Firth 103615 225549535 2008-07-14T07:18:09Z Graham87 194203 /* Scottish Firths */ rm more line breaks {{otheruses}} [[Image:Wfm firth of forth.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Firth of Forth]] and its surrounding area]] [[Image:Morayfirthmap.png|thumb|right|Map of the [[Moray Firth]]]] '''Firth''' is the [[Scots language|Lowland Scots]] word used to denote various coastal waters in [[Scotland]]. It is usually a large sea bay, which may be part of an [[estuary]], or just an [[inlet]], or even a [[strait]]. It is [[cognate]] to ''[[fjord]]'' (both from [[Proto-Germanic]] *ferþuz) which has a more narrow sense in English, whereas a ''firth'' would most likely be called a ''fjord'' if it were situated in [[Scandinavia]]. Bodies of water named "firths" tend to be more common on the east coast, or in the southwest of the country, although the [[Firth of Lorne]] is an exception to this. The [[Scottish Highlands|Highland]] coast contains numerous estuaries, straits and inlets of a similar kind, not called "firth", e.g. [[the Minch]], and [[Loch Torridon]]; these are often called [[loch|sea loch]]s. A firth is generally the result of [[ice age]] [[glacier|glaciation]] and is very often associated with a large river, where erosion caused by the tidal effects of incoming sea water passing upriver has widened the riverbed to an [[estuary]]. Demarkation can be rather vague. The [[Firth of Clyde]] is sometimes thought to include the estuary as far upriver as [[Dumbarton]], but the [[Ordnance Survey]] map shows the change from river to firth occurring off [[Port Glasgow]], while locally the change is held to be at the [[Tail of the Bank]] where the river crosses a [[sandbar]] off [[Greenock]] at the junction to the [[Gare Loch]], or even further west at [[Gourock]] point. However, some firths are exceptions. The [[Cromarty Firth]] on the east coast of Scotland, for example, resembles a large [[loch]] with only a relatively small outlet to the sea and the [[Solway Firth]] and the [[Moray Firth]] are more like extremely large bays. The [[Pentland Firth]] is a [[strait]] rather than a bay or an inlet. ==Scottish Firths== ===Firths on the west coast of Scotland (from north to south)=== *[[Firth of Lorne]] (northernmost, connects with the [[Moray Firth]] via the **[[Great Glen]] lochs, the [[Caledonian Canal]] and [[Loch Ness]] at [[Inverness]]. **Lochs adjoining the Firth: [[Loch Lochy]], [[Loch Linnhe]], [[Loch Leven (Highlands)|Loch Leven]], [[Loch Oich]]. **Places: [[Oban]], [[Fort William, Highland|Fort William]]. **Islands: [[Isle of Mull]], [[Lismore, Scotland|Lismore]] and [[Kerrera]]. *[[Firth of Clyde]] (continuing from the [[River Clyde]] estuary) **[[Loch|Sea loch]]s adjoining the ''Firth of Clyde'': [[Gare Loch]], [[Loch Long]], [[Holy Loch]], [[Loch Striven]], [[Loch Riddon]] off the [[Kyles of Bute]], [[Loch Fyne]] and [[Campbeltown Loch]]. **Places: [[Helensburgh]], [[Port Glasgow]], [[Greenock]], [[Gourock]], [[Dunoon]], [[Rothesay, Argyll and Bute|Rothesay]], [[Wemyss Bay]], [[Largs]], [[Brodick]], [[Ardrossan]], [[Troon]], [[Ayr]], [[Girvan]] and [[Campbeltown]]. Note that [[Glasgow]] is at the tidal limit of the [[River Clyde]], and [[Clydebank]], the [[Erskine Bridge]] and [[Dumbarton]] are on the river estuary as it widens out towards Port Glasgow. ** [[Islands of the Clyde|Islands]]: [[Isle of Bute|Bute]], [[Great Cumbrae|Cumbrae]], [[Isle of Arran|Arran]] **:In [[Scottish Gaelic]], the Firth of Clyde is treated as two bodies, with the landward end being called ''Linne Chluaidh'' ({{pronounced|ʎiɲəˈxɫ̪uəj}}) (meaning the same as the English), while the area around the south of Arran, Kintyre and Ayrshire/[[Galloway]] is ''An Linne Ghlas'' ({{pronounced|ə ʎiɲə ɣɫ̪as̪}}). *[[Solway Firth]] (inlet with the rivers [[River Eden, Cumbria|Eden]], [[River Esk, Dumfriesshire|Esk]] and [[River Nith|Nith]]). **The ''Firth'' is off the [[Solway Coast]]. **Places: [[Carlisle, England]] on the River Eden, [[Annan, Dumfries and Galloway|Annan]] and [[Gretna, Scotland|Gretna]], both in [[Scotland]]. [[Luce Bay]], [[Wigtown]], [[St Bees]], [[Aspatria]] ===Firths on the east coast of Scotland (from north to south)=== These are connected to, or form part of, the [[North Sea]]. *[[Dornoch Firth]] (northernmost of the eastern firths) **Places: [[Dornoch]], [[Dornoch Bridge]] (impressive road bridge, half a mile long), [[Bonar Bridge]], [[Kyle of Sutherland]], [[Tain]], [[Portmahomack]] on Tarbat Ness (fishing village facing west to northwest on the east coast). **Rivers: [[River Oykel|Oykel]], [[River Cassley|Cassley]], [[River Shin|Shin]] and [[River Carron, Sutherland|Carron]] **Headland: Tarbat Ness. *[[Cromarty Firth]] (loch-type firth with relatively narrow opening to the sea). The Firth runs out into the [[Moray Firth]]. **Places: [[Cromarty]], [[Dingwall]], [[Invergordon]]. **Rivers: Conon, Orrin, Rusdale, Glass, Alness. *[[Moray Firth]] and [[Beauly Firth]] (a loch-type firth) connected with the Firth of [[Inverness]]. The Firth of Inverness is rarely identified on modern maps, but forms a connection via the River Ness, [[Loch Ness]] and the other [[loch]]s of the [[Great Glen]] and stretches of the [[Caledonian Canal]] with the [[Firth of Lorne]] on the west coast of Scotland. **Places on the ''Moray Firth'': ''Inverness'', [[Nairn]], [[Fortrose]], [[Fort George, Highland|Fort George]]. **Headlands: [[Whiteness Head]], Chanonry Point, Alturlie Point. **Places on the ''Beauly Firth'': [[Beauly]]. *[[Firth of Tay]] (estuary of the [[River Tay]]). **Places: [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]], [[Dundee, Scotland|Dundee]], [[Monifieth]], [[Tayport]], [[Newport on Tay]], [[Newburgh, Fife]]. **Rivers: [[River Tay|Tay]], [[River Earn|Earn]]. **Headland: Buddon Ness. **Islands: [[Mugdrum Island]] *[[Firth of Forth]] (estuary of the [[River Forth]]) **Places: [[Edinburgh]], [[Dunfermline]], [[Kirkcaldy]], [[Falkirk]], [[Stirling]], [[Grangemouth]], [[Rosyth]], [[North Queensferry]], [[South Queensferry]], [[Musselburgh]], [[Crail]], [[Cellardyke]], [[Anstruther]], [[Pittenweem]], [[St Monans]], [[Elie]], [[Earlsferry]]. It is spanned by the [[Forth Road Bridge]], 2,512 m (8242 ft) long, and the [[Forth Bridge (railway)|Forth Bridge (the adjacent railway bridge)]], 2,498m (8,196ft) long. **Rivers: [[River Forth|Forth]], [[River Avon, Falkirk|River Avon]], [[Water of Leith]], [[River Almond, Lothian|River Almond]], [[River Esk, Lothian|River Esk]], [[River Leven, Fife|River Leven]] **[[Islands of the Forth|Islands]]: [[Bass Rock]], [[Craigleith]], [[Eyebroughy]], [[Fidra]], [[Inchcolm]], [[Inchgarvie]], [[Inchkeith]], [[Inchmickery]], [[Isle of May]], [[The Lamb (island)|The Lamb]] ===Firths on the north coast of Scotland=== *The [[Pentland Firth]]. This is a strait between the Scottish mainland and the [[Orkney Islands]], and forms a link between the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and [[North Sea]]. **Places: [[John o' Groats]], [[Canisbay]], [[Gills Bay]], [[Rattar]] (all Caithness) **Headlands: [[Brims Ness]], [[Brough Ness]], [[Duncansby Head]], [[Dunnet Head]] **Islands: [[Hoy]], [[Pentland Skerries]], [[Swona]], [[South Ronaldsay]], [[South Walls]] (all generally considered to be part of [[Orkney]]); [[Stroma, Scotland|Stroma]] ===Firths in the [[Northern Isles]]=== The Northern Isles were part of Norway until the 15th century, and retain many Norse names. In Shetland in particular, "firth" can refer to smaller inlets, although geo, voe and wick are as common. In Orkney, "wick" is common. Please note, this list is incomplete. * [[Orkney Islands]] ** Bay of Firth ([[Firth, Orkney]]) ** [[North Ronaldsay]] Firth ** [[Stronsay]] Firth ** [[Westray]] Firth ** Wide Firth * [[Shetland Islands]] (Mainland) ** Lax Firth ([[Laxfirth]]) & Cat Firth near [[Nesting, Shetland|Nesting]] & [[Whiteness, Shetland|Whiteness]] ** Collafirth/Colla Firth (two places of this name) ** Firths Voe, [[Firth, Shetland|Firth]] ** Gon Firth ** Olna Firth ** Olnes Firth ** Quey Firth ** Unie Firth ** Ura Firth ** Burra Firth/Burrafirth (a number of Shetland places with this name.) ** Effirth * Shetland [[North Isles]]: [[Yell, Shetland|Yell]], [[Unst]] ** Whale Firth ** Burrafirth ===Other similar waters in Scotland=== In the [[Scottish Gaelic language]], ''linne'' is used to refer to most of the firths above; it is also applied to the [[Sound of Sleat]], [[Crowlin Sound]], [[Cuillin Sound]], [[Sound of Jura]], [[Sound of Raasay]], and part of [[Loch Linnhe]]. The following is a selection of other bodies of water in Scotland which are similar to various firths, but which are not termed such - *West coast **[[Loch Broom]] (fjord), [[Loch Eriboll]] (fjord), [[Loch Fyne]] (fjord), [[Loch Hourn]] (fjord), [[Loch Tarbert, Jura]] (fjord), [[Loch Torridon]] (fjord); [[Loch Sween]], a fjord, [[The Minch]] (Strait, "Skotlandsfjörð" ("Scotland's [[fjord]]/firth") in [[Old Norse]].<ref>Anderson, Joseph (Ed.) (1893) ''Orkneyinga Saga''. Translated by Jón A. Hjaltalin & Gilbert Goudie. Edinburgh. James Thin and Mercat Press (1990 reprint). ISBN 0-901824-25-9</ref>) *East coast **[[Eden Mouth]] (estuary, near [[St Andrews]]); [[River Findhorn|Findhorn Bay]], [[Montrose Basin]] (estuary/lagoon with narrow entrance); [[Tweed mouth]] (estuary, very near Scottish border) ==Firths outside Scottish waters== *[[Firth of Flensburg]], an estuary forming part of the border between [[Denmark]] and [[Germany]] *The [[Firth of Thames]] is a bay at the mouth of the [[Waihou River]] in [[New Zealand]] * [[Firth of Tay (Antarctica)|Firth of Tay]], [[Antarctica]]. Named in conjunction with neighbouring [[Dundee Island]], as the original Firth of Tay adjoins Dundee. ==See also== *[[List of waterways]] *[[Loch]] *[[Fjord]] [[Category:Firths]] [[de:Förde]] [[gd:Linne (na mara)]] [[it:Firth]] [[sv:Fjärd]]