Flucytosine 3368767 224621190 2008-07-09T18:14:47Z Arcadian 104523 wik {{Drugbox| |IUPAC_name = 4-amino-5-fluoropyrimidin-2(1''H'')-one | image=Flucytosine.svg | CAS_number=2022-85-7 | ATC_prefix=D01 | ATC_suffix=AE21 | ATC_supplemental={{ATC|J02|AX01}} | PubChem=3366 | DrugBank=APRD00299 | C = 4 | H = 4 | F = 1 | N = 3 | O = 1 | molecular_weight = 129.093 g/mol | bioavailability= 75 to 90% (oral) | protein_bound = 2.9 to 4% | metabolism = Minimal, in the [[Gastrointestinal tract|GI tract]] | elimination_half-life=2.4 to 4.8 hours | excretion = [[Kidney|Renal]] (90%) | pregnancy_AU = B3 | pregnancy_US = C | legal_UK = POM | legal_US = Rx-only | routes_of_administration= Oral, [[intravenous therapy|intravenous]] }} '''Flucytosine''', or 5-fluorocytosine, a fluorinated [[pyrimidine analogue]], is a synthetic [[Antifungal drug|antimycotic]] [[drug]]. It is structurally related to the [[cytostatic]] [[fluorouracil]] and to [[floxuridine]]. It is available in [[Wiktionary:oral|oral]] and in some countries also in injectable form. A common [[brand name]] is '''Ancobon'''. The drug is dispensed in capsules of 250 mg and 500 mg strength. The injectable form is diluted in 250ml [[saline solution]] to contain 2.5 grams totally (10mg per ml). The solution is physically incompatible with other drugs including [[amphotericin B]]. ==Pharmacology== ===Mechanisms of action=== Two major mechanisms of action have been elucidated, one is that the drug is intrafungally converted into the cytostatic flourouracil that undergoes further steps of activation and finally interacts as 5-fluorouridinetriphosphate with RNA biosynthesis and disturbs therefore the building of certain essential proteins. The other mechanism is the conversion into 5-flourodeoxyuridinemonophosphate which inhibits fungal DNA synthesis. ===Spectrum of susceptible fungi and resistance=== Flucytosine is active ''in vitro'' as well as ''in vivo'' against some strains of ''[[Candida]]'' and ''[[Cryptococcus]]''. Limited studies demonstrate that flucytosine may be of value against infections with ''[[Sporothrix]]'', ''[[Aspergillus]]'', ''[[Cladosporium]]'', ''[[Exophila]]'', and ''[[Phialophora]]''. Resistance is quite commonly seen as well in treatment naive patients and under current treatment with flucytosine. In different strains of ''Candida'' resistance has been noted to occur in 1 to 50% of all specimens obtained from patients. ===Pharmacokinetic data=== Flucytosine is well absorbed (75 to 90%) from the [[gastrointestinal tract]]. Intake with meals slows the resorption, but does not decrease the amount resorbed. Following an oral dose of 2 grams peak serum levels are reached after approximately 6 hours. The time to peak level decreases with continued therapy. After 4 days peak levels are measured after 2 hours. The drug is eliminated renally. In normal patients flucytosine has reportedly a half-life of 2.5 to 6 hours. In patients with impaired renal function higher serum levels are seen and the drug tends to cumulate in these patients. The drug is mainly excreted unchanged in the urine (90% of an oral dose) and only traces are metabolized and excreted in the feces. Therapeutic serum levels range from 25 to 100mcg/ml. Serum levels in excess of 100mcg are associated with a higher incidence of side-effects. Periodic measurements of serum levels are recommended for all patients and are a must in patients with renal damage. ===Human overdose=== Symptoms and their severities are unknown, because flucytosine is used under close medical supervision, but expected to be an excess of the usually encountered [[adverse drug reaction|side effects]] on the [[bone marrow]], gastrointestinal tract, [[liver]] and [[kidney]] function. Vigorous hydration and [[hemodialysis]] may be helpful to remove the drug from the body. Hemodialysis is particular useful in patients with impaired renal function. ===Human carcinogenity=== It is not known if flucytosine is a human [[carcinogen]]. The issue has been raised because traces of 5-fluorouracil, which is a known carcinogen, are found in the colon resulting from the metabolization of flucytosine. ==Indications== Oral flucytosine is indicated for the treatment of serious infections caused by susceptible strains of ''Candida'' or ''Cryptococcus neoformans''. It can also be used for the treatment of [[chronomycosis]] (chromoblastomycosis), if susceptible strains cause the infection. Flucytosine must not be used as a sole agent in life-threatening fungal infections due to relatively weak antifungal effects and fast development of resistance, but rather in combination with amphotericin B and/or [[azole]] antifungals such as [[fluconazole]] or [[itraconazole]]. Minor infections such as candidal [[cystitis]] may be treated with flucytosine alone. In some countries, treatment with slow [[intravenous infusion]]s for no more than a week is also a therapeutic option, particular if the disease is life-threatening. ==Contraindications and cautions== * All patients receiving flucytosine should be under strict medical supervision. * [[Hematological]], [[renal]] and liver function studies should be done frequently during therapy (initially daily, twice a week for the rest of treatment). * Patients with preexisting bone marrow depression and liver impairment should be treated with caution. * Concomitant treatment with [[brivudine]] is an absolute contraindication. * Patients treated with drugs compromising bone marrow function (e.g. [[cytostatic]]s) should be treated carefully. [[Blood cell count]]s should be taken very frequently. * Patients with renal disease should receive flucytosine cautiously and in reduced doses. Guidelines for proper dosing exist. Serum level determinations are mandatory in these patients. * [[Hypersensitivity]] to flucytosine is an absolute contraindication. ==Special Patient Groups== ===Pregnancy and lactation=== In animal models (rats), flucytosine has been found to be [[teratogenic]]. Sufficient human data does not exist. [[Pregnant]] women should be given flucytosine only if the potential benefits exceed the potential harm to the fetus. It is not known if flucytosine is distributed in human breast milk. Given the potential risk to the child, the patient should not [[breastfeeding|breastfeed]] during treatment with flucytosine. ===Pediatric patients=== The efficacy and safety in patients under 18 years of age has not been determined. ==Side effects== * Antiproliferative actions on bone marrow and GI tissue: Due to the drug's preference to affect rapidly proliferating tissues, bone marrow depression ([[anemia]], [[leukopenia]], [[pancytopenia]], or even rarely [[agranulocytosis]]) may occur. [[Aplastic anemia]] has also been seen. Bone marrow toxicity can be irreversible and may cause death, particular in immunocompromised patients. GI toxicity may be severe or rarely fatal and consists of anorexia, abdominal bloating, [[abdominal pain]], [[diarrhea]], dry mouth, [[duodenal ulcer]], GI hemorrhage, nausea, vomiting, and [[ulcerative colitis]]. * Liver function: Elevations of [[liver enzymes]] and [[bilirubin]], hepatic dysfunction, [[jaundice]] and, in one patient, liver necrosis have all been seen. Some fatal cases have been reported, however the majority of cases was reversible. * Renal function: Increased [[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]] and serum [[creatinine]] have been noted. [[Crystalluria]] (formation of crystals and excretion in the urine) and acute renal failure have also been seen. * Adverse [[central nervous system]] effects are frequent and include confusion, [[hallucination]]s, [[psychosis]], [[ataxia]], [[hearing loss]], headache, [[paresthesia]], [[parkinsonism]], [[peripheral neuropathy]], vertigo and sedation. * Skin reactions: Rash, pruritus, and [[photosensitivity]] have all been noticed. Toxic epidermal necrolysis ([[Lyell's syndrome]]) may also be encountered and may be life-threatening. * [[Anaphylaxis]]: Sometimes cases of anaphylaxis consisting of diffuse erythema, pruritus, conjunctival injection, fever, abdominal pain, edema, hypotension and bronchospastic reactions are observed. ==Interactions== For details see Contraindications and Cautions. Flucytosine may increase the toxicity of [[amphotericin B]] and vice versa, although the combination may be life-saving and should be used whenever indicated (e.g., [[Cryptococcus neoformans|cryptococcal meningitis]]). The cytostatic [[cytarabine]] inhibits the antimycotic activity of flucytosine. ==Dosage== The recommended daily dose is 50 to 150mg per kilogram of bodyweight orally, divided in 4 equal doses every 6 hours. If problems exist to swallow a complete single dose, the dose may be given in several partial amounts over 15 minutes. The dose for intravenous infusions is 50mg per kg infused over 20 to 40 minutes every 6 hours. The duration of treatment depends on the clinical situation, but generally does not exceed 7 days. ==Use in immunocompromised patients== Serious fungal infections often occur in immunocompromised (e.g. [[HIV]]-infected) patients. These patients benefit from combination therapy including flucytosine, but the incidence of side-effects of a combination therapy, particular with amphotericin B, may be higher than in immunocompetent patients. ==Veterinary uses== In some countries, such as [[Switzerland]], flucytosine has been licensed to treat cats, dogs and birds (in most cases together with amphotericin B) for the same indications as in humans. ==References== * [http://www.ashp.org/ahfs/ AHFS Database online] * ClinPharm ''Wirkstoffliste'' (Switzerland, German information) {{Antifungals}} [[Category:Organofluorides]] [[Category:Pyrimidines]] [[de:Flucytosin]] [[it:Flucitosina]]