Fire ant 377204 225907559 2008-07-15T23:28:18Z Epbr123 1395162 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/203.45.20.16|203.45.20.16]] to last version by Tombstone (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]]) {{Taxobox | image = Fire ant queens 3589.JPG | image_caption = ''Solenopsis'' queens and workers | image_width = 250px | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Arthropod]]a | classis = [[Insect]]a | ordo = [[Hymenoptera]] | subordo = [[Apocrita]] | familia = [[Ant|Formicidae]] | subfamilia = [[Myrmicinae]] | tribus = [[Solenopsidini]] | genus = '''''Solenopsis''''' | genus_authority = [[John Obadiah Westwood|Westwood]], 1840 | diversity_link = > 280 species + subspecies <!-- in ? subgenera --> | range_map = | range_map_width = 250px | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = ''[[Solenopsis conjurata|S. conjurata]]''<br /> ''[[Solenopsis daguerrei|S. daguerrei]]''<br /> ''[[Solenopsis fugax|S. fugax]]''<br /> ''[[Solenopsis invicta|S. invicta]]''<br /> ''[[Solenopsis molesta|S. molesta]]''<br /> ''[[Solenopsis richteri|S. richteri]]''<br /> ''[[Solenopsis solenopsidis|S. solenopsidis]]''<br /> ''[[Solenopsis wagneri|S. wagneri]]''<br /> ''[[Solenopsis xyloni|S. xyloni]]''<br /> &nbsp;many more, see text }} '''Fire ants''', sometimes referred to as simply '''red ants''', are stinging [[ant]]s with over 280 species worldwide. They have several common names including Ginger Ants and Tropical Fire Ants (English), aka-kami-ari (Japanese), and Feuerameise (German). == Appearance == [[Image:Solenopsis.conjurata.-.wheeler.svg|thumb|left|250px|''S. conjurata'' worker]] The bodies of fire ants, like all [[insect]]s' bodies, are broken up into three sections: the [[head]], the [[thorax]], and the [[abdomen]], with three pairs of [[leg]]s and a pair of [[antenna (biology)|antenna]]e. Fire ants can be distinguished from other ants by their copper brown head and body with a darker abdomen. The worker ants are blackish to reddish, and their size varies from 2[[millimeter|mm]] to 6 mm (0.12 [[inch|in]] to 0.24 in). These different sizes of the ants can all exist in the same nest. == Behavior == A typical fire [[ant colony]] produces large mounds in open areas, and feeds mostly on young plants, seeds, and sometimes [[crickets]]. Fire ants often attack small animals and can kill them. Unlike many other [[ant]]s, which bite and then spray [[acid]] on the wound, fire ants only bite to get a grip and then sting (from the abdomen) and inject a toxic [[alkaloid]] [[venom]] called [[Solenopsin]], a compound from the class of [[piperidines]]. For humans, this is a painful sting, a sensation similar to what one feels when burned by [[fire]] — hence the name fire ant — and the aftereffects of the sting can be deadly to sensitive individuals. Although fire ants do not typically seek out and attack the face, they are as likely to attack an exposed and vulnerable face as any other body part. The venom is both insecticidal and antibiotic. Researchers have proposed that nurse workers will spray their brood to protect them from microorganisms. Fire ants nest in the soil, often near moist areas, such as [[river bank]]s, [[pond]] edges, watered [[lawn]]s and [[highway]] edges. Usually the nest will not be visible as it will be built under objects such as [[timber]], logs, [[Rock (geology)|rock]]s, pavers, [[brick]]s, etc. If there is no cover for nesting, [[dome]]-shaped mounds will be constructed, but this is usually only found in open spaces such as [[field (agriculture)|field]]s, [[park]]s and lawns. These mounds can reach heights of 40 cm (15.7 in). Colonies are founded by small groups of queens or single queens. Even if only one queen survives, within a month or so the colony can expand to thousands of individuals. Some colonies may be polygynous (having multiple queens per nest)<ref>[http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&issn=0015-4040&volume=086&issue=03&page=0381 Colonies in Florida dissected and observed with greater than 5 queens]</ref>. [[Image:Fire Ant Nest (3).jpg|thumb|Malaysian fire ant nest inside a leaf]] In the [[Klang Valley]] of [[Malaysia]], fire ants build nests in leaves by folding the leaf sideways and downwards over itself, with the queen inside, and then excreting a sticky white substance with which they bond and seal the fold. The excretion is also used inside the folded leaf to cover the queen and the eggs, like a kind of translucent [[duvet]]. It should also be noted that fire ants commonly construct their nests out of dug-out mounds and complex tunnel systems. The ants guard the nest and fiercely attack intruders. Even the lightest touch brings them out in a fury. == Roles == ===Queens=== A queen is generally the largest individual in the colony. The primary function of the queen is [[reproduction]]; she may live for 6-7 years and produce up to 1,500 [[Egg (biology)|egg]]s per day. Many fire ant colonies will have more than one queen. ===Males=== Mate with the queen ant in order to produce eggs. Also defend their queen in the event of an attack or structural damage of the colony/mound. ===Workers=== The workers are sterile females who build and repair the nest, care for the young, defend the nest, and feed both young and adult ants. == Introduced species == {{details|Red imported fire ant|invasive subspecies}} Although most fire ant species do not bother people and are not invasive due to biological factors, ''[[Solenopsis invicta]]'', commonly known as the Red imported fire ant (or RIFA) is an invasive pest in many areas of the world, notably the [[United States]], [[Australia]], the [[Philippines]], [[China]] and [[Taiwan]]. The RIFA was accidentally introduced into the United States due to a South American cargo ship coming to an Alabama port in 1918, but now infests the majority of the [[Southern United States|Southern]] and [[Southwestern United States]]. In the US, the [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]] estimates that more than US$5 billion is spent annually on medical treatment, damage, and control in RIFA-infested areas. Furthermore, the ants cause approximately US$750 million in damage annually to agricultural assets, including [[veterinarian]] bills and [[livestock]] loss as well as [[crop (agriculture)|crop]] loss.<ref>{{cite journal | quotes=no |last=McDonald | first=Maggie | title=Reds Under Your Feet (interview with Robert Vander Meer) | journal=[[New Scientist]] | volume=189 | issue=2538 | year=2006 | month=February | pages=50 | url=http://www.newscientist.com/channel/opinion/mg18925381.700-interview-extinguishing-red-fire-ants.html }}</ref> Since September 2004, [[Taiwan]] has been seriously affected by the red fire ant. The US, Taiwan and Australia all have ongoing national efforts to control or eradicate the species, but, other than Australia, none have been especially effective. In Australia an intensive program costing A$175 million has, at February 2007, eradicated 99% of fire ants from the sole infestation occurring in South East Queensland. == Symptoms and First aid == [[Image:FireAntBite.jpg|thumb|right|150px|A human leg three days after coming in brief contact with a fire ant colony.]] The venom of a fire ant sting causes stinging and swells into a bump. This can cause much pain and irritation at times, especially when stung repeatedly by several at once. The bump often forms into a white [[pustule]], which is at risk of becoming [[infection|infected]]. The pustules are unattractive and uncomfortable while active and, if the bite sites become infected, can turn into [[scar]]s. Additionally, some people are allergic to the venom and, as with many allergies, may experience [[anaphylaxis]], which requires emergency treatment.<ref>{{cite journal |author=deShazo RD, Butcher BT, Banks WA |title=Reactions to the stings of the imported fire ant |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=323 |issue=7 |pages=462–6 |year=1990 |pmid=2197555 |doi=}}</ref> An [[antihistamine]] or topical [[corticosteroid]]s may help reduce the itching. First aid for fire ant bites includes external treatments and oral medicines. * External treatments: a topical steroid cream (hydrocortisone), or one containing [[aloe vera]]. * Oral medicines: antihistamines Patients who experience severe or life threatening allergic reactions to fire ant insect stings should visit a doctor or hospital immediately upon contact as these reactions can result in death. == Other names == In [[Spanish language|Spanish]], fire ants are known as ''hormiga colorada/roja'' (red ant) or ''hormiga brava'' (fierce ant). In [[Puerto Rico]] there is a native, very small and slow-moving kind of fire ant called [[abayarde]]. In [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], they are called ''formiga de fogo'' (fire ant) and ''formiga lava-pé'' (wash foot ant). ==Species== This species list is incomplete. {| | * ''[[Solenopsis abdita]]'' <small>Thompson, 1989</small> * ''[[Solenopsis africana]]'' <small>Santschi, 1914</small> * ''[[Solenopsis albidula]]'' <small>Emery, 1906</small> * ''[[Solenopsis alecto]]'' <small>Santschi, 1934</small> * ''[[Solenopsis altinodis]]'' <small>Forel, 1912</small> * ''[[Solenopsis amblychila]]'' <small>Wheeler, 1915</small> * ''[[Solenopsis andina]]'' <small>Santschi, 1923</small> * ''[[Solenopsis angulata]]'' <small>Emery, 1894</small> * ''[[Solenopsis atlantis]]'' <small>Santschi, 1934</small> * ''[[Solenopsis aurea]]'' <small>Wheeler, 1906</small> * ''[[Solenopsis avia]]'' <small>(Bernard, 1978)</small> * ''[[Solenopsis azteca]]'' <small>Forel, 1893</small> * ''[[Solenopsis balachowskyi]]'' <small>Bernard, 1959</small> * ''[[Solenopsis banyulensis]]'' <small>Bernard, 1950</small> * ''[[Solenopsis basalis]]'' <small>Forel, 1896</small> * ''[[Solenopsis belisarius]]'' <small>Forel, 1907</small> * ''[[Solenopsis blanda]]'' <small>(Foerster, 1891)</small> * ''[[Solenopsis brasiliana]]'' <small>Santschi, 1925</small> * ''[[Solenopsis brazoensis]]'' <small>(Buckley, 1867)</small> * ''[[Solenopsis brevicornis]]'' <small>Emery, 1888</small> * ''[[Solenopsis brevipes]]'' <small>Emery, 1906</small> * ''[[Solenopsis bruchiella]]'' <small>Emery, 1922</small> * ''[[Solenopsis bruesi]]'' <small>Creighton, 1930</small> * ''[[Solenopsis bucki]]'' <small>Kempf, 1973</small> * ''[[Solenopsis canariensis]]'' <small>Forel, 1893</small> * ''[[Solenopsis capensis]]'' <small>Mayr, 1866</small> * ''[[Solenopsis carolinensis]]'' <small>Forel, 1901</small> * ''[[Solenopsis castor]]'' <small>Forel, 1893</small> * ''[[Solenopsis celata]]'' <small>(Dlussky & Zabelin, 1985)</small> * ''[[Solenopsis clarki]]'' <small>Crawley, 1922</small> * ''[[Solenopsis clytemnestra]]'' <small>Emery, 1896</small> * ''[[Solenopsis conjurata]]'' <small>Wheeler, 1925</small> * ''[[Solenopsis cooperi]]'' <small>Donisthorpe, 1947</small> * ''[[Solenopsis corticalis]]'' <small>Forel, 1881</small> * ''[[Solenopsis crivellarii]]'' <small>Menozzi, 1936</small> * ''[[Solenopsis daguerrei]]'' <small>(Santschi, 1930)</small> * ''[[Solenopsis dalli]]'' <small>(Kusnezov, 1969)</small> * ''[[Solenopsis decipiens]]'' <small>Emery, 1906</small> * ''[[Solenopsis delta]]'' <small>(Bernard, 1978)</small> * ''[[Solenopsis deserticola]]'' <small>Ruzsky, 1905</small> * ''[[Solenopsis duboscqui]]'' <small>Bernard, 1950</small> * ''[[Solenopsis dysderces]]'' <small>Snelling, 1975</small> * ''[[Solenopsis egregia]]'' <small>(Kusnezov, 1953)</small> * ''[[Solenopsis electra]]'' <small>Forel, 1914</small> * ''[[Solenopsis emeryi]]'' <small>Santschi, 1934</small> * ''[[Solenopsis eximia]]'' <small>(Kusnezov, 1953)</small> * ''[[Solenopsis fairchildi]]'' <small>Wheeler, 1926</small> * ''[[Solenopsis foersteri]]'' <small>Theobald, 1937</small> * ''[[Solenopsis franki]]'' <small>Forel, 1908</small> * ''[[Solenopsis froggatti]]'' <small>Forel, 1913</small> * ''[[Solenopsis fugax]]'' <small>(Latreille, 1798)</small> * ''[[Solenopsis fusciventris]]'' <small>Clark, 1934</small> * ''[[Solenopsis gallardoi]]'' <small>Santschi, 1925</small> * ''[[Solenopsis gallica]]'' <small>Santschi, 1934</small> * ''[[Solenopsis gayi]]'' <small>(Spinola, 1851)</small> * ''[[Solenopsis geminata]]'' <small>(Fabricius, 1804)</small> * ''[[Solenopsis georgica]]'' <small>Menozzi, 1942</small> * ''[[Solenopsis germaini]]'' <small>Emery, 1895</small> * ''[[Solenopsis globularia]]'' <small>(Smith, 1858)</small> * ''[[Solenopsis gnomula]]'' <small>Emery, 1915</small> * ''[[Solenopsis goeldii]]'' <small>Forel, 1912</small> * ''[[Solenopsis granivora]]'' <small>Kusnezov, 1957</small> * ''[[Solenopsis hammari]]'' <small>Mayr, 1903</small> * ''[[Solenopsis hayemi]]'' <small>Forel, 1908</small> * ''[[Solenopsis helena]]'' <small>Emery, 1895</small> * ''[[Solenopsis hostilis]]'' <small>(Borgmeier, 1959)</small> * ''[[Solenopsis iheringi]]'' <small>Forel, 1908</small> * ''[[Solenopsis ilinei]]'' <small>Santschi, 1936</small> * ''[[Solenopsis indagatrix]]'' <small>Wheeler, 1928</small> * ''[[Solenopsis insculpta]]'' <small>Clark, 1938</small> * ''[[Solenopsis insinuans]]'' <small>Santschi, 1933</small> * ''[[Solenopsis insularis]]'' <small>(Bernard, 1978)</small> * ''[[Solenopsis interrupta]]'' <small>Santschi, 1916</small> * ''[[Solenopsis jacoti]]'' <small>Wheeler, 1923</small> * ''[[Solenopsis jalalabadica]]'' <small>Pisarski, 1970</small> * ''[[Solenopsis japonica]]'' <small>Wheeler, 1928</small> * ''[[Solenopsis joergenseni]]'' <small>Santschi, 1919</small> * ''[[Solenopsis juliae]]'' <small>(Arakelian, 1991)</small> * ''[[Solenopsis kabylica]]'' <small>Santschi, 1934</small> * ''[[Solenopsis knuti]]'' <small>Pisarski, 1967</small> * ''[[Solenopsis krockowi]]'' <small>Wheeler, 1908</small> * ''[[Solenopsis laeviceps]]'' <small>Mayr, 1870</small> * ''[[Solenopsis laevithorax]]'' <small>Bernard, 1950</small> * ''[[Solenopsis latastei]]'' <small>Emery, 1895</small> * ''[[Solenopsis latro]]'' <small>Forel, 1894</small> * ''[[Solenopsis leptanilloides]]'' <small>Santschi, 1925</small> * ''[[Solenopsis longiceps]]'' <small>Forel, 1907</small> * ''[[Solenopsis loretana]]'' <small>Santschi, 1936</small> * ''[[Solenopsis lotophaga]]'' <small>Santschi, 1911</small> * ''[[Solenopsis lou]]'' <small>Forel, 1902</small> * ''[[Solenopsis lusitanica]]'' <small>Emery, 1915</small> * ''[[Solenopsis macdonaghi]]'' <small>Santschi, 1916</small> * ''[[Solenopsis macrops]]'' <small>Santschi, 1917</small> * ''[[Solenopsis madara]]'' <small>Roger, 1863</small> * ''[[Solenopsis major]]'' <small>Theobald, 1937</small> * ''[[Solenopsis maligna]]'' <small>Santschi, 1910</small> * ''[[Solenopsis mameti]]'' <small>Donisthorpe, 1946</small> | * ''[[Solenopsis marxi]]'' <small>Forel, 1915</small> * ''[[Solenopsis maxillosa]]'' <small>Emery, 1900</small> * ''[[Solenopsis maxima]]'' <small>(Foerster, 1891)</small> * ''[[Solenopsis megera]]'' <small>Santschi, 1934</small> * ''[[Solenopsis megergates]]'' <small>Trager, 1991</small> * ''[[Solenopsis metanotalis]]'' <small>Emery, 1896</small> * ''[[Solenopsis metatarsalis]]'' <small>(Kusnezov, 1957)</small> * ''[[Solenopsis minutissima]]'' <small>Emery, 1906</small> * ''[[Solenopsis moesta]]'' <small>(Foerster, 1891)</small> * ''[[Solenopsis molesta]]'' <small>(Say, 1836)</small> * ''[[Solenopsis monticola]]'' <small>Bernard, 1950</small> * ''[[Solenopsis mozabensis]]'' <small>(Bernard, 1977)</small> * ''[[Solenopsis nicaeensis]]'' <small>Bernard, 1950</small> * ''[[Solenopsis nickersoni]]'' <small>Thompson, 1982</small> * ''[[Solenopsis nigella]]'' <small>Emery, 1888</small> * ''[[Solenopsis nitens]]'' <small>Bingham, 1903</small> * ''[[Solenopsis nitidum]]'' <small>(Dlussky & Radchenko, 1994)</small> * ''[[Solenopsis normandi]]'' <small>Santschi, 1934</small> * ''[[Solenopsis novemmaculata]]'' <small>Wheeler, 1925</small> * ''[[Solenopsis occipitalis]]'' <small>Santschi, 1911</small> * ''[[Solenopsis oculata]]'' <small>Santschi, 1925</small> * ''[[Solenopsis oraniensis]]'' <small>Forel, 1894</small> * ''[[Solenopsis orbula]]'' <small>Emery, 1875</small> * ''[[Solenopsis orbuloides]]'' <small>Andre, 1890</small> * ''[[Solenopsis overbecki]]'' <small>Viehmeyer, 1916</small> * ''[[Solenopsis pachycera]]'' <small>(Forel, 1915)</small> * ''[[Solenopsis papuana]]'' <small>Emery, 1900</small> * ''[[Solenopsis parabiotica]]'' <small>Weber, 1943</small> * ''[[Solenopsis parva]]'' <small>Mayr, 1868</small> * ''[[Solenopsis patagonica]]'' <small>Emery, 1906</small> * ''[[Solenopsis pawaensis]]'' <small>Mann, 1919</small> * ''[[Solenopsis pergandei]]'' <small>Forel, 1901</small> * ''[[Solenopsis photophila]]'' <small>Santschi, 1923</small> * ''[[Solenopsis picea]]'' <small>Emery, 1896</small> * ''[[Solenopsis picquarti]]'' <small>Forel, 1899</small> * ''[[Solenopsis picta]]'' <small>Emery, 1895</small> * ''[[Solenopsis pilosa]]'' <small>(Bernard, 1978)</small> * ''[[Solenopsis pilosula]]'' <small>Wheeler, 1908</small> * ''[[Solenopsis pollux]]'' <small>Forel, 1893</small> * ''[[Solenopsis privata]]'' <small>(Foerster, 1891)</small> * ''[[Solenopsis provincialis]]'' <small>Bernard, 1950</small> * ''[[Solenopsis punctaticeps]]'' <small>Mayr, 1865</small> * ''[[Solenopsis puncticeps]]'' <small>MacKay & Vinson, 1989</small> * ''[[Solenopsis pusillignis]]'' <small>Trager, 1991</small> * ''[[Solenopsis pygmaea]]'' <small>Forel, 1901</small> * ''[[Solenopsis pythia]]'' <small>Santschi, 1934</small> * ''[[Solenopsis quinquecuspis]]'' <small>Forel, 1913</small> * ''[[Solenopsis reichenspergeri]]'' <small>Santschi, 1923</small> * ''[[Solenopsis richardi]]'' <small>Bernard, 1950</small> * ''[[Solenopsis richteri]]'' <small>Forel, 1909</small> * ''[[Solenopsis robusta]]'' <small>Bernard, 1950</small> * ''[[Solenopsis rugiceps]]'' <small>Mayr, 1870</small> * ''[[Solenopsis rugosa]]'' <small>Bernard, 1950</small> * ''[[Solenopsis sabeana]]'' <small>(Buckley, 1867)</small> * ''[[Solenopsis saevissima]]'' <small>(Smith, 1855)</small> * ''[[Solenopsis salina]]'' <small>Wheeler, 1908</small> * ''[[Solenopsis santschii]]'' <small>Forel, 1905</small> * ''[[Solenopsis schilleri]]'' <small>Santschi, 1923</small> * ''[[Solenopsis schmalzi]]'' <small>Forel, 1901</small> * ''[[Solenopsis scipio]]'' <small>Santschi, 1911</small> * ''[[Solenopsis sea]]'' <small>(Kusnezov, 1953)</small> * ''[[Solenopsis seychellensis]]'' <small>Forel, 1909</small> * ''[[Solenopsis silvestrii]]'' <small>Emery, 1906</small> * ''[[Solenopsis solenopsidis]]'' <small>(Kusnezov, 1953)</small> * ''[[Solenopsis soochowensis]]'' <small>Wheeler, 1921</small> * ''[[Solenopsis spei]]'' <small>Forel, 1912</small> * ''[[Solenopsis stricta]]'' <small>Emery, 1896</small> * ''[[Solenopsis substituta]]'' <small>Santschi, 1925</small> * ''[[Solenopsis subterranea]]'' <small>MacKay & Vinson, 1989</small> * ''[[Solenopsis subtilis]]'' <small>Emery, 1896</small> * ''[[Solenopsis succinea]]'' <small>Emery, 1890</small> * ''[[Solenopsis sulfurea]]'' <small>(Roger, 1862)</small> * ''[[Solenopsis superba]]'' <small>(Foerster, 1891)</small> * ''[[Solenopsis targuia]]'' <small>Bernard, 1953</small> * ''[[Solenopsis tennesseensis]]'' <small>Smith, 1951</small> * ''[[Solenopsis tenuis]]'' <small>Mayr, 1878</small> * ''[[Solenopsis terricola]]'' <small>Menozzi, 1931</small> * ''[[Solenopsis tertialis]]'' <small>Ettershank, 1966</small> * ''[[Solenopsis tetracantha]]'' <small>Emery, 1906</small> * ''[[Solenopsis texana]]'' <small>Emery, 1895</small> * ''[[Solenopsis tipuna]]'' <small>Forel, 1912</small> * ''[[Solenopsis tonsa]]'' <small>Thompson, 1989</small> * ''[[Solenopsis tridens]]'' <small>Forel, 1911</small> * ''[[Solenopsis trihasta]]'' <small>Santschi, 1923</small> * ''[[Solenopsis truncorum]]'' <small>Forel, 1901</small> * ''[[Solenopsis ugandensis]]'' <small>Santschi, 1933</small> * ''[[Solenopsis valida]]'' <small>(Foerster, 1891)</small> * ''[[Solenopsis virulens]]'' <small>(Smith, 1858)</small> * ''[[Solenopsis vorax]]'' <small>Santschi, 1934</small> * ''[[Solenopsis wagneri]]'' <small>Santschi, 1916</small> * ''[[Solenopsis wasmannii]]'' <small>Emery, 1894</small> * ''[[Solenopsis weiseri]]'' <small>Forel, 1914</small> * ''[[Solenopsis westwoodi]]'' <small>Forel, 1894</small> * ''[[Solenopsis weyrauchi]]'' <small>Trager, 1991</small> * ''[[Solenopsis wolfi]]'' <small>Emery, 1915</small> * ''[[Solenopsis xyloni]]'' <small>McCook, 1879</small> * ''[[Solenopsis zambesiae]]'' <small>Arnold, 1926</small> * ''[[Solenopsis zeteki]]'' <small>Wheeler, 1942</small> |} == References == {{reflist}} * {{cite book | author = [[Bert Hölldobler]] and [[Edward O. Wilson]] | title = The Ants | publisher = [[Belknap Press]] of Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge | year = 1990 | id = ISBN 3-540-52092-9 }} * {{cite paper | publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] | title = Areawide suppression of Fire Ants using baits and Biological Control | date = 2003 | url = http://www.ars.usda.gov/fireant/publications/brochure_2003.pdf | format = [[PDF]] | accessdate = 2006-10-25 }} Details use of Phorid flies * ITIS: [http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=154237 ''Solenopsis'' species list] (2001) ==External links== {{commons|Solenopsis}} * [http://www.extension.org/fire+ants Biology, Control, and Management of Imported Fire Ants in North America at www.eXtension.org] * [http://www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/fireants/ Queensland Government Department of Primary Industries Fire Ants Homepage] [[Category:Ants]] [[Category:Pest insects]] [[Category:Biological pest control]] [[ar:نمل ناري]] [[de:Feuerameisen]] [[es:Solenopsis (hormiga)]] [[fr:Solenopsis]] [[he:נמלי אש]] [[pt:Formiga-lava-pés]] [[zh:火蟻]]