Floods in the Netherlands
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2008-04-12T22:53:51Z
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This is a chronological list of '''floods''' that have occurred in '''the Netherlands''', till 1500 most parts of the Netherlands were in [[Frisia]].
*'''838''' December 26: A large part of the northwest of the [[Netherlands]] (in that time the land belonged to [[Frisia]] - now called [[Friesland]]) was flooded by a storm. Lack of good dikes was an important cause of this flood disaster. Bishop [[Prudentius of Troyes]] describes this flood; he said there were 2437 victims. This flood is also described in the ''[[Annales Xantenses]]''.
*'''1014''' September 28: for the first time the partially closed coast line of the [[Netherlands]] was breached. [[Walcheren]] suffered a particularly large amount of damage. It took years before people managed to get their lives back on track. The chronicle of the [[Quedlinburg]] abbey in [[Saxony]] reports that thousands of people died.
*'''1024''' November 2: flood mentioned in Annales Blandiniensis (Ghent), probably only affecting the Flemish coast and in particular the region of the [[Yser]] mouth.
*'''1134''': The [[Zwin]] opens as a channel connecting [[Bruges]] with the North Sea.
*'''1163''': The [[Netherlands]] experienced several floods this year. This caused [[dike (construction)|dike]] breaches along the [[Maas]]. As a result the mouth of the [[Oude Rijn (Utrecht and South Holland)|Oude Rijn]] at [[Katwijk]], which was already almost entirely silted up, was entirely closed by sediment carried around by the flood.
*'''1170''': First [[All Saints' Flood (1170)|All Saints' flood]] (''Allerheiligenvloed''). Large parts of the north of the [[Netherlands]] and the [[Zuiderzee]] region were inundated. A channel from the [[North Sea]] was opened into the fresh water Lake Flavo ([[Almere|Almere lake]]), and it became the salt water [[Zuiderzee]]. This flood marked the beginning and spread of the [[North Sea]], [[Zuiderzee]] and [[Waddenzee]]. Two factors causing this sea enlargement were important: first was the sea area increase, second the presence of large [[peat]] areas, which were easily washed away.
*'''1196''': [[St. Nicholas' Flood]] (''Sint-Nicolaasvloed''). Large parts of the north of the [[Netherlands]] and the [[Zuiderzee]] region were inundated. Where the storm flood of 1170 made a beginning, this storm worsened it, washing away large [[peat]] areas. The result of this storm was destruction of peat areas in [[West Friesland (historical region)|West Friesland]] and enlarging the [[Waddenzee]] and the [[Almere]] whch became the [[Zuiderzee]].
*'''1212''': [[Noord-Holland]] suffered a large flood with approximately 60,000 victims.
*'''1214''': Storm flood affecting all parts of the Netherlands. Much erosion of [[peat]] areas.
*'''1219''' January 16: St. Marcellus' Flood (''Sint-Marcellusvloed''). Large parts of the north of the [[Netherlands]] and the [[Zuiderzee]] region were inundated, killing an estimated 36000 people. This was the 4th large flood in 50 years. This had enormous consequences on the development of the two large inner seas in the [[Netherlands]], the [[Zuiderzee]] and the [[Waddenzee]].
*'''1248''' 20 November, 28 December, and 4 February 1249: The coastal dunes were breached (likely at [[Callantsoog]]), flooding parts of North Holland. Also flooding occurred in Friesland and Groningen.
*'''1277''': A flood drowned the [[Reiderland]]: see [[List of settlements lost to floods in the Netherlands#Drowned villages in Groningen province|Drowned villages in Groningen province]].
*'''1280''': Large parts of the north of the [[Netherlands]] were inundated. This flood created the [[Lauwerszee]].
*'''1282''': A storm broke through the coastal [[dune]]s around [[Texel]] and let sea water flood into what is now the [[Waddenzee]] and [[IJsselmeer]].
*'''1287''' December 14: [[St. Lucia's flood]].
*'''1362''': [[Grote Mandrenke]] strikes in January, causing the "Great Drowning of Men." Hurricane-force winds drove enormous waves atop an incredible [[storm surge]] that carved a huge inland sea into the Netherlands, killing at least 25,000 inhabitants. The salt sea swallowed sixty parishes in the Danish diocese of [[Slesvig]]. This storm also demolished much infrastructure in England.
*'''1404''': First St. Elizabeth's Flood. See [[St. Elizabeth's flood (1404)]].
*'''1421''' November 18: Second St. Elisabeth's Flood. See [[St. Elizabeth's flood (1421)]].
*'''1530''': [[St. Felix's Flood]] (''Sint-Felixvloed'').
*'''1570''' November 1: Second [[All Saints' Flood (1570)|All Saints' flood]] (''Allerheiligenvloed'').
*'''1675''': This affected mainly the north of the [[Netherlands]]. It flooded part of [[Terschelling]]; the surroundings of [[Stavoren]] and [[Hindeloopen]]; the [[Mastenbroek]] by [[Kampen]]; the area between [[Schagen]] and [[Den Helder]]; [[Noord-Holland]] east of [[Alkmaar]]; the surroundings of [[Amsterdam]]; a very large area around the [[Haarlemmermeer]].
*'''1703''' December 7 to 9 (or according to the old English calendar which still applied in 1703, 27 November): [[Great Storm of 1703]]. This storm caused a flood killing thousands of victims. There are no wind measurements available, but a wealth of reports and diaries make it clear that this storm was extremely serious. The storm reached its peak in the night and led to enormous damage and numerous dike breaches. It was heaviest in an area of approximately 500 kilometres wide in [[Wales]], the middle and south of [[United Kingdom]], the [[North Sea]] area, the [[Low Countries]], and the north of [[Germany]]. At many places there was talk of a high storm surge. [[Seamen]] in the [[United Kingdom]] reported [[tornado]]es. Other sources wrote about a terrible storm and these well agree with each other. The air was full of [[lightning]]. The English journalist and writer [[Daniel Defoe]] (the writer of [[Robinson Crusoe]]) wrote concerning the "most terrible storm which the world ever saw". The storm was according to Defoe so dreadful that there was no pen to describe it. There had already been a storm for two weeks, but this was the peak. The south of [[Friesland]] was flooded from several dike breaches. A [[Zeeland]]ish captain wrote in a letter to the admiralty of [[Zeeland]] that the storm could not be withstood. The Dutch fleet was hit hard, but the British fleet bore the heaviest blows. Dozens of war ships sailed to the English coasts where thousands of victims died. Meteorologists have tried to reconstruct the chart of this storm. Above [[Scandinavia]] the air pressure was high at the beginning of December 1703, but in the [[Bay of Biscay]] south west of the [[United Kingdom]] there were two [[Depression (meteorology)|depression]]s. The first depression went up the North Sea, the second went to [[Scotland]]. The venom, however, was in a new block which appeared at [[Ireland]]. This increasingly drew in strong activity around the middle and from Britain further to the east. The storm blew on the south side of the [[Depression (meteorology)|depression]] where the south of [[Great Britain|Britain]] had a [[hurricane]], wind strength 12. The [[barometer]]s plummeted dramatically: according to calculations the air pressure must have decreased to 950 millibars, a rare low for Britain. A powerful anticyclone which came immediately ensured enormous air pressure differences, as a result of which it blew terribly this way.
*'''1717''' December 24/25 night: Christmas flood (''Kerstvloed''): see [[Christmas flood 1717]].
*'''1820''' January 23: This flood inundated large parts of the [[Alblasserwaard]], after a number of dike breaches. Also the [[lock (water transport)|lock]] between the [[Linge]] and the canal from [[Steenenhoek]] to [[Gorinchem]] succumbed on 26 January during the events of this calamity. An area of approximately 1300 km² came under water during this calamity.
*'''1825''' February 3 to 5: The provinces of [[Groningen (province)|Groningen]], [[Friesland]] and [[Overijssel]] were flooded through serious dike breaks, as a result of which more than 800 people lost their lives. At [[17 February]] [[1825]] the government set up a relief [[Government agency|commission]] to provide government assistance for the flood disaster. Accounts of this commission are kept in the national archives in [[Den Haag]]. In memory of this flood, the book ''Gedenkboek van Neerlands watersnood in februari 1825'' ("Memorial Book of the Dutch Flood Disaster of February 1825") was published.
*'''1836''': Two [[hurricane]]-driven floods by the [[Haarlemmermeer]] lake: One in November reached the gates of [[Amsterdam]]. One on Christmas Day flooded [[Leyden]]. As a result, in May 1840 men started to drain and reclaim the [[Haarlemmermeer]].
*'''1916''' January 13 and 14: Flood disaster around the [[Zuiderzee]]. At dozens of places the dikes broke. Afterwards work started on the [[Zuiderzeewerken]] and the establishment of the storm flood service.
*'''1953''' January 31/February 1 night: See [[North Sea flood of 1953]].
==External links==
*http://www.orisant.com/verdronken/lijst.htm (in [[Dutch language|Dutch]])
*http://www.mrjumbo.com/contents/ostfriesland/maps/wasserflutt.html Christmas day flood 1717 map
*http://www.deltawerken.com/The-flood-of-1953/89.html The Flood of 1953 in the Netherlands
*http://www.safecoast.org Knowledge exchange on coastal flooding and climate change in the North Sea region
*[http://www.livius.org/opinion/opinion0008.html Rome's Greatest Defeat, A Review - All Saints' Flood of 1170]. File retrieved March 11, 2007.
[[Category:Floods in the Netherlands| ]]