Fijians living in Papua New Guinea to help them return to Fiji. [[List of Foreign Ministers of Fiji|Foreign Minister]] [[Kaliopate Tavola]], for his part, had ascertained that 2 of them were willing to do so, but was unsure of the others' intentions.
Meanwhile, a separatist group on Bougainville threatened to "destroy or kidnap" the men if they failed to leave the island within seven days.
=== Rakai negotiates ===
It was announced on [[21 November]] that the Fijian [[High Commission]] in Port Moresby would send [[Emosi Rakai]], the First Secretary at the High Commission, to [[Buka Island|Buka]] to assist the Bougainville government to repatriate the Fijians. Efforts to communicate with the Fijians themselves were proving futile, said Foreign Minister Tavola. Telephone calls were invariably answered by a third person saying that the men were not available, he said. High Commissioner Kubuabola said that the diplomat being sent knew three of the mercenaries well, and expressed hope that they would cooperate. Bougainville's autonomous government, he said, was anxious to get the men off the island before the central government intervened.
When Rakai arrived in Buka however, his efforts to contact the men were reportedly unsuccessful. ''"They were given orders not to speak to me,"'' Rakai said. Rakai's statement conflicted with two earlier reports, one saying that he had in fact made contact but had failed to persuade them to board a flight to Port Moresby and then return to Fiji. High Commissioner Kubuabola later said that the meeting had not taken place, and cited bad weather as a likely explanation.
Kubuabola announced on [[29 November]], however, that Rakai had succeeded in contacting the men over the weekend, and had persuaded two of them, [[Fereti Rokodi]] and [[Semi Baroi]] - believed to be leaders among the eight - to fly to Port Moresby to be interviewed. Rakai meanwhile expressed fears that the remaining six were being held against their will. Musingku would not let them leave for "security reasons," he told Papua New Guinea's [[Post-Courier]] newspaper.
Rokodi and Baroi were to be questioned by Papua New Guinea immigration officials on possible breaches of their visa conditions. Papua New Guinea's Acting [[List of Prime Ministers of Papua New Guinea|Prime Minister]] [[Moi Avei|Sir Moi Avei]] had earlier told [[Pacific Beat]] on [[Radio Oz]] the previous day that the men were a threat to national security.
After arriving in Port Moresby, Rokodi told Fijian and Papuan officials interviewing him that he and his colleagues were missionaries, not mercenaries, and were on Bougainville to preach the Christian gospel. They considered the opportunity the fulfillment of a vision they had had in 1999, he said. They were also there, he claimed, to check on "investments" that Fijians had made, and to get the promised returns from Musingku.
=== Expulsion order ===
Meanwhile, Kubuabola said that all eight Fijians wanted to return home. On [[5 December]], they were ordered by the government of Papua New Guinea to leave the country within 15 days. Then on [[9 December]], with Rakai still attempting to persuade the men to leave, the government of Papua New Guinea announced its intention to charge the men for breaching the conditions of their visas, and gave them till [[20 December]] to leave. On [[12 December]], having returned to Tonu with Rokodi in an effort to persuade the remaining six to leave, reported that he had failed. All six had signed statements for the Fijian High Commission that of their own accord, they refused to leave Bougainville and were applying for work permits.
On [[19 December]], Bougainville's Vice-President [[Joseph Watawi]] said that the deadline for the men to leave had been extended till [[28 December]]. If they refused to leave, they would be arrested, he declared. Meanwhile, reports indicated that [[Isaia Baro]], one of the six remaining in Tonu, had left the area and had flown to Port Moresby, for interrogation by immigration authorities.
On [[20 December]], the Papua New Guinea government threatened the men with [[treason]] charges if they failed to leave the country. The next day, Papua New Guinea's ''National'' newspaper reported that authorities were monitoring the waters in the region of the [[Solomon Islands]], lest the men attempt to leave the country illegally by boat. They next day, it was announced that the three men who had left Tonu would be charged and deported for immigration offences; the remaining five would similarly be charged and deported when apprehended, the [[Fiji Times]] reported.
Papua New Guinea's [[Post Courier]] newspaper reported on [[23 December]] that the five men remaining in Tonu had hopes of receiving the [[Fijian dollar|F$1 million]] each that Musingku had promised them, and would not leave until paid. This refusal was repeated on [[27 December]]. ''"Because there is strong hope that Musingku will pay out, the Fijians do not want to leave Tonu without the money promised,"'' the Post Courier quoted one informant.
Musingku, meanwhile, is reported to have tightened security at his Tonu hideout following rumors of troop deployments in the vicinity.
On [[23 December]], the [[Fiji Village]] news service quoted Fiji's acting [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Fiji)|Foreign Minister]], [[Pita Nacuva]], as saying that the men's activities could make it much more difficult for Fijian nationals to obtain entry permits in Papua New Guinea in future.
The deadline expired on [[28 December]], with the five men still in Tonu. There was no immediate word as to whether, or when, police would carry out their treat to use force to remove the men.
Meanwhile, [[Fiji Television]] revealed on [[29 December]] that the three men who had left Tonu were under house arrest in [[Port Moresby]]. It was subsequently reported by [[Fiji Village]] on [[3 January]] [[2006]] that the government of Papua New Guinea had decided to deport them without laying any charges.
Bougainville President [[Joseph Kabui]] announced on [[16 January]] that armed men would be sent into Tonu to "smoke out" the five Fijians remaining, who were said to be training 30 militiamen.
=== Detained in Tonu; one escapes from Port Moresby ===
The Fiji High Commission in Port Moresby revealed on [[6 January]] [[2006]] that Musingku was holding the five remaining men and refusing to release them. Diplomat [[Emosi Rakai]] quoted Musingku as telling him the men had signed a two-year employment contract, to which he was holding them.
[[Isikeli Mataitoga]], the Chief Executive Officer of Fiji's Foreign Affairs Ministry, revealed on [[8 January]] that [[Fereti Rokodi]], one of the three being held in Port Moresby, had escaped to [[Brisbane]], [[Australia]], on the 5th. He would be arrested on his return to Fiji, Mataitoga said.
[[Solomon Islands]] immigration officials revealed to the [[Solomon Star]] newspaper on [[10 January]] [[2006]] that telecommunications specialist [[Isaia Baroi|Isaia Seruvatu Baroi]], one of the men ordered out of Papua New Guinea, had arrived in [[Honiara]] en route to Fiji. Another who had been held in Port Moresby had already returned to Fiji via Australia, while a third was waiting for his airfare, Baroi told the [[Fiji Times]] the next day. On [[12 January]] [[2006]], however, the [[Fiji Live]] news service reported that [[Semi Baroi]], too, had returned to Fiji the previous weekend.
The [[Fiji Village]] news service reported on [[27 January]] that the five Fijian nationals remaining in Bougainville had reiterated their earlier decision not to leave until paid for the work undertaken.
=== Baroi's story ===
On his return to Fiji, [[Isaia Baroi]], a native of [[Lomanikoro]] in [[Rewa, Fiji|Rewa]] [[Local government of Fiji|Province]] and a director of [[Transcom Fiji Limited]], told the [[Fiji Times]] that he had gone to Bougainville on a telecommunications business trip, hoping to secure a deal with a customer he had never met. His seven colleagues had gone as security staff, he said, and found the local situation to be very different from what they had been led to expect. Revelations that he and his colleagues had been accused of being mercenaries had come as a complete surprise to him, he said.
[[Radio New Zealand]], meanwhile, reported that the men had been hired to secure a bank in Tonu.
=== Military to flush rebels out ===
PNG Military Commander [[Peter Ilau]] told [[The National (newspaper)|The National]] newspaper on [[14 March]] that the Military would move into Bougainville to oust Musingku and his Fijian backers if asked to do so by the Bougainville autonomous government.
== The second wave ==
Noah Musingku, who calls himself '''"King David Peii II" of "[[Bougainville Province|Papala]]"''', spoke publicly on [[22 November]] [[2005]]. His official newspaper, the [[Papala Chronicles]], reported that ten more Fijian soldiers were expected to arrive in Bougainville soon, with more than 35 expected by the end of November 2005. The Papala Chronicles identified the Ronin Company as a source of the men, along with members of a private telecommunications company, who would be employed to install all telecommunication systems in [[Tonu]], the headquarters of the "kingdom" of Papala, and eventually throughout Bougainville. On [[23 November]], the [http://www.Fijilive.com Fiji Live] news service reported that 30 men, most or all of whom were believed to be unemployed, had begun seeking a medical clearance to travel to Bougainville, and that a further 300 were expected later on, having been lured with promises of [[Fijian dollar|F$1 million]] each.
Meanwhile, the central government of Papua New Guinea has told the autonomous government of Bougainville that if it fails to step in to evict the eight Fijians, central authorities will intervene.
Fiji's [[Minister for Employment (Fiji)|Employment Minister]] [[Kenneth Zinck]] said on [[23 November]] that he welcomed the recruitment of former Fijian soldiers for work in Bougainville, provided that it was for a legitimate undertaking. The government would be concerned if they were being hired as mercenaries, and wanted to see their employment contracts prior to their departure, he said. [[National Alliance Party of Fiji|National Alliance Party]] leader [[Epeli Ganilau|Ratu Epeli Ganilau]], a former Commander of the [[Military of Fiji|Fijian Military]], concurred, but in an interview with [[Australia]]'s [[ABC TV|ABC Television]]'s [[Asia Pacific Focus]] programme on [[27 November]] that in the absence of proof, it was wrong to assume that the men were up to no good. He expressed concern that the men may have been duped by the promise of a million dollars' cash each, and said he hoped that "cool heads" would prevail in the event of the promise coming to nothing.
Fiji's [[Military of Fiji|Military]] Commander [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] [[Frank Bainimarama]] told the [[Fiji Live]] news service on [[13 December]] that Musingku had contacted him several months earlier, offering [[Fijian dollar|F$35 million]] for his cooperation with respect to "security work" in Bougainville. Bainimarama recognized the scheme as an obvious "con job", he said, and did not reply to the letter.
=== Problems in Tonu and in the Solomons ===
The [[Fiji Live]] news service had reported on [[1 February]] that parents in the Tonu area were refusing to send their children to school because of security fears linked to the Fijian agents.
According to the [[Fiji Times]] and Papua New Guinea's [[Post Courier]] newspaper, a group of nine armed men had raided the Puma logging camp on [[Oavu]] Island in the [[Solomon Islands]] on [[27 January]], stealing money, fuel, a boat and outboard motor, and communication equipment. This was not the first such raid, and Bougainville police were said to be investigating a possible link between these men and the five Fijian agents remaining on Bougainville.
Solomon Islands Police Commissioner [[Shane Castles]] said on [[7 February]] that no more former Fijian soldiers would be permitted to enter Papua New Guinea through the Solomons. ''"These people are not respecting the laws of another sovereign nation and are basically involved in illegal activities,"'' he told his Fiji [[Commissioner of Police (Fiji)|counterpart]], [[Andrew Hughes (police)|Andrew Hughes]]. His statement coincided with an admission from Fiji's [[Foreign Minister of Fiji|Foreign Minister]] [[Kaliopate Tavola]] that his government was powerless to prevent the recruitment of former soldiers to work with foreign security firms.
=== Twelve arrested, eleven deported ===
This followed the arrest in the Solomons' [[capital]], [[Honiara]], of twelve Fijian men, all former [[United Nations]] [[peacekeeping|peacekeepers]] in the [[Middle East]], led by [[Rusiate Seuta]] (a former [[Warrant Officer]]). According to [[Fiji Village]], the suspicions of Solomons' officials had been aroused by the expressed wish of the men to fly to [[Buka Island|Buka]], Bougainville, and had subsequently found irregularities on their immigration declaration forms. Police investigations discovered that the men planned to fly to [[Taro, Solomon Islands|Taro]], in the Solomons' Province of [[Choiseul Island|Choiseul]], and then illegally cross the border into Bougainville by boat.
Eleven were deported to Fiji on [[7 February]]; one (31-year old [[Kinivuwai Sulua|Kinivuwai Vakatawanavatu Sulua]]) had escaped.
On the 8th, Foreign Affairs Ministry Chief Executive Officer [[Isikeli Mataitoga]] told [[Fiji Live]] that the Ministry had reported the men's activities to the police, to investigate whether they had violated any Fijian laws.
Foreign Minister Tavola revealed on [[9 February]] that the men would be required to return in two weeks to the Solomon Islands at the expense of their recruiting agency, to answer charges against them laid by the Solomons police. [[Military of Fiji|Military]] spokesman [[Captain]] [[Neumi Leweni]] told ''Fiji Live'' that although they remained enlisted soldiers, any private employment contracts were their own responsibility.
[[Commissioner of Police (Fiji)|Police Commissioner]] [[Andrew Hughes (police)|Andrew Hughes]] said that both the men and their recruiting agency were being monitored.
[[Radio New Zealand]] reported that Solomons police were watching the airport and all sea ports, which searching for Sulua, who remained at large. Speaking to [[Fiji Live]] on [[12 February]], a relative (who requested anonymity) pleaded with him to surrender and return to his [[Nasinu]] home.
The same day, ''Fiji Live'' reported that Sulua had been in trouble with the law previously. In the 1990s, he had allegedly been deported from the [[United Kingdom]] while serving in the [[Military of the United Kingdom|British Army]].
[[Radio Australia]] reported on [[13 February]] that Solomons police were investigating two reported sightings of Sulua in outer suburbs of [[Honiara]].
=== Sulua captured ===
The [[Brisbane Courier Mail]] reported on [[27 February]] that Sulua had been arrested in [[Tetere]], some thirty kilometers outside Honiara. Police said they were investigating assistance given to Sulua by members of the public, including some Solomon Islanders of Fijian origin.
== The third wave ==
Solomon Islands Police Commissioner [[Shane Castles]] was quoted on [[21 March]] [[2006]] as saying that police were aware of a Fijian company which was recruiting former Fijian soldiers and facilitating their movement through the Solomons to Bougainville.
On [[20 March]], [[Fiji Live]] reported Bougainville's President, [[Joseph Kabui]], as saying that up to one hundred Fijian mercenaries could be on their way to the island. Speaking on Australian national television, he called on the Fijian and Papua New Guinea governments to prevent their passage.
Meanwhile, Papua New Guinea security official [[Emmanuel Mungu]] said on [[22 March]] that five Fijian were still with Noah Musingku.
== Peacekeepers Association blames government ==
Speaking to [[Fiji Village]] on [[11 February]] [[2006]], [[Fiji Peacekeepers Association]] spokesman [[Taniela Senikuta]] blamed government policy for the illegal activities in which some former soldiers were engaged. While returned servicemen from [[World War II]] received pensions, soldiers returning from peacekeeping duties did not, he said. This made employment abroad, even in questionable ventures, attractive, he claimed.
== United Nations request ==
[[Fiji Live]] reported on [[3 March]] that the [[United Nations]] had asked Fiji and Papua New Guinea to allow teams to investigative presence of former Fijian soldiers in Bougainville.
== Sources ==
* [http://nautilus.rmit.edu.au/forum-reports/0611a-maclellan.html For background on Fijian private military contractors in Iraq: “Fiji, the war in Iraq, and the privatisation of Pacific island security” ].
[[Category:Bougainville]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of Fiji]]
[[Category:Politics of Papua New Guinea]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of Papua New Guinea]]
[[Category:2005]]