Fisheye lens 774063 224453808 2008-07-08T22:21:21Z 64.186.226.118 /* Circular fisheye */ [[Image:Fisheye Pic.JPG|thumb|right|228px]] In [[photography]], a '''fisheye lens''' is a [[wide-angle lens]] that takes in an extremely wide, [[Sphere|hemispherical]] image. Originally developed for use in [[meteorology]] and [[astronomy]]{{Fact|date=June 2008}} and called "whole-sky lenses", fisheye lenses quickly became popular in general photography for their unique, distorted appearance. They are often used by photographers shooting broad landscapes to suggest the curve of the Earth. [[Hemispherical photography]] is used for various scientific purposes to study plant canopy geometry and to calculate near-ground [[solar radiation]]. The [[focal length]]s of fisheye lenses depend on the [[film format]]. For the popular [[135 film|35 mm film]] format, typical focal lengths of fisheye lenses are between 8 mm and 10 mm for circular lenses, and 15-16 mm for full-frame lenses. All the ultra-wide angle lenses suffer from some amount of [[barrel distortion]]. While this can easily be corrected for moderately wide [[angle of view|angles of view]], [[rectilinear lens|rectilinear]] ultra-wide angle lenses with angles of view greater than 90 degrees are difficult to design. Fisheye lenses achieve extremely wide angles of view by forgoing a rectilinear image, opting instead for a special mapping (for example: equisolid angle), which gives images a characteristic convex appearance. A [[panorama]] by rotating lens or stitching images ([[cylindrical perspective]]) is not a fisheye photo. ==Types of fisheye lenses== In a '''circular fisheye lens''', the [[image circle]] is ''[[inscribed]] in'' the film or sensor area; in a '''full-frame fisheye lens''' the image circle is ''[[circumscribed]] around'' the film or sensor area. Further, different fisheye lenses distort images differently, and the manner of distortion is referred to as their '''[[#Mapping function|mapping function]].''' A common type for consumer use is ''equisolid angle.'' ===Circular=== [[Image:Fish eye lens.jpg|thumb|The picture using a circular fish eye lens]] The first types of fisheye lenses to be developed were "circular fisheyes" — lenses which took in a 180° hemisphere and projected this as a circle within the film frame. Some circular fisheyes were available in [[orthographic projection (cartography)|orthographic projection]] models for scientific applications. These have a 180° ''vertical'' [[angle of view]], and the horizontal and diagonal angle of view are also 180°. ===Full-frame=== [[Image:FisheyeDistortion.jpg|thumb|Fisheye 10.5 mm [[Nikkor]] (type: equisolid angle), APS-C sized sensor, cropped to rectangle.]] As fisheye lenses gained popularity in general photography, camera companies began manufacturing fisheye lenses that enlarged the image circle to cover the entire 35 mm film frame, and this is the type of fisheye most commonly used by photographers. The picture angle produced by these lenses only measures 180 degrees when measured from corner to corner: these have a 180° ''diagonal'' [[angle of view]], while the horizontal and vertical angles of view will be smaller; for an equisolid angle-type 15&nbsp;mm full-frame fisheye, the horizontal FOV will be 147°, and the vertical FOV will be 94°.<ref>The formula is <math>\text{FOV} = 4 \cdot \arcsin \left(\frac{\text{frame size}}{4\cdot \text{focal length}}\right)</math>, which comes from [[inverse function|inverting]] the [[#Mapping function|mapping function]]; [http://www.dyxum.com/columns/articles/lenses/Takumar-17f4/Takumar_17mmF4_fisheye_review.asp Dyxum, Gustavo Orensztajn]</ref> The first full-frame fisheye lens to be mass-produced was a 16&nbsp;mm lens made by [[Nikon]] in the late 1960s. Digital cameras with [[APS-C]] sized sensors require a 10.5&nbsp;mm lens to get the same effect as a 16 mm lens on a camera with full-frame sensor.<ref>[http://www.nikonusa.com/template.php?productNr=2148&cat=1&grp=5 AF DX Fisheye-NIKKOR 10.5 mm f/2.8G ED specification]</ref> == Focal length == The widest lens ever produced was a 6 mm circular fisheye made by [[Nikon]]. Initially designed for an expedition to [[Antarctica]], it featured a 220-degree field of view, designed to capture the entire sky and surrounding ground when pointed straight up. This lens is still manufactured by Nikon upon special order[http://www.mir.com.my/rb/photography/companies/nikon/nikkoresources/fisheyes/6mmf28.htm], and is used nowadays to produce interactive virtual-reality images such as [[QuickTime VR]] and [[IPIX]]. Because of its very wide field of view, it is very large and cumbersome - weighing 5.2 kg (11.5 lb) and having a diameter of 236 mm (9.3 in). It dwarfs a regular 35 mm SLR camera[http://www.mir.com.my/rb/photography/companies/nikon/nikkoresources/late70nikkor/fisheyes/6mmf28.htm] and has its own tripod mounting point, a feature normally seen in large long-focus or [[telephoto lens]]es to reduce strain on the [[lens mount]] because the lens is heavier than the camera. An 8 mm fisheye lens, also made by [[Nikon]], has proven useful for various scientific uses because of its equidistant (equiangular) projection, in which distance along the radius of the circular image is proportional to [[zenith angle]]. == Other uses == * Some [[planetarium]]s use a form of fisheye lens to project a two-dimensional film image of the night sky onto the interior of a dome. * Similarly, the [[IMAX#IMAX Dome/OMNIMAX|IMAX Dome]] (previously 'OMNIMAX') motion-picture format involves photography through a circular fisheye lens, and projection through the same onto a hemispherical screen. * Scientists and resource managers (e.g., biologists, foresters, and meteorologists) use fisheye lenses for [[hemispherical photography]] to calculate plant canopy indices and near-ground solar radiation. Applications include evaluation of forest health, characterization of [[monarch butterfly]] winter roosting sites, and management of [[vineyards]]. * Photographers and videographers use fisheye lenses so they can get the camera as close as possible for action shots, for example in [[skateboarding]] to focus on the board and still retain an image of the skater. * The peepholes used in doors contain fisheye lenses. * Many scenes of the film ''[[A Clockwork Orange (film)|A Clockwork Orange]]'' were filmed with a fisheye lens. * The first music video to be shot completely with fisheye lens was for the [[Beastie Boys]] song "[[Shake Your Rump]]" in 1989. * [http://www.sunex.com Miniature fisheye lenses] are used in automotive rear-view cameras and security cameras. * Fully immersive 360 degree [[panorama]] can be created from 2 or 3 shots taken with a full circular [http://www.superfisheye.com SuperFisheye lens]. ==Fisheye lenses for 35 mm cameras== ===Circular fisheye=== * [[Sigma 8 mm f/3.5 EX DG lens|Sigma 8 mm {{f/}}3.5 EX DG]] (replaces the [[Sigma 8 mm f/4 EX DG lens|Sigma 8 mm {{f/}}4 EX DG]]. * Sigma 4.5 mm {{f/}}2.8 EX DC Circular Fisheye HSM for [[APS-C]] sensors. * Canon FD 7.5 mm {{f/}}5.6; note that this is not a [[Canon EF mount|EF mount]], and is not in production. * Peleng 8 mm * 185 deg [http://www.superfisheye.com SuperFisheye] 5.6mm f/5.6 for DSLRs by [http://www.sunex.com Sunex] ===Full-frame fisheye=== * [http://www.sigmaphoto.com/lenses/lenses_all_details.asp?id=3279&navigator=4|Sigma 15 mm {{f/}}2.8 EX DG Diagonal Fisheye] * Sigma 10 mm {{f/}}2.8 EX DC Fisheye HSM for [[APS-C]] sensors. * Zoom Tokina 10-17mm {{f/}}3.5-4.5 fisheye lens for APS-C sensors == Mapping function == <gallery> Image:PeterW zt 1.png|Original tunnel to be photographed, with camera looking from inside center to left wall. Image:PeterW zt 2.png|Gnomonical Image:PeterW zt 3.png|Gnomonical, 40° right pan Image:PeterW zt 5.png|Linear scaled (equidistant) Image:PeterW zt 7.png|Orthographic{{Dubious|date=March 2008}} Image:PeterW zt 6.png|Equal area (equisolid angle) Image:PeterW zt 4.png|Stereographic (conform) </gallery> The mapping of a sideways object leads to a picture position displacement from the image center. The manner of this conversion is the mapping function. The distance of a point from the image center 'r' is dependent on the focal length of the optical system 'f', and the angle from the optical axis 'θ'. Normal (non-fisheye) lens: * Gnomonical or perspective: <math>r = f \tan(\theta)</math>. Works like the pinhole camera. Straight lines remain straight (distortion free). "θ" has to be smaller than 90°. The aperture angle is gaged symmetrically to the optical axis and has to be smaller than 180°. Large aperture angles are difficult to design and lead to high prices. Fisheye lenses can have many different mapping functions: * Linear scaled (equidistant): <math>r = f \cdot \theta</math>, where θ is in [[radian]]s. Practical for angle measurement e.g., star maps. [[Panorama Tools (software)|PanoTools]] uses this type. * Orthographic: <math>r = f \sin(\theta)</math>. Looks like an orb with the surroundings lying on < max. 180° aperture angle. * Equal area (equisolid angle): <math>r = 2 f \sin(\theta / 2)</math>. Looks like a mirror image on a ball, best special effect (unsophisticated distances), suitable for area comparison (clouds grade determination). This type is popular but it compresses marginal objects. The prices of these lenses are high, but not extreme. * Stereographic (conform): <math>r = 2 f \tan(\theta / 2)</math>. This mapping would be ideal for photographers because it doesn't compress marginal objects as much. Although no lens has yet been developed for this type, this mapping is easily implemented by software. * Other mapping functions (for example [http://sunex.com/News/tailored_distortion_lenses.htm Tailored Distortion lenses]) are also possible for enhancing the off-axis resolution of fisheye lenses. All types of fisheye lens bend straight lines. Aperture angles of 180° or more are possible only with large amounts of [[barrel distortion]]. == See also == * [[Map projection]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [http://wiki.panotools.org/Fisheye_Projection Fisheye projection theory] * [http://www.fisheyes.co.uk/hotel-virtual-tours.htm Fisheye virtual photography] * [http://panopticus.altervista.org/fishlist/fishlist.htm A large list of fisheye lenses] [[Category:Photographic lenses]] [[da:Fiskeøjeobjektiv]] [[de:Fischaugenobjektiv]] [[es:Objetivo ojo de pez]] [[fr:Objectif fisheye]] [[it:Fish-eye]] [[hu:Halszemoptika]] [[nl:Fisheye-lens]] [[ja:魚眼レンズ]] [[pl:Rybie oko]] [[ru:Рыбий глаз]] [[fi:Kalansilmä]] [[zh:鱼眼镜头]]