Fishing 36581 225448200 2008-07-13T19:17:10Z Discospinster 82432 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Slim24|Slim24]] to last version by Discospinster (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]]) {{fishing topics}} :''For the computer security term, see [[Phishing]].'' [[Image:Stilts fishermen Sri Lanka 02.jpg|thumb|left|Stilts fishermen, [[Sri Lanka]]]] '''Fishing''' is the activity of catching [[fish]]. [[Fishing techniques]] include [[Fish net|netting]], [[Fish trap|trapping]], [[angling]] and [[Gathering seafood by hand|hand gathering]]. The term fishing may be applied to catching other [[aquatic animal]]s such as different types of [[shellfish]], [[squid]], [[octopus]], [[turtle]]s, [[Edible frog|frogs,]] and some edible marine [[invertebrate]]s. ''Fishing'' is not usually applied to catching aquatic mammals such as [[whales]], where the term "[[whaling]]" is more appropriate, or to commercial [[fish farming]]. In addition to providing food through harvesting fish, modern fishing is both a recreational and professional sport. According to [[FAO]] statistics, the total number of fishermen and fish-farmers is estimated to be 38 million. [[Fisheries]] provide direct and indirect employment to an estimated 200 million people. In 2005, the worldwide per capita consumption of fish captured from [[Wild fisheries of the world|wild fisheries]] was 14.4 kilograms, with an additional 7.4 kilograms harvested from fish farms.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/fishery/ FAO: Fisheries and Aquaculture]</ref> == History == {{main|History of fishing}} [[Image:Hook for angling, made of bone, from Swedish Stone Age, found in Skåne, Sweden.jpg|thumb|left|Stone Age [[fish hook]] made from bone.]] [[Image:36-pesca,Taccuino Sanitatis, Casanatense 4182..jpg|thumb|right|Fishing , [[tacuinum sanitatis]] casanatensis (XIV century)]] Fishing is an ancient practice that dates back at least to the [[Paleolithic]] period which began about 40,000 years ago.<ref>[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/11/1108_bonetool_2.html African Bone Tools Dispute Key Idea About Human Evolution] National Geographic News article.</ref> Archaeological features such as [[midden|shell middens]],<ref>[http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/arch/middens/index.htm Coastal Shell Middens and Agricultural Origins in Atlantic Europe].</ref> discarded fish bones and [[cave painting]]s show that sea foods were important for survival and consumed in significant quantities. During this period, most people lived a hunter-gatherer lifestyle and were, of necessity, constantly on the move. However, where there are early examples of permanent settlements (though not necessarily permanently occupied) such as those at [[Lepenski Vir]], they are almost always associated with fishing as a major source of food. [[Image:Egyptian fishery3.jpg|thumb|right|Egyptians bringing in fish, and splitting for salting.]] The ancient river [[Nile]] was full of fish; fresh and dried fish were a staple food for much of the population.<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://www.icsf.net/jsp/publication/samudra/pdf/english/issue_28/art01.pdf Fisheries history: Gift of the Nile]}}.</ref> The [[Egyptians]] invented implements and methods for fishing and these are illustrated in tomb scenes, drawings, and papyrus documents. Some representations hint at fishing being pursued as a pastime. In India, the [[Pandyas]], a classical [[Dravidian race|Dravidian]] [[Tamil people|Tamil]] kingdom, were known for the pearl fishery as early as the 1st century BC. Their seaport [[Tuticorin]] was known for deep sea [[pearl diving|pearl fishing]]. The [[paravas]], a Tamil caste centred in Tuticorin, developed a rich community because of their pearl trade, navigation knowledge and fisheries. Fishing scenes are rarely represented in [[ancient Greek]] culture, a reflection of the low social status of fishing. However, [[Oppian|Oppian of Corycus]], a Greek author wrote a major treatise on sea fishing, the ''Halieulica'' or ''Halieutika'', composed between 177 and 180. This is the earliest such work to have survived to the modern day. Pictorial evidence of [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] fishing comes from [[mosaic]]s.<ref>[http://museum.agropolis.fr/english/pages/expos/aliments/poissons/images/mosaique.htm Image of fishing illustrated in a Roman mosaic].</ref> The Greco-Roman sea god [[Neptune (god)|Neptune]] is depicted as wielding a fishing trident. The [[Moche]] people of ancient [[Peru]] depicted fisherman in their ceramics.<ref>Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. ''The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the [[Larco Museum|Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera]].'' New York: [[Thames and Hudson]], 1997.</ref> One of the world’s longest trading histories is the [[Cod trade|trade of dry cod]] from the [[Lofoten]] area of [[Norway]] to the southern parts of [[Europe]], [[Italy]], [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]]. The trade in cod started during the [[Viking]] period or before, has been going on for more than 1000 years and is still important. ==Traditional fishing== {{main|Artisan fishing}} Traditional fishing is a term used to describe small scale [[commercial fishing|commercial]] or [[subsistence]] fishing practices, using traditional techniques such as rod and tackle, arrows and harpoons, throw nets and drag nets, etc. == Recreational fishing == [[Image:Fishing off pier.jpg|thumb|right|[[Angling]].]] {{main|Recreational fishing}} [[Recreation]]al and sport fishing describe fishing for pleasure or competition. Recreational fishing has conventions, rules, licensing restrictions and laws that limit the way in which fish may be caught; typically, these prohibit the use of nets and the catching of fish with hooks not in the mouth. The most common form of recreational fishing is done with a [[fishing rod|rod]], [[fishing reel|reel]], [[fishing line|line]], [[Fish hook|hooks]] and any one of a wide range of [[Bait (luring substance)|bait]]s. The practice of catching or attempting to catch fish with a hook is known as [[angling]]. In angling, it is sometimes expected or required that fish be returned to the water ([[catch and release]]). Recreational or sport fishermen may log their catches or participate in fishing competitions. [[Big-game fishing]] describes fishing from boats to catch large open-water species such as [[tuna]], [[shark]]s and [[marlin]]. Sport fishing (sometimes game fishing) describes recreational fishing where the primary reward is the challenge of finding and catching the fish rather than the culinary or financial value of the fish's flesh. Fish sought after include marlin, tuna, tarpon, sailfish, shark and mackerel. ==Techniques== [[Image:Đó.jpg|Fishermen with traditional fish traps, [[Hà Tây]], [[Vietnam]]|thumb]] {{main|Fishing techniques}} There are many techniques for fishing. Fishermen may use hooks and [[fishing line]]. [[Fishing nets]], fish traps, and trap nets may be used to capture fish. Lobster and crab pots use a similar method. Hand fishing consists of fishing with the hands or through the use of minimal equipment. In [[spear fishing]], the fish is killed using an ordinary spear or a specialized variant thereof. Closely related to spear fishing is [[bow fishing]]. Trained animals can assist in fishing; one notable example is Asian [[cormorant fishing]]. Kite fishing allows the fisherman to cast far into the water, even without a boat. Dredging is sometimes used to collect scallops or oysters from the seabed. Poisonous plants can be used to stun fish so that they become easy to collect by hand; cyanide is also sometimes used for fishing. Other fishing techniques include electrofishing and [[dynamite fishing]]. Some techniques are [[bottom trawling]], [[Fishing net|seining]], [[drift net|driftnetting]], [[Hand-line fishing|handlining]], [[Long-line fishing|longlining]], [[gillnet]]ting, [[dragger fishing|dragging]], [[tile fishing|tiling]], and [[diving activities|diving]]. ==Tackle== [[Image:angler at devizes england arp.jpg|thumb|right|An [[angler]] on the [[Kennet and Avon Canal]], [[England]], with his tackle.]] {{main|Fishing tackle}} Almost any equipment or gear used when fishing can be called '''fishing tackle'''. Some examples of tackle are [[Fishing lure|lures]] and [[bait]], [[Fishing line|lines]], [[Fishing rod|rods]] and [[Fishing reel|reels]], [[Fishing net|nets]] and [[Trawling|trawls]], [[downrigger]]s and [[outrigger]]s, [[Fishing gaff|gaffs]] and [[harpoon]]s, clevises, [[Fishing float|floats]], and [[Fishing trap|traps]]. Gear that is attached to the end of a fishing line, such as [[Fishing hook|hooks]], leaders, [[Fishing swivel|swivels]], [[Fishing sinker|sinkers]] and snaps, is called '''terminal tackle'''. ==The fishing industry== {{main|Fishing industry}} Fishing industries are industries concerned with taking, culturing, processing, preserving, storing, transporting, marketing or selling fish or fish products. They include [[Artisan fishing|subsistence]] fishing, commercial supports for [[recreational fishing]], and the various harvesting, [[Fish processing|processing]], and [[Fish marketing|marketing]] sectors.<ref>FAO Fisheries Section: Glossary: [http://www.fao.org/fi/glossary/default.asp ''Fishing industry.''] Retrieved 28 May 2008.</ref> ====Commercial fishing==== [[Image:Fishing Trawler.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Commercial trawler|trawler]] leaving the port of [[Ullapool]], north-west [[Scotland]].]] {{main|Commercial fishing}} Commercial fishing catches fish for eating. Those who practice it must often pursue fish far into the ocean under adverse conditions. Commercial fishermen harvest almost all aquatic species, from [[tuna]], [[cod]] and [[salmon]] to [[shrimp]], [[krill]], [[lobster]], [[clam]]s, [[squid]] and [[crab]], in various [[fishery|fisheries]] for these species. Commercial fishing methods have become very efficient using large nets and [[sea]]-going processing factories. [[IFQ|Individual fishing quotas]]) and international treaties seek to control the species and quantities caught. A commercial fishing enterprise may vary from one man with a small [[boat]] with hand-casting nets or a few pot traps, to a huge fleet of trawlers processing tons of fish every day. [[Image:Commercial fishing.jpg|Commercial fishermen in Alaska, early 20th century|thumb]] Commercial fishing gear includes [[Fishing net|nets]] (e.g. purse [[Seine (fishing)|seine]]), seine nets (e.g. [[beach seine]]), [[trawl]]s (e.g. [[Bottom trawling|bottom trawl]]), dredges, [[Fish hook|hooks]] and lines (e.g. [[Long-line fishing|long line]] and [[Hand-line fishing|handline]]), lift nets, [[gillnet]]s, entangling nets and [[Fishing trap|traps]]. According to the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] of the [[United Nations]], total world [[Wild fisheries of the world|capture fisheries]] production in 2000 was 86 million tons (FAO 2002). The top producing countries were, in order, the [[People's Republic of China]] (excluding [[Hong Kong]] and [[Taiwan]]), [[Peru]], [[Japan]], the [[United States]], [[Chile]], [[Indonesia]], [[Russia]], [[India]], [[Thailand]], [[Norway]] and [[Iceland]]. Those countries accounted for more than half of the world's production; China alone accounted for a third of the world's production. Of that production, over 90% was marine and less than 10% was inland. A small number of species support the majority of the world’s fisheries. Some of these species are [[herring]], [[cod]], [[anchovy]], [[tuna]], [[flounder]], [[Mullet (fish)|mullet]], [[squid]], [[shrimp]], [[salmon]], [[crab]], [[lobster]], [[oyster]] and [[scallop]]s. All except these last four provided a worldwide catch of well over a [[million]] [[tonne]]s in 1999, with [[herring]] and [[sardine]]s together providing a catch of over 22 million metric tons in 1999. Many other species as well are fished in smaller numbers. ====Fish farms==== {{main|Fish farm}} ====Fish products==== {{main|Fish products}} [[Image:Korea style raw fish.jpg|[[Korean cuisine|Korean]] style raw fish|thumb]] Today, fisheries are estimated to provide 16% of the world population's [[protein]], and that figure is considerably elevated in some [[developing nations]] and in regions that depend heavily on the sea. The flesh of many fish are primarily valued as a source of food; there are many [[List of edible fish|edible species of fish]]. Other marine life taken as food includes [[shellfish]], [[crustaceans]], [[sea cucumber]], and [[jellyfish]]. [[Roe]] are also harvested. Fish may also be collected live for research observation or for the [[aquarium]] trade. Fish and other marine life have uses apart from food. [[Pearl]]s and [[Nacre|mother-of-pearl]] are valued for their lustre. Traditional methods of [[pearl hunting]] are now virtually extinct. [[Shark]]skin and [[Rajiformes|rayskin]] which are covered with, in effect, tiny teeth (dermal denticles) were used for sandpaper. These skins are also used to make [[leather]]. Sharkskin leather is used in the manufacture of the hilts of [[Katana|traditional Japanese swords]]. [[Sea horse]], [[star fish]], [[sea urchin]] and [[sea cucumber]] are used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]]. [[Tyrian purple]] is a pigment made from marine snails ''Murex brandaris'' and ''[[Murex trunculus]]''. [[Sepia]] is a pigment made from the inky secretions of [[cuttlefish]]. [[Animal glue|Fish glue]] is made by boiling the skin, bones and [[Gas bladder|swim bladders]] of fish. Fish glue has been valued for its use in products from [[illuminated manuscript]]s to the [[Bow (weapon)|Mongolian war bow]]. [[Isinglass]] is a substance obtained from the swim bladders of fish (especially [[sturgeon]]), it is used for the clarification of [[wine]] and [[beer]]. [[Fish emulsion]] is a [[fertilizer]] [[emulsion]] that is produced from the fluid remains of fish processed for [[fish oil]] and [[fish meal]]. ====Fish marketing==== {{main|Fish marketing}} ==Sustainability== [[Image:Fish sorting.JPG|thumb|right|Fisheries scientists sorting a catch of small fish and langoustine.]] {{main|Environmental effects of fishing|Fisheries management|Fisheries science}} Environmental issues include the availability of fish to be caught, such as [[overfishing]], [[sustainable fisheries]], and [[fisheries management]]; and issues surrounding the impact of fishing on the environment, such as [[by-catch]]. Scientific studies have questioned the sustainability of current fishing practices. [[Fisheries management]], which draws on [[fisheries science]], aims to provide for sustainable exploitation of fisheries. == Cultural impact== [[Image:petroz fishers.jpg|thumb|Statue of fishermen in [[Petrozavodsk]], Russia.]] {{seealso|Fisherman}} {{Expand-section|date=June 2008}} For communities, fisheries provide not only a source of food and work but also a [[community]] and [[culture|cultural]] identity.<ref>[http://www.icsf.net International Collective in Support of Fishworkers (ICSF)]</ref> The expression "fishing expedition" (usually used to describe a line of questioning), describes a case where the questioner implies that he knows more than he actually does in order to trick the target into divulging more information than he wishes to reveal. Other examples of fishing terms that carry a negative connotation are: "fishing for compliments", "to be fooled [[Hook, Line and Sinker|hook, line and sinker]]" (to be fooled beyond merely "taking the bait"), and the internet scam of [[Phishing]] in which a third party will duplicate a website where the user would put sensitive information (such as bank codes). == See also == {{portal}} {{Commonscat | Fishing}} * [[Fish farming]] * [[Fish market]] * [[Fishery]] * [[Fisherman]] * [[Fishing vessel]] * [[Fish processing]] * [[Whaling]] * [[Fishing Derby (event)]] == References == {{reflist}} ==Further reading== *{{cite book | first= Ken | last= Schultz | authorlink= | coauthors= | year= 1999 | title= Fishing Encyclopedia: Worldwide Angling Guide | publisher= John Wiley & Sons | pages = | location= | isbn= 0028620577}} *{{cite book | first= Otto | last= Gabriel | authorlink= | coauthors= Andres von Brandt | year= 2005 | title= Fish Catching Methods of the World | publisher= Blackwell | pages = | location= | isbn= 0852382804}} *{{cite book | first= Dietrich | last= Sahrhage | authorlink= | coauthors= Johannes Lundbeck | year= 1992 | title= A History of Fishing | publisher= Springer-Verlag | pages = | location= | isbn= 0387553320}} == External links == <!-- This article is a generic fishing article. 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