Florence Nightingale 100127 225589100 2008-07-14T13:12:44Z Closedmouth 372693 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/217.65.158.118|217.65.158.118]] to last version by Red Thunder (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]]) {{Infobox Medical Person |name =Florence Nightingale |image =Florence Nightingale 1920 reproduction.jpg |box_width = |image_width = 250px |caption = |birth_date ={{birth date|1820|5|12|df=y}} |birth_place =[[Florence]], [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]] |death_date ={{death date and age|1910|8|13|1820|5|12|df=y}} |death_place =[[Park Lane (road)|Park Lane]], [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]. |profession =[[Nurse]] and [[Statistician]] |specialism =Hospital [[hygiene]] and [[sanitation]] |research_field = |known_for =Pioneering modern nursing |years_active = |education = |work_institutions =[[Selimiye Barracks]], [[Üsküdar|Scutari]] |prizes =[[Royal Red Cross]] (1883) <br>[[Order of Merit (Commonwealth)|Order of Merit]] (1907) |relations = }} [[Image:Embley Park.jpg|thumb|right|[[Embley Park]], now a school, was the family home of Florence Nightingale.]] [[Image:St Margarets FN grave.jpg|thumb|right|The grave of Florence Nightingale in the churchyard of St. Margaret's Church, [[Wellow, Hampshire|East Wellow]].]] '''Florence Nightingale''', [[Order of Merit (Commonwealth)|OM]], [[Royal Red Cross|RRC]] (in her own pronunciation {{IPA2|ˈflɒɾəns ˈnaɪtɪŋgeɪl}}; [[12 May]] [[1820]] – [[13 August]] [[1910]]), who came to be known as "The Lady with the Lamp", was a pioneering [[nurse]], [[writer]] and noted [[statistician]]. == Biography == === Early life === Florence Nightingale was born into a rich, upper-class, well-connected [[United Kingdom|British]] family at the Villa Colombaia, [[Florence]], [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]], and was named after the city of her birth. Florence's older sister Parthenope (pronounced ParTHENopee) had similarly been named after her place of birth, a [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] settlement now part of the city of [[Naples]]. Her parents were William Edward Nightingale (1794–1875) and Frances Nightingale ''née'' Smith (1789–1880). William Nightingale was born William Edward Shore. His mother Mary ''née'' Evans was the niece of one Peter Nightingale, under the terms of whose will William Shore not only inherited his estate Lea Hurst in [[Derbyshire]], but also assumed the name and arms of Nightingale. Fanny's father (Florence's maternal grandfather) was the [[Abolitionism|abolitionist]] [[William Smith (abolitionist)|William Smith]]. Inspired by what she took as a [[Christian]] [[vocation|divine calling]], experienced first in 1837 at [[Embley Park]] and later throughout Florence's life, she committed herself to nursing (though discouraged by her parents). This demonstrated a passion on her part, and also a rebellion against the expected role for a woman of her status, which was to become a wife and mother. In those days, nursing was a career with a poor reputation, filled mostly by poorer women, "hangers-on" who followed the armies.{{Fact|date=October 2007}} In fact, nurses were equally likely to function as [[cook (profession)|cooks]].{{Fact|date=October 2007}} [[Nightingale]] announced her decision to enter nursing in 1845 bringing intense anger and distress to her family, particularly her mother. She cared for poor and indigent people. In December 1844, in response to a pauper's death in a [[workhouse]] infirmary in [[London]] that became a public scandal{{Fact|date=January 2008}}, she became the leading advocate for improved medical care in the infirmaries and immediately engaged the support of [[Charles Villiers]], then president of the [[Poor Law Board]]. This led to her active role in the reform of the [[Poor Laws]], extending far beyond the provision of medical care. She was later instrumental in [[mentoring]] and then sending [[Agnes Elizabeth Jones]] and other Nightingale Probationers to [[Liverpool]] [[Workhouse]] Infirmary. Nightingale was courted by politician and poet [[Richard Monckton Milnes, 1st Baron Houghton]], but she rejected him, convinced that marriage would interfere with her ability to follow her calling to nursing. When in [[Rome]] in 1847, recovering from a mental breakdown precipitated by a continuing crisis of her relationship with Milnes, she met [[Sidney Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Lea|Sidney Herbert]], a brilliant politician who had been [[Secretary at War]] (1845–1846), a position he would hold again during the [[Crimean War]]. Herbert was already married, but he and Nightingale were immediately attracted to each other and they became lifelong close friends. Herbert was instrumental in facilitating her pioneering work in Crimea and in the field of nursing, and she became a key advisor to him in his political career. In 1851 she rejected Milnes' marriage proposal against her mother's wishes. Nightingale also had strong and intimate relations with [[Benjamin Jowett]], particularly about the time that she was considering leaving money in her will to establish a Chair in [[Statistics|Applied Statistics]] at the [[University of Oxford]].<ref>Bibby, John. (1986) Notes towards a history of teaching statistics</ref> In 1850 she visited the Lutheran religious community at [[Düsseldorf-Kaiserswerth|Kaiserswerth-am-Rhein]] where she observed Pastor [[Theodor Fliedner]] and the deaconesses working for the sick and the deprived. She regarded the experience as a turning point in her life, and issued her findings anonymously in 1851; ''The Institution of Kaiserswerth on the Rhine, for the Practical Training of Deaconesses, etc.'' was her first published work.<ref>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography </ref> On [[22 August]] [[1853]], Nightingale took a post of superintendent at the Institute for the Care of Sick Gentlewomen in Upper Harley Street, London, a position she held until October 1854. Her father had given her an annual income of £500 (roughly £25,000/US$50,000 in present terms), which allowed her to live comfortably and to pursue her career. [[J. J. Sylvester|James Joseph Sylvester]] is said to have been her mentor. === Crimean War === Florence Nightingale's most famous contribution came during the [[Crimean War]], which became her central focus when reports began to filter back to Britain about the horrific conditions for the wounded. On [[21 October]] [[1854]], she and a staff of 38 women volunteer nurses, trained by Nightingale and including her aunt Mai Smith,<ref>{{cite journal | last = Gill | first = Christopher J. | authorlink = | coauthors = Gillian C. Gill | title =Nightingale in Scutari: Her Legacy Reexamined | journal =Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume =40 | issue = | pages =1799–1805 | publisher = | location = |date=2005 | url =http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/430380 | doi = | id = | accessdate =2007-10-07 | format = }} </ref> were sent (under the authorization of Sidney Herbert) to [[Turkey]], about 545 km across the [[Black Sea]] from [[Balaklava]] in the [[Crimea]], where the main British camp was based. Nightingale arrived early in November 1854 at [[Selimiye Barracks]] in [[Üsküdar|Scutari]] (modern-day [[Üsküdar]] in [[Istanbul]]). She and her nurses found wounded soldiers being badly cared for by overworked medical staff in the face of official indifference. [[Medicine]]s were in short supply, [[hygiene]] was being neglected, and mass [[infection]]s were common, many of them fatal. There was no equipment to process food for the patients. Florence is one of the proponent for [[Miasma theory of disease|Miasma theory]] <ref>[http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/1859map/cholera_prevailingtheories_a2.html BRIEF HISTORY DURING THE SNOW ERA (1813-58)] </ref> <ref>[http://www.ibms.org/pdf/pdf_science/william_farr.pdf Who was William Farr?]</ref> <ref>[http://www.scpub.org/data//files/revinfdischron-9694.pdf Development of the Germ Theory of Disease] </ref>, therefore she and her colleagues began by thoroughly cleaning the hospital and equipment and reorganizing patient care. However, during her time at Scutari, the death rate did not drop; on the contrary, it began to rise. The death count would be highest of all other hospitals in the region. During her first winter at Scutari, 4077 soldiers died there. Ten times more soldiers died from illnesses such as [[typhus]], [[typhoid]], [[cholera]] and [[dysentery]] than from battle wounds. Conditions at the temporary barracks hospital were so fatal to the patients because of overcrowding and the hospital's defective [[sewer]]s and lack of ventilation. A sanitary commission had to be sent out by the British government to Scutari in March 1855, almost six months after Florence Nightingale had arrived, which flushed out the sewers and improved ventilation. Death rates were sharply reduced. Nightingale continued believing the death rates were due to poor nutrition and supplies and overworking of the soldiers. It was not until after she returned to Britain and began collecting evidence before the Royal Commission on the Health of the Army, that she came to believe that most of the soldiers at the hospital were killed by poor living conditions. This experience would influence her later career, when she advocated sanitary living conditions as of great importance. Consequently, she reduced deaths in the Army during peacetime and turned attention to the sanitary design of hospitals. ====The Lady with the Lamp==== During the Crimean campaign Florence Nightingale gained the nickname "The Lady with the Lamp", deriving from a phrase in a report in ''The Times'': <blockquote>She is a ‘ministering angel’ without any exaggeration in these hospitals, and as her slender form glides quietly along each corridor, every poor fellow's face softens with gratitude at the sight of her. When all the medical officers have retired for the night and silence and darkness have settled down upon those miles of prostrate sick, she may be observed alone, with a little lamp in her hand, making her solitary rounds.<ref>Cited in Cook, E. T. ''The Life of Florence Nightingale.'' (1913) Vol 1, p 237.</ref> </blockquote> The phrase was further popularised by [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]]'s 1857 poem "Santa Filomena": <blockquote>Lo! in that hour of misery<br> A lady with a lamp I see<br> Pass through the glimmering gloom,<br> And flit from room to room.</blockquote> === Return home === Florence Nightingale returned to Britain a heroine on [[7 August]] [[1857]], and, according to the [[BBC]], was arguably the most famous Victorian after [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]] herself. Nightingale moved from her family home in [[Middle Claydon]], [[Buckinghamshire]], to the Burlington Hotel in [[Piccadilly]], where she was stricken by a fever, probably due to a chronic form of [[Brucellosis]] ("Crimean fever") that she contracted during the Crimean war.<ref>[http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/311/7021/1697 Florence Nightingale's fever. [[BMJ]] 1995;311:1697-1700]</ref> She barred her mother and sister from her room and rarely left it. In response to an invitation from Queen Victoria – and despite the limitations of confinement to her room – Nightingale played the central role in the establishment of the [[Royal Commission]] on the Health of the Army, of which Sidney Herbert became chairman. As a woman, Nightingale could not be appointed to the Royal Commission, but she wrote the Commission's 1,000-plus page report that included detailed statistical reports, and she was instrumental in the implementation of its recommendations. The report of the Royal Commission led to a major overhaul of army military care, and to the establishment of an Army Medical School and of a comprehensive system of army [[medical records]]. === Later career === While she was still in Turkey, on [[29 November]] [[1855]], a public meeting to give recognition to Florence Nightingale for her work in the war led to the establishment of the Nightingale Fund for the training of nurses. There was an outpouring of generous donations. Sidney Herbert served as honorary secretary of the fund, and the [[Prince George, Duke of Cambridge|Duke of Cambridge]] was chairman. Nightingale was also considered a pioneer in the concept of ''[[medical tourism]]'' as well based on her letters from 1856 in which she would write of spas in Turkey detailing the health conditions, physical descriptions, dietary information, and other vitally important details of patients whom she directed there (which was significantly less expensive than Switzerland). She was obviously directing patients of meagre means to affordable treatment. By 1859 Nightingale had £45,000 at her disposal from the Nightingale Fund to set up the Nightingale Training School at [[St. Thomas' Hospital]] on [[9 July]] [[1860]]. (It is now called the [[Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery]] and is part of [[King's College London]].) The first trained Nightingale nurses began work on [[16 May]] [[1865]] at the Liverpool Workhouse Infirmary. She also campaigned and raised funds for the [[Royal Buckinghamshire Hospital]] in [[Aylesbury]], near her family home. Nightingale wrote ''[[Notes on Nursing]]'', which was published in 1860, a slim 136-page book that served as the cornerstone of the curriculum at the Nightingale School and other nursing schools established. ''Notes on Nursing'' also sold well to the general reading public and is considered a classic introduction to nursing. Nightingale would spend the rest of her life promoting the establishment and development of the nursing profession and organizing it into its modern form. Nightingale's work served as an inspiration for nurses in the [[American Civil War]]. The [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] government approached her for advice in organizing field medicine. Although her ideas met official resistance, they inspired the volunteer body of [[United States Sanitary Commission]]. In 1869, Nightingale and [[Elizabeth Blackwell (doctor)|Elizabeth Blackwell]] opened the Women's Medical College. In the 1870s, Nightingale mentored [[Linda Richards]], "America's first trained nurse", and enabled her to return to the USA with adequate training and knowledge to establish quality nursing schools. Linda Richards went on to become a great nursing pioneer in the USA and Japan. By 1882, Nightingale nurses had a growing and influential presence in the embryonic nursing profession. Some had become matrons at several leading hospitals, including, in London, [[St Mary's Hospital (London)|St Mary's Hospital]], Westminster Hospital, St Marylebone Workhouse Infirmary and the [[Hospital for Incurables]] at [[Putney]]; and throughout Britain, e.g. [[Royal Victoria Hospital]], [[Netley]]; Edinburgh Royal Infirmary; Cumberland Infirmary; Liverpool Royal Infirmary as well as at [[Sydney Hospital]], in [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]]. In 1883, Nightingale was awarded the [[Royal Red Cross]] by Queen Victoria. In 1907, she became the first woman to be awarded the [[Order of Merit (Commonwealth)|Order of Merit]]. In 1908, she was given the Honorary Freedom of the [[City of London]]. By 1896, Florence Nightingale was bedridden. She may have had what is now known as [[chronic fatigue syndrome]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}. Her birthday is now celebrated as the International CFS Awareness Day. During her bedridden years, she also did pioneering work in the field of hospital planning, and her work propagated quickly across Britain and the world. Nightingale was a [[Universal reconciliation|Christian universalist]].<ref>[http://www.tentmaker.org/biographies/florence-nightingale.htm Florence Nightengale] at [http://www.tentmaker.org Tentmaker.org]. Accessed July 13, 2007.</ref> On [[7 February]] [[1837]] – not long before her 17th birthday – something happened that would change her life: "God spoke to me", she wrote, "and called me to His service."{{Fact|date=October 2007}} ===Death=== On [[13 August]] [[1910]], at the age of 90, she died in her room while sleeping at 10 South Street, Park Lane.<ref name="obit">{{cite news | title=Miss Nightingale Dies, Aged Ninety | url=http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0512.html | quote=Florence Nightingale, the famous nurse of the Crimean war, and the only woman who ever received the Order of Merit, died yesterday afternoon at her London home. Although she had been an invalid for a long time, rarely leaving her room, where she passed the time in a half-recumbent position, and was under the constant care of a physician, her death was somewhat unexpected. A week ago she was quite sick, but then improved, and on Friday was cheerful. During that night alarming symptoms developed, and she gradually sank until 2 o'clock Saturday afternoon, when the end came. | publisher=[[The New York Times]] |date=1910-08-15 | accessdate=2007-07-21 }}</ref> The offer of burial in [[Westminster Abbey]] was declined by her relatives, and she is buried in the graveyard at St. Margaret Church in [[Wellow, Hampshire|East Wellow]], Hampshire.<ref>http://www.countryjoe.com/nightingale/joe_grave.jpg</ref><ref>[http://www.countryjoe.com/nightingale/wellow.htm Florence Nightingale: The Grave at East Wellow<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> == Contributions == === Statistics === [[Image:Nightingale-mortality.jpg|thumb|right|"''Diagram of the causes of mortality in the army in the East''" by Florence Nightingale.]] Florence Nightingale had exhibited a gift for [[mathematics]] from an early age and excelled in the subject under the tutorship of her father. She had a special interest in statistics, a field in which her father, a pioneer in the [[nascent]] field of [[epidemiology]], was an expert. She made extensive use of [[statistical analysis]] in the compilation, analysis and presentation of statistics on medical care and [[public health]]. Nightingale was a pioneer in the visual presentation of information and [[statistical graphics]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Lewi | first=Paul J. | authorlink=Paul Lewi | title=Speaking of Graphics| year=2006 | url=http://www.datascope.be/sog.htm}}</ref> Among other things she used the [[pie chart]], which had first been developed by [[William Playfair]] in 1801. After the Crimean War, Nightingale used the [[polar area chart]], equivalent to a modern [[circular histogram]] or [[rose diagram]], to illustrate seasonal sources of patient mortality in the military field hospital she managed. Nightingale called a compilation of such diagrams a "coxcomb", but later that term has frequently been used for the individual diagrams. She made extensive use of coxcombs to present reports on the nature and magnitude of the conditions of medical care in the Crimean War to [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Members of Parliament]] and civil servants who would have been unlikely to read or understand traditional statistical reports. In her later life Nightingale made a comprehensive statistical study of [[sanitation]] in [[India]]n rural life and was the leading figure in the introduction of improved medical care and public health service in India. In 1859 Nightingale was elected the first female member of the [[Royal Statistical Society]] and she later became an honorary member of the [[American Statistical Association]]. === Literature and the women's movement === While better known for her contributions in the nursing and mathematical fields, Nightingale is also an important link in the study of English [[feminism]]. During 1850 and 1852, she was struggling with her self-definition and the expectations of an upper-class marriage from her family. As she sorted out her thoughts, she wrote ''Suggestions for Thought to Searchers after Religious Truth''. The three-volume book has never been printed in its entirety, but a section, called ''Cassandra'', was published by Ray Strachey in 1928. Strachey included it in ''The Cause'', a history of the women's movement. Apparently, the writing served the original purpose of sorting out thoughts; Nightingale left soon after to train at the Institute for deaconesses at Kaiserswerth. ''Cassandra'' protests the over-feminization of women into near helplessness, such as Nightingale saw in her mother's and older sister's lethargic lifestyle, despite their education. She rejected their life of thoughtless comfort for the world of social service. The work also reflects her fear of her ideas being ineffective, as were Cassandra's. Cassandra is a virgin-priestess of [[Apollo]] who receives a divinely-inspired prophecy, but her prophetic warnings go unheeded. [[Elaine Showalter]] called Nightingale's writing "a major text of English feminism, a link between Wollstonecraft and Woolf."<ref>Gilbert, Sandra M. and Susan Gubar. "Florence Nightingale." ''The Norton Anthology of Literature by Women: The Traditions in English''. New York: W.W. Norton, 1996. 836-837.</ref> === Theology === ''Suggestions for Thought'' is also Nightingale's great work of theology, her own [[theodicy]], where she develops her radical heterodox ideas. == Legacy and memory == [[Image:Florence Nightingale - Project Gutenberg 13103.jpg|thumb|A young Florence Nightingale]] ===Nursing=== Florence Nightingale's lasting contribution has been her role in founding the modern nursing profession. She set an example of compassion, commitment to patient care, and diligent and thoughtful hospital administration. The work of the [[Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery|Nightingale School of Nursing]] continues today. The Nightingale building in the School of Nursing and Midwifery at the [[University of Southampton]] is named after her. [[International Nurses Day]] is celebrated on her birthday each year. The Florence Nightingale Declaration Campaign,<ref>[http://www.nightingaledeclaration.net/ Florence Nightingale Declaration Campaign - creating a healthy world together - Home<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> established by nursing leaders throughout the world through the Nightingale Initiative for Global Health (NIGH), aims to build a global grassroots movement to achieve two United Nations Resolutions for adoption by the UN General Assembly of 2008 which will declare: The International Year of the Nurse–2010 (the centennial of Nightingale's death); The UN Decade for a Healthy World–2011 to 2020 (the bicentennial of Nightingale's birth). NIGH also works to rekindle awareness about the important issues highlighted by Florence Nightingale, such as preventive medicine and holistic health. So far, The Florence Nightingale Declaration has been signed by over 18,500 signatories from 86 countries. During the [[Vietnam War]], Nightingale inspired many [[United States Army|US Army]] nurses, sparking a renewal of interest in her life and work. Her admirers include [[Country Joe McDonald|Country Joe]] of [[Country Joe and the Fish]], who has assembled an extensive website in her honour.<ref>[http://www.countryjoe.com/nightingale/ Country Joe McDonald's Tribute to Florence Nightingale]</ref> Three hospitals in Istanbul are named after Nightingale: [[F. N. Hastanesi]] in [[Şişli]] (the biggest private hospital in Turkey), [[Metropolitan F.N. Hastanesi]] in [[Gayrettepe]], and [[Avrupa F.N. Hastanesi]] in [[Mecidiyeköy]], all belonging to the [[Turkish Cardiology Foundation]].<ref>http://www.florence.com.tr/tr/index.asp Florence </ref> The Agostino Gemelli Medical Center<ref>[http://www3.unicatt.it/pls/unicatt/consultazione.mostra_pagina?id_pagina=9396&id_lingua=4 Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore - The Rome Campus<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> in Rome, the first university-based hospital in Italy and one of its most respected medical centres, honoured Nightingale's contribution to the nursing profession by giving the name "Bedside Florence" to a wireless computer system it developed to assist nursing.<ref>http://www.gesi.it/MS%20bedside(e).pdf</ref> There are many foundations named after Florence Nightingale. Most are nursing foundations, but there is also [[Nightingale Research Foundation]] in Canada, dedicated to the study and treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome which Nightingale is believed to have had. There is a psychological effect known as the "[[Florence Nightingale Effect]]", whereby nurses and doctors fall in love with their patients. A bronze plaque, attached to the plinth of the Crimean Memorial in the [[Haydarpaşa Cemetery]], Istanbul and unveiled on [[Empire Day]], [[1954]] to celebrate the 100th anniversary of her nursing service in that region, bears the inscription:<ref>[http://www.cwgc.org/admin/files/cwgc_haidar.pdf Commenwealth War Graves Commission Haidar Pasha Cemetery]</ref> <blockquote>"To Florence Nightingale, whose work near this Cemetery a century ago relieved much human suffering and laid the foundations for the nursing profession."</blockquote> ===Museums and monuments=== [[Image:Florence Nightingale monument London closeup 607.jpg|thumb|Statue of Florence Nightingale in Waterloo Place, London]] A statue of Florence Nightingale stands in Waterloo Place, Westminster, [[London]], just off [[The Mall (London)|The Mall]]. There are three statues of Florence Nightingale in Derby - one outside the Derby Royal Infirmary, one in St. Peter's Street, and one above the Nightingale-Macmillan Continuing Care Unit opposite the Derby Royal Infirmary.<ref>http://www.derby-guide.co.uk/florence_nightingale.html</ref> There is a [[Florence Nightingale Museum]] in London and another museum devoted to her at her sister's family home, [[Claydon House]], now a property of the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]]. The northmost tower of the Selimiye Barracks building is today a museum, and in several of its rooms, relics and reproductions relevant to Florence Nightingale and her nurses are on exhibition.<ref>[http://www.florence-nightingale-avenging-angel.co.uk/tower.htm Florence Nightingale]</ref> When she first arrived in Turkey, Nightingale would travel on horseback to make inspections. She then transferred to a mule cart and was reported to have escaped serious injury when the cart was toppled in an accident. Following this episode, she used a solid Russian-built carriage, with a waterproof hood and curtains. The carriage was returned to England after the war and subsequently given to the Nightingale training school for nurses, which she founded at St Thomas's Hospital. The carriage was damaged when the hospital was bombed in [[the Blitz]]. It was later restored and transferred to the Army Medical Services Museum in Mytchett, Surrey, near [[Aldershot]]. Florence Nightingale's voice was saved for posterity in a [[phonograph]] recording from 1890 preserved in the [[British Library Sound Archive]]. ===Television=== Portrayals of Nightingale on television, in documentary as in fiction, vary - the BBC's 2008 ''[[Florence Nightingale (documentary)|Florence Nightingale]]'' emphasised her independence and feeling of religious calling, but in Channel 4's 2006 ''[[Mary Seacole]]: The Real Angel of the Crimea'' she was portrayed as narrow-minded and opposed to Seacole's efforts. ===Other=== Several churches in the [[Anglican Communion]] commemorate Nightingale with a feast day on their [[liturgical calendar]]s. The [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]] commemorates her as a renewer of society with [[Clara Maass]] on [[13 August]]. Beginning in 1968, the [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] operated a fleet of 20 [[McDonnell Douglas C-9|C-9A "Nightingale"]] [[Medical evacuation|aeromedical evacuation]] [[aircraft]], based on the [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9]] platform.<ref>[http://www.amcmuseum.org/Collections/Aircraft/C9Nightingale.htm Air Mobility Command Museum: "C-9 Nightingale"].</ref> The last of these planes was retired from service in 2005.<ref>[http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?storyID=123011872 Air Force Link: "Historic C-9 heads to Andrews for retirement"].</ref> The [[Netherlands|Dutch]] airline [[KLM]] has named one of its [[MD-11]] airliners in her memory.<ref>[http://www.airfleets.net/show/?pic=34481 KLM McDonnell Douglas MD-11 PH-KCD - Airfleets.net Photo ID 34481<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> [[Nightingale Corona]], on the surface of [[Venus]] is named after her. In the TV series ''[[Star Trek Voyager]]'' the character Ensign Harry Kim names an alien medical vessel after her. M C Smith, nurse historian, credits Nightingale with making the profession "...appealing to the masses." The medical helicopter in [[Hampton Roads, Virginia]] is named in her honour. The Library in Steeple Claydon, Buckinghamshire, displays a cheque signed by Florence Nightingale as a donation to its foundation. ==See also== * [[Crimean War Memorial]] * [[History of feminism]] * [[Licensed practical nurse]] * [[Nightingale's environmental theory]] * [[Nursing]] * [[Nursing process]] * [[Registered Nurse]] == Works == * ''Cassandra'' (1851) * ''Notes on Nursing: What Nursing Is, What Nursing is Not'' (1860) * ''Suggestions for Thought (to Searchers after Religious Truth)'' * ''Mysticism and Eastern Religions'' * ''Florence Nightingale's Theology'' * ''Florence Nightingale's Spiritual Journey'' * ''The Family'', a critical essay in Fraser's Magazine (1870) * ''Una and Her Paupers, Memorials of [[Agnes Elizabeth Jones]]'' with an introduction by Florence Nightingale. Diggory Press ISBN 978-1905363223 * ''Letters from Egypt: A Journey on the Nile 1849-1850'' (1987) ISBN 1-55584-204-6 ==Sources== * Baly, Monica E. and H. C. G. Matthew, "Nightingale, Florence (1820–1910)"; ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'', Oxford University Press (2004); online edn, May 2005 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35241, accessed 28 Oct 2006] * McDonald, Lynn ed., ''Collected Works of Florence Nightingale''. Wilfrid Laurier University Press * Pugh, Martin; ''The march of the women: A revisionist analysis of the campaign for women's suffrage 1866-1914'', Oxford (2000), at 55. * Sokoloff, Nancy Boyd.; ''Three Victorian women who changed their world'', Macmillan, London (1982) * Webb, Val; ''The Making of a Radical Theologician'', Chalice Press (2002) * Woodham Smith, Cecil; ''Florence Nightingale'', Penguin (1951), rev. 1955 ==References== {{Reflist|2}} == Further reading == *{{cite book |last= Richards |first= Linda |authorlink= Linda Richards |title= America's First Trained Nurse: My Life as a Nurse in America, Great Britain and Japan 1872-1911 |year= 2006 | publisher= Diggory Press |isbn= 9781846850684 }} *{{cite book |last= Strachey |first= Lytton |authorlink= Lytton Strachey |title= [[Eminent Victorians]] |year= 1918 | }} *[[q:zh:马来西亚创价学会(SGM)出版|FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE -- In Tribute to the Century of Women by Daisaku Ikeda]] *{{cite book |last= Davey |first= Cyril J. |title= Lady with a Lamp |year= 1958 | publisher= Lutterworth Press |isbn= 9780718826413 }} ==External links== {{Commons}} * [http://www.nightingaledeclaration.net Florence Nightingale Declaration Campaign for Global Health] established by the Nightingale Initiative for Global Health (NIGH) * {{gutenberg author | id=Florence_Nightingale | name=Florence Nightingale}} * {{MacTutor Biography|id=Nightingale}} * {{imdb title|id=0956136|title=Animated Hero Classics: Florence Nightingale (1993)}} * [http://www.mgthomas.co.uk/dancebands/SoundFiles/FlorenceNightingale.ram A rare 1890 recording of Nightingale's voice] * [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Florence_Nightingale 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica article] * [http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticians/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=12 Florence Nightingale] at American Statistical Association: Statisticians in History * [http://www.florence-nightingale.co.uk/index.htm Florence Nightingale Museum] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/5250188.stm BBC news item: New photo of 'Lady of the Lamp'] * [http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1139928 Correspondence] between Nightingale and Benjamin Jowett * [http://www.fyne.co.uk/index.php?item=211 Gay Great - Florence Nightingale] * [http://www.sociology.uoguelph.ca/fnightingale/ University of Guelph: Collected Works of Florence Nightingale project] * [http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/themes/voices/nightingale.html/ Florence Nightingale recording ] {{Nursingportal}} <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --> {{Persondata |NAME=Nightingale, Florence |ALTERNATIVE NAMES= |SHORT DESCRIPTION=English [[nurse]] and [[statistician]] |DATE OF BIRTH=[[12 May]] [[1820]] |PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Florence]], [[Italy]] |DATE OF DEATH=[[13 August]] [[1910]] |PLACE OF DEATH=[[London]], [[England]] }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nightingale, Florence}} <!--Categories--> [[Category:1820 births]] [[Category:1910 deaths]] [[Category:Florence Nightingale| ]] [[Category:English nurses]] [[Category:British people of the Crimean War]] [[Category:Female wartime nurses]] [[Category:English statisticians]] [[Category:People from Florence]] [[Category:People from Derbyshire]] [[Category:English Christian universalists]] [[Category:Women of the Victorian era]] [[Category:Alumni of King's College London]] [[Category:Members of the Order of Merit]] [[Category:Members of the Royal Red Cross]] {{Link FA|id}} {{Link FA|ms}} {{Link FA|sl}} [[ar:فلورنس نايتينجيل]] [[an:Florence Nightingale]] [[bs:Florence Nightingale]] [[ca:Florence Nightingale]] [[cs:Florence Nightingalová]] [[cy:Florence Nightingale]] [[da:Florence Nightingale]] [[de:Florence Nightingale]] [[et:Florence Nightingale]] [[es:Florence Nightingale]] [[eo:Florence Nightingale]] [[eu:Florence Nightingale]] [[fa:فلورانس نایتینگل]] [[fr:Florence Nightingale]] [[gl:Florence Nightingale]] [[gan:南丁格爾]] [[ko:플로렌스 나이팅게일]] [[hi:फ्लोरेन्स नैटिन्गेल]] [[hr:Florence Nightingale]] [[id:Florence Nightingale]] [[is:Florence Nightingale]] [[it:Florence Nightingale]] [[he:פלורנס נייטינגייל]] [[sw:Florence Nightingale]] [[ku:Florence Nightingale]] [[la:Florentia Nightingale]] [[hu:Florence Nightingale]] [[ml:ഫ്ലോറന്‍സ് നൈറ്റിന്‍ഗേല്‍]] [[ms:Florence Nightingale]] [[nl:Florence Nightingale]] [[ja:フローレンス・ナイチンゲール]] [[no:Florence Nightingale]] [[nn:Florence Nightingale]] [[pms:Florence Nightingale]] [[nds:Florence Nightingale]] [[pl:Florence Nightingale]] [[pt:Florence Nightingale]] [[ro:Florence Nightingale]] [[ru:Найтингейл, Флоренс]] [[sa:फ्लोरेन्स नैटिन्गेल]] [[simple:Florence Nightingale]] [[sk:Florence Nightingalová]] [[sl:Florence Nightingale]] [[sr:Флоренс Најтингејл]] [[sh:Florence Nightingale]] [[fi:Florence Nightingale]] [[sv:Florence Nightingale]] [[tl:Florence Nightingale]] [[ta:புளோரன்ஸ் நைட்டிங்கேல்]] [[th:ฟลอเรนซ์ ไนติงเกล]] [[vi:Florence Nightingale]] [[tr:Florence Nightingale]] [[uk:Найтінгейл Флоренс]] [[zh-yue:南丁格爾]] [[zh:弗羅倫斯·南丁格爾]]