Flora of New Zealand
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[[Image:Kauri Te Matua Ngahere.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Agathis australis|kauri]] is the largest New Zealand tree, growing mainly in the northernmost parts of the country]]
This page relates to the indigenous '''flora of New Zealand'''.
[[New Zealand]]'s [[geographical]] isolation has meant the [[country]] has developed a unique variety of native flora.
==Characteristics of New Zealand flora==
* majority are evergreen
* few annual herbs
* few cold-tolerant trees
* majority are dispersed by birds
* very few have defences against mammalian browsers
* few [[nitrogen]] fixing plants
* few fire-adapted species
* many [[dioecious]] species
* flowers are typically small and white
* many plants have divaricating growth forms
* many plants have evolved into a larger forms compared with similar plant families in other countries.
==List of plants==
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===Trees and shrubs===
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* [[Akeake]]
* [[Metrosideros bartlettii|Bartlett's rātā]] or Cape Reinga white rātā
* [[Nothofagus|Beech]] (''Nothofagus'')
* [[Bog pine]]
* [[New Zealand Broom|Broom]]
* [[Cabbage tree (Cordyline australis)|Cabbage tree]] or Tī rākau / Tī kōuka
* [[Coprosma]]
* [[Brachyglottis greyi|Daisy bush]]
* [[Dracophyllum]]
* [[Pseudopanax arboreus|Five finger]]
* [[Fuchsia excorticata|Fuchsia]] or Kōtukutuku
* [[Hebe (plant)|Hebe]]s
* [[Horopito]]
* [[Kahikatea]] or White Pine
* [[Kaka Beak]]
* [[Karaka (tree)|Karaka]]
* [[Coprosma robusta|Karamū]]
* [[Pittosporum crassifolium|Karo]]
* [[Kauri]]
* [[Kawakawa]]
* [[Kanuka]]
* [[Kapuka]] or Broadleaf
* [[Kohekohe]]
* [[Pittosporum tenuifolium|Kohuhu]]
* [[Kowhai]]
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* [[Kumaraho]]
* [[Lacebark]]
* [[Pseudopanax crassifolius|Lancewood]] or Horoeka
* [[Pittosporum eugenioides|Lemonwood]] or Tarata
* [[Melicytus ramiflorus|Mahoe]] or Whiteywood
* [[Maire]]
* [[Avicennia marina|Manawa]] or White or Grey mangrove
* [[Leptospermum scoparium|Manuka]] or Tea Tree
* [[Myrsine australis|Māpou]] or Red Matipo
* [[Matagouri]]
* [[Prumnopitys taxifolia|Matai]] or Black Pine
* [[Mingimingi]]
* [[Miro,(plant)|Miro]]
* [[Manoao]] or Silver pine
* [[Podocarpus cunninghamii|Mountain totara]]
* [[Dracophyllum|Neinei]]
* [[Myoporum laetum|Ngaio]]
* [[Nikau]]
* [[Metrosideros robusta|Northern rātā]]
* [[Olearia]]
* [[Urtica ferox|Ongaonga]] or Tree nettle
* [[Schefflera digitata|Patē]] or Seven Finger
* Other [[Pittosporum]]s
* [[Pōhutukawa]]
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* [[Solanum laciniatum|Poroporo]] or Bullibulli
* [[Puka]]
* [[Putaputaweta]]
* [[Brachyglottis repanda|Rangiora]] or Bushman's friend
* [[Knightia excelsa|Rewarewa]] or New Zealand honeysuckle
* [[Plagianthus regius|Ribbonwood]] or Manatu
* [[Dacrydium cupressinum|Rimu]]
* [[Metrosideros umbellata|Southern rātā]]
* [[Tanekaha]]
* [[Taraire]]
* [[Beilschmiedia tawa|Tawa]]
* [[Titoki]]
* [[Toatoa]]
* [[Toru]]
* [[Totara]]
* [[Tree daisy]]
* [[Tetrapathaea tetrandra]]
* [[Tutu]]
* [[Yellow pine]]
* [[Whau]]
* [[Aristotelia serrata|Wineberry]] or Makomako
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===Ferns===
While most of the world's [[fern]]s grow in tropical climates, New Zealand hosts an unusual number of ferns for a temperate country. These exhibit a variety of forms, from stereotypical feather-shaped tufted ferns and [[tree ferns]] to less typical filmy, leafy and climbing ferns. Both the [[koru]], in the shape of an unfurling fern frond, and the [[silver fern]] are widely accepted symbols of New Zealand.
[[Image:Cyathea_medullaris.JPG|thumb|A [[Black Tree Fern]] in the [[Auckland Domain]]]]
* [[Silver fern]] or Ponga, ''Cyathea dealbata''
* [[New Zealand Tree Fern]], ''Dicksonia squarrosa''
* [[Black Tree Fern]] or Mamaku, ''Cyathea medullaris''
* [[Tuokuro]], ''Dicksonia lanata''
* [[Kuripaka]], ''Dicksonia fibrosa''
* [[Marattia salicina|King fern]], ''Marattia salicina''
* [[Prince of Wales fern]], ''Leptopteris superba''
* [[Hound's tongue fern]], ''Phymatosorus diversifolius''
* [[Kidney fern]] or Raurenga, ''Trichomanes reniforme''
* [[Hen and chickens fern]], ''Asplenium bulbiferum''
* [[Hanging spleenwort]], ''Asplenium flaccidum''
* [[Mangemange]], ''Lygodium articulatum''
{{seealso|List of native New Zealand ferns}}
===Seaweeds===
* [[Neptune's necklace]]
===Liverworts===
New Zealand has a greater density of [[Marchantiophyta|liverworts]] than any other country, due to its cool, wet and temperate climate. About half the species are [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] to New Zealand.
There are 606 species known in New Zealand. While these include some thallose liverworts, with liver-shaped leaves, most are leafy liverworts which can be confused with mosses and filmy ferns. Undescribed species, and those not previously recorded in New Zealand, continue to be found in lowland forests. Ninety species and varieties are listed on the 2001 [[New Zealand Department of Conservation|Department of Conservation]] [[threatened species|threatened plants]] list, and 157 liverwort species and varieties will be included on the next version of the list as a result of better knowledge of the group.
A three-volume work on liverworts in New Zealand is being written by [[John Engel]] and [[David Glenny]], with the first volume due for release in late 2006. The volumes will also be placed online as part of [http://www.floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz Floraseries].<ref>David Glenny, ''New Zealand's liverworts, no longer a forgotten group'', ''Te Taiao'', Number 6, July 2006, ISSN 1176-2454</ref>
===Grasses===
There are 187 species of native grasses in New Zealand: 157 endemic and 30 indigenous species. <ref name=grasses>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsnz.org/publish/jrsnz/2002/004.php|title=History of the taxonomy of the New Zealand native grass flora|author=H. E. Connor and E. Edgar|accessdate=2006-08-20}}</ref>
The grasses belong to the following tribes and genera:
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*[[Ehrharteae]]
**''[[Microlaena]]'', 4 species
**''[[Zotovia]]'', 3 species
*[[Stipeae]]
**''[[Achnatherum]]'', 1 species
**''[[Anemanthele]]'', 1 species
**''[[Austrostipa]]'', 1 species
*[[Poeae]]
**''[[Austrofestuca]]'', 1 species
**''[[Festuca]]'', 10 species
**''[[Poa]]'', 38 species
**''[[Puccinellia]]'', 4 species
*[[Agrostideae]]">
**''[[Agrostis]]'', 10 species
**''[[Amphibromus]]'', 1 species
**''[[Deschampsia]]'', 5 species
**''[[Deyeuxia]]'', 5 species
**''[[Dichelachne]]'', 4 species
**''[[Echinopogon]]'', 1 species
**''[[Hierochloe]]'', 7 species
**''[[Koeleria]]'', 3 species
**''[[Lachnagrostis]]'', 12 species
**''[[Trisetum]]'', 9 species
**''[[Simplicia]]'', 2 species
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*[[Hordeeae]]
**''[[Australopyrum]]'', 1 species
**''[[Elymus]]'', 7 species
**''[[Stenostachys]]'', 3 species
*[[Danthonieae]][[Image:Toetoe.jpg|thumb|200px|Toetoe]]
**''[[Chionochloa]]'', 22 species
**''[[Cortaderia]]'' ([[Toetoe]]), 5 species
**''[[Pyrrhanthera]]'', 1 species
**''[[Rytidosperma]]'', 18 species
*[[Chlorideae]]
**''[[Zoysia]]'', 2 species
*[[Leptureae]]
**''[[Lepturus]]'', 1 species
*[[Paniceae]]
**''[[Cenchrus]]'', 1 species
**''[[Oplismenus]]'', 1 species
**''[[Spinifex]]'', 1 species
*[[Isachneae]]
**''[[Isachne]]'', 1 species
*[[Andropogoneae]]
**''[[Imperata]]'', 1 species
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===Mosses===
There are 523 known [[moss]] species and 23 varieties in New Zealand, with 208 genera represented. 108 species and 11 genera are considered endemic. Most New Zealand mosses originated in [[Gondwana]], so there are strong relationships with species in [[Tasmania]], South-eastern [[Australia]], and temperate parts of South America. <ref name=moss>{{cite web|url=http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/research/biodiversity/plantsprog/moss/char.asp|title=Characteristics of the Indigenous Moss Flora|accessdate=2006-08-20|author=[[Landcare Research New Zealand Limited|Landcare Research]]}}</ref> The endemic genera are:
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*''[[Beeveria]]''
*''[[Bryobeckettia]]''
*''[[Bryodixonia]]''
*''[[Cladomnion]]''
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*''[[Crosbya]]''
*''[[Cryptopodium]]''
*''[[Dichelodontium]]''
*''[[Fifea]]''
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*''[[Hypnobartlettia]]''
*''[[Mesotus]]''
*''[[Tetracoscinodon]]''
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[[Sphagnum]] moss is also of economic importance.
===Other===
[[Image:Tecomanthe flowers.jpg|thumb|right|Flowers of ''[[Tecomanthe speciosa]]'']]
* [[Bush lawyer (plant)|Bush lawyer]]
* [[Celmisia]] (Mountain Daisy)
* [[Megaherbs]]
* Nine species of [[mistletoe]], including ''[[Peraxilla colensoi]]'', ''[[Peraxilla tetrapetala]]'', ''[[Alepis flavida]]'', and the extinct ''[[Trilepidea adamsii]]'' (last seen in 1954).
* [[Mount Cook Lily]]
* [[New Zealand flax]]
* [[New Zealand spinach]] (''Kokihi'')
* [[Nikau|Nikau Palm]]
* [[Pingao]]
* [[Rhipogonum scandens|Supplejack]]
* ''[[Tecomanthe speciosa]]''
* [[Wood rose]]
==See also==
* [[List of trees native to New Zealand]]
==References==
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>
==External links==
*{{cite web | url = http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/science-and-technical/tsrp52.pdf | title = Recovery plan for threatened grassy plants of dry fertile sites, 2003–2013. C. Jones (Threatened Species Recovery Plan 52) | year = 2004 | publisher = [Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand | accessdate = 2007-09-19}}
* ''[http://www.rnzih.org.nz/index.html Royal New Zealand Institute of Horticulture]''. [[Lincoln University (New Zealand)|Lincoln University]], [[Canterbury, New Zealand]].
* [http://nzflora.landcareresearch.co.nz/ New Zealand Plant Names Database]
* [http://www.bushmansfriend.co.nz Bushmansfriend:NZ native plant information]
* [http://www.nzpcn.org.nz/ New Zealand Plant Conservation Network]
{{Oceania in topic|Flora of}}
[[Category:Flora of New Zealand| New Zealand plants]]
[[de:Flora Neuseelands]]
[[mi:Rārangi ingoa huaota]]