Foibe massacres 1029478 224711090 2008-07-10T02:01:49Z Lightbot 7178666 Units/dates/other {{semiprotected|small=yes}} {{coor title dms|45|37|54|N|13|51|45|E|type:landmark|region:IT}} [[Image:Foibe seats.png|thumb|Location of some of the foibe where killings took place]] The '''Foibe massacres''' were [[mass killing]]s attributed to [[Yugoslav Partisans]] during and shortly after [[World War II]] against Italians in [[Istria]]. The name derives from the local geological feature, ''[[foiba]]'' (a type of deep [[karst]] [[sinkhole]]). This term indicates, by extension, the killings involving also other formations, such as the [[Basovizza]] foiba, which is actually a mining pit. Several Italian historians have claimed the killings and consequent Italian [[Istrian exodus]] constituted [[ethnic cleansing]]. Others assert that the number of victims was too small for this to be true, and that the killings were mostly restricted to [[Fascism|fascists]], both [[military]] and civilians, who might have had committed [[war crime]]s during World War II in [[Yugoslavia]]. A joint team of historians from Slovenia and Italy presented a view of the complex social and political relations in the turbulent history<ref>(English): [http://www.kozina.com/premik/indexeng_porocilo.htm Slovene-Italian Relations 1880-1956 Report 2000];(Italian): [http://www.kozina.com/premik/indexita_porocilo.htm Relazioni Italo-Slovene 1880-1956 Relazione 2000];(Slovene): [http://www.kozina.com/premik/index_porocilo.htm Slovensko-italijanski odnosi 1880-1956 Poročilo 2000]. See particularly the part for 1941-1945, items 10 and 11.</ref>. == Origins of the foibe == Foibe were used for massacres before [[WW2]]{{Fact|date=June 2008}}. During Italian sovereignty there were many killings of Slavic population. An Italian minister - [[Giuseppe Cobolli Gigli]] (an italianized Slovene: his original name was ''Giuseppe Kombol''<ref>[http://www.anpi.it/patria_2004/08-04/17-18_VINCENTI.pdf F.Vincenti, ''Quando si iniziò a parlare di foibe? Ristabiliamo la verità storica'' - Article in Italian from ''"Patria"'', the newspaper of ANPI (Associazione Partigiani d'Italia - Italian Association of Partisans): ''Giuseppe Cobolli Gigli, figlio del maestro sloveno Nicolaus Kombol'' (Giuseppe Cobolli Gigli, son of the Slovenian teacher Nicolaus Kombol)]</ref>) - wrote in 1927 in "Gerarchia" (a fascist newspaper): "''Istrian [[muse]] gave a name fojb to the place which has dignity for funeral of those who in the province of Istria endangers its national (Italian) characteristics of Istria!''" (''La musa istriana ha chiamato Foiba degno posto di sepoltura per chi nella provincia d’Istria minaccia le caratteristiche nazionali dell’Istria'') <ref>{{sr icon}}[http://www.ex-yupress.com/novi/novilist34.html </ref> <ref>{{sr icon}}http://www.danas.co.yu/20050217/dijalog1.html</ref> <ref>{{it icon}} http://www.lavocedifiore.org/SPIP/article.php3?id_article=1692</ref> <ref>{{it icon}}http://www.osservatoriobalcani.org/article/articleview/3901/1/176/</ref><ref>{{it icon}} http://www.laregione.ch/interna.asp?idarticolo=105997&idtipo=91</ref> ==Events== Foibe are often referred to in the context of mass killings in which the majority of victims were ethnic Italians, though many bodies found in the pits undoubtedly belonged to Yugoslav Partisans.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} Such killings were committed after the [[Armistice with Italy|capitulation of Italy]]{{Fact|date=November 2007}} on [[September 8]], 1943 and in 1945, when the [[8th Dalmatian Corps]]<ref>[http://www.vojska.net/eng/world-war-2/yugoslavia/corps/8/ 8th Dalmatian Corps of NOVJ<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> of the Yugoslav Partisans under Major General [[Vladimir Ćetković]]'s command entered the [[Julian March]], the Italian-annexed western [[Slovenia]] as well as parts of Italian territory along the gulf of Trieste. Also, many dead Partisans were thrown into these pits during an [[Axis powers of World War II|Axis]] offensive in the area. The Partisan 9th Corps met with the [[United Kingdom|British]] forces on the river [[Soča River|Soča]] on [[May 3]], 1945. In the aftermath, the city of [[Trieste]] and its surroundings came under Yugoslav administration. [[Image:Foibe1.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Bodies of recovered by firefighters and local civilians in 1943.]] The number of victims is still unknown, difficult to establish and a matter of much controversy. Estimates range from between 2,000 and 15,000. According to data gathered by a mixed Slovene-Italian historical commission established in 1993, the number of people missing in the present-day Slovenian Istria and Trieste (believed to have been thrown into the ''foibe'') range from 1,300 to 1,600. This estimate does not include those killed in current Croatian territory. Some historians like [[Raoul Pupo]] or [[Roberto Spazzali]] estimated the total number of victims at about 5,000, but this is again contested by many. The killings are considered a reaction to the Italian pre-war and [[Italian war crimes|war crimes]], such as [[concentration camp]]s (among them the [[Rab concentration camp|Rab]] and [[Gonars concentration camp|Gonars]] camps), political repression, forceful [[Fascist italianization|italianization]] and nationalistic repression of [[Slavic peoples|Slav]]s exercised by the [[Fascist#Italian fascism|Italian regime]] in the previous decades.<ref>{{cite web | author=Gian Luigi Falabrino | title=Il punto sulle foibe e sulle deportazioni nelle regioni orientali (1943-45) | url=http://www.ilponte.it/foibedep.html | accessdate=2006-06-07 | language=Italian}}</ref> For several Italian historians these killings were the beginning of organized ethnic cleansing.<ref>{{cite web | author=Silvia Ferreto Clementi | title=La pulizia etnica e il manuale Cubrilovic | url=http://www.lefoibe.it/approfondimenti/dossier/02-puliziaetnica.html| accessdate=2006-06-03 | language=Italian}}</ref>Particularly tragic was the case of the young student [[Norma Cossetto]], tortured and raped by her assassins before killing.<ref>[http://www.lefoibe.it/storie/cossetto.htm Norma Cossetto]</ref> The episodes of 1945 occurred partly under conditions of [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] fighting of Croatian and Slovenian [[Yugoslav Partisans]] against the [[Germany|Germans]], the [[Italian Social Republic]] and their Slavic collaborating allies (the [[Chetniks]], the [[Ustaše]] and [[Domobranci]]) and partly after the securing of the territory by the army formations of Yugoslavia. Killings may have included [[war crimes]] as well as civilian crimes of private or political retaliation. For a point of view the main motive for the mass killings seems to have been a plan of ''[[Purge|political cleansing]]'' that is to say, elimination of potential enemies of the communist Yugoslav rule, including members of German and Italian fascist units, Italian officers and [[Civil service|civil servants]], parts of the Italian [[elite]] who opposed both communism and fascism (including the leadership of Italian anti-fascist partisan organizations) Slovenian and Croatian [[anti-communism|anti-communists]] collaborators and [[nationalism|radical nationalists]]. For other point of view the main motive for the killings seems to have been retribution for the years of Italian repression, that is to say, forced Italianization, suppression of Slavic sentiments and, indeed, mass killings performed by Italian authorities during the war, not just in the concentration camps, but also in the punitary expeditions often undertaken by the fascists. Some Italian sources claim that ethnic cleansing was another motive, but many historians disagree with that statement because of low casualty numbers. However, others point out Tito's political aim of adding to the new [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] the Istrian territories as far as [[Trieste]] and including the city itself. The reason for this is the fact that these territories, according to Yugoslavs, had a Yugoslav majority. Since the Allied countries had different opinions on the redefinition of the eastern Italian border, it was preferable to reach Trieste before any other Allied forces and attempt to prove that the Slavic presence was a majority. Tito planned to use the city as a bargaining chip to add Istria to the SFRY. The ethnic map of the area could potentially be a decisive factor in the [[Treaty of peace with Italy (1947)|post-War conferences]] and for this reason, according to some Italian historians, the reduction of the ethnic Italian population was held desirable. However, the [[Istrian exodus|exodus]], which reduced the Italian population of Istria and Dalmatia, started in before the killings were widely known and was motivated, for the most part, by the desire of the Italian people to live in their own country.<ref>{{cite web | author=Paolo Sardos Albertini | title="Terrore" comunista e le foibe | date=2002-05-08 | work=Il Piccolo | url=http://www.leganazionale.it/storia/foibeterrorecomunista.htm | accessdate=2006-06-08 | language=Italian}}</ref> It should be noted, moreover, that a large part of the Italian population had a very negative opinion of the Slavs, whom they [[stereotype]]d as rural barbarians{{Fact|date=November 2007}}, while a big part of the Slavic population had a negative attitude towards the Italians, stereotyped as murderous fascists and nationalists, so purely ethnic tensions could have played some role as far as individual motivations are concerned. Quote from the report of the mixed Italian-Slovenian commission (referenced [[Foibe massacres#Further reading|below]]) which succinctly describes the circumstances of the 1945 killings: {{cquote|''14. These events were triggered by the atmosphere of settling accounts with the fascist violence; but, as it seems, they mostly proceeded from a preliminary plan which included several tendencies: endeavours to remove persons and structures who were in one way or another (regardless of their personal responsibility) linked with Fascism, with Nazi supremacy, with collaboration and with the Italian state, and endeavours to carry out preventive cleansing of real, potential or only alleged opponents of the communist regime, and the annexation of the Julian March to the new Yugoslavia. The initial impulse was instigated by the revolutionary movement which was changed into a political regime, and transformed the charge of national and ideological intolerance between the partisans into violence at national level.''}} Of course, commissioners from the [[Republic of Slovenia]] do not in any way represent the remaining five ex-Yugoslav states. == Investigations of the Foibe == The first claims of people being thrown into foibe date back to 1943, when the [[Wehrmacht]] took back the area from the partisans. Thus, the first victims of the foibe appear to have been Partisans. The number of deaths herein has since come under certain suspicion, since they could have been exaggerated by [[Nazi Germany]]. No investigation of the crimes had been initiated either by Italy, Yugoslavia or any international bodies in the post-war period, until after [[Slovenia]] became an independent country in 1991. Italian-Slovenian relations in the relevant period (1880s to 1950s) have been under intensive study by [[historian]]s since 1990. A joint report by a commission of historians from both countries was published under the auspices of the two governments in the year 2000 (referenced [[Foibe massacres#Further reading|below]]). The report puts the Italian-Slovenian relations in a wider context, and touches the question of mass killings associated with the ''foibe''. As no exact count was ascertained, the report includes a wording of "hundreds of victims," referring to the territory relevant for Italo-Slovenian relations, and thus excluding the Croatian territories. In March 2006, the border municipality of [[Nova Gorica]] in [[Slovenia]] finally released documents regarding 1,048 citizens of [[Gorizia]] (the twin town on the Italian part of the border) disappeared in 1945 after being deported by Tito's partizan of the [[IX corpus]][http://digilander.libero.it/lefoibe/deportati_gorizia.pdf]. The relatives had been requesting information from the Yugoslavian and then Slovenian authorities for years. The 1,048 individuals are supposed to be a fraction of those who were deported from the region and were killed later on inside Yugoslavia.<ref>{{cite web | author=Paolo Rumiz | title=Gorizia: La storia. Quei 1048 nomi riemersi dalle foibe. | work=La Repubblica | date=2006-03-10 | url=http://digilander.libero.it/lefoibe/La%20Repubblica%2010%2003%202006.pdf | accessdate=2006-06-07 | format=PDF | language=Italian}}</ref> In September 2006, the ''Società di Studi Fiumani - Roma'' (Society of Fiuman Study - Rome) and the ''Hrvatski Institut za Povijest - Zagreb'' (Croatian Institute of History - Zagreb) published an overall study regarding the ''Vittime di nazionalità italiana a Fiume e dintorni (1943-1947)'' (Italian Victims in Rijeka and Surrounding (1943-1947)). For each victim found with his name and surname were reported all personal data (name, surname, date of birth, last known address and so on), the date of death and the cause. According to this study, the total number of Italians killed after the liberation of the city (May 3, 1945) until December 31, 1947 is 647, among them 37 women<ref>[http://www.archivi.beniculturali.it/DGA-free/Sussidi/Sussidi_12.pdf Società di Studi Fiumani-Roma - Hrvatski Institut za Povijest-Zagreb, ''Le vittime di nazionalità italiana a Fiume e dintorni (1943-1947)'', Rome 2002 ISBN 88-7125-239-X. Table with victims from May 2, 1945 to December 31, 1947 is on p.206: ''Dati statistici - Statisticki podaci'' (Statistical data). The personal schedules of each victim from p.263].</ref> ==Post-War silence== The foibe have been a neglected subject in mainstream political debate, only recently garnering attention with the recent publication of several books and historical studies. It is thought that after World War II, politicians wanted to direct the country's attention toward the future and away from fascist crimes, subsuming the issue of the foibe within this mass "forgetting". Another reason for the neglect of the foibe can be found in the high degree of [[ideology]] historically present in the public debate in Italy. The presence of the biggest [[Italian Communist Party|Communist party]] in [[Western Europe]] made it difficult to look at recent history objectively. Many Istrians concealed their origins for fear of being identified by other communist Italians, who tended to believe that Italian Istrians who left after the war likely cooperated with the Fascists. Moreover, because of the [[Cold War]] and the desire to maintain good relations with Tito, the Yugoslav massacres were a dangerous topic to broach. In addition to the foibe, several other carnages committed by Italian communist partisans under [[Palmiro Togliatti]]'s command in the resistance movement have remained unacknowledged and undiscussed for many years. Furthermore, Italy never extradited or prosecuted some 1,200 Italian Army officers, government officials or former Fascist Party members, accused of war crimes by [[Yugoslavia]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Greece]] and other occupied countries and remitted to the [[United Nations War Crimes Commission]].<ref>{{cite web | author=Crimini di Guerra | title=La mancata estradizione e l'impunità dei presunti criminali di guerra italiani accusati per stragi in Africa e in Europa | url=http://www.criminidiguerra.it/EstradizBBC.htm | accessdate=2006-06-03 |language=Italian}}</ref> According to some, the Italian government tacitly "exchanged" the impunity of the Italians accused by Yugoslavia for the renunciation to investigate the Foibe killings.<ref name="ottanelli">{{cite web | author=Marco Ottanelli | title=La verità sulle foibe | url=http://www.democrazialegalita.it/foibe07febb05.htm | accessdate=2006-06-03 |language=Italian}}</ref> ==Reemergence of the foibe issue== Since the end of the Cold War, and more recently under the [[President of the Italian Republic|Presidency]] of [[Carlo Azeglio Ciampi]], the historical debate has begun to take on a less ideological tone. The coalition of [[Silvio Berlusconi]] brought the issue back into open discussion: the [[Parliament of Italy|Italian Parliament]] (with the support of the vast majority of the represented parties) made [[February 10]] ''National Memorial Day of the Exiles and Foibe'', first celebrated in 2005 with exhibitions and observances throughout Italy (especially in [[Trieste]]). The occasion is held in memory of innocents killed and forced to leave their homes, with little support from their home country. In Ciampi's words: ''Time has come for thoughtful remembrance to take the place of bitter resentment''. Moreover, for the first time, leaders from the Left, such as [[Walter Veltroni]] (himself son of a Slovenian mother), visited the Basovizza foiba and admitted the culpability of the Italian Left in covering up the subject for decades. However, the conciliatory moves of Ciampi and Veltroni were not endorsed by all Italian political groups. Members of the [[National Alliance (Italy)|National Alliance]] party (post-fascist right led by [[Gianfranco Fini]]) especially took advantage of the circumstance to promote a nationalist agenda, some even demanding the revision of treaties with former Yugoslav countries.{{Fact|date=May 2008}} . Nowadays, even a large part of the Italian Left acknowledges the violent political and nationalist nature of the foibe killings, as attested by some declarations of Luigi Malabarba, [[Italian Senate|Senator]] for the [[Communist Refoundation Party]], during the parliamentary debate on the institution of the National Memorial Day: ''"In 1945 there was a ruthless policy of exterminating opponents. Here, one must again recall [[Stalinism]] to understand what Tito's well-organized troops did. (...) Yugoslavian Communism had deeply assimilated a return to [[nationalism]] that was inherent to the idea of '[[Socialism in One Country]]'. (...) The war, which had begun as anti-fascist, became anti-German and anti-Italian."''<ref>{{cite web | author=Luigi Malabarba | date=2004-03-11 | title=Declaration of Vote | work=Transcript of the 561th Session of the [[Italian Senate]] | url=http://www.senato.it/service/PDF/PDFServer?tipo=BGT&id=98109 | pages=15 | format=PDF | accessdate=2006-06-05 |language=Italian}}</ref> However, Malabarba and his party maintained that the discussion on the killings was being manipulated by the right-wing parties and that the new Memorial day was part of a general attempt to criminalize anti-fascism and [[Italian Resistance Movement|Resistance]]. ===Slovenian and Croatian view=== [[Slovenia]] has officially adopted the report of a joint commission describing Slovene-Italian relations from 1880 to 1956 (referenced [[Foibe massacres#Further reading|below]]). Italian authorities have so far not reciprocated, stating that adopting it would give an official status to a historical research, and that this is not compatible with the principle of free research. The Slovene and [[Croatia]]n public and politics have come to acknowledge the atrocities of the foibe and other massacres committed at the end of [[World War II]]. They recognize these events as the result of Italian [[Fascism]]. After [[World War I]] areas later affected by the Foibe massacres (see map) were annexed to the [[Kingdom of Italy]]. After the rise of the [[Fascist regime]], the [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] part of the population was subjected to a policy of forced assimilation ([[ethnocide]]). Some incidents occurred even before the rising of the regime, such as the burning of the Slovene National House in [[Trieste]] by fascist supporters (1920), and many others. The Slovene population responded with one of the earliest militant anti-fascist organisations in Europe [[TIGR]] (active 1927-1941). The long-term and savage aggression of Italian politics (see also [[Italian war crimes]]) evoked a strong resistance movement during World War II in the area. Finally, the animosity culminated in revenge and further political divisions at the end of the war. Partially in response to the new Italian memorial day, [[Slovenia]] has enacted [[September 15]] as a national holiday, the memorial day of Reunification of the Slovene Littoral to the Homeland. == Bibliography == Many [[book]]s have been written about the foibe, and results, interpretations and estimates of victims can in some cases vary largely according to the [[Perspective (cognitive)|point of view]] of the author. Since most of the alleged foibe currently lie outside Italian territory, no formal and complete investigation could be carried out during the years of the [[Cold war]], and books could be of a speculative or [[anecdotal evidence|anecdotal]] nature. Since the topic seemed especially appealing to the [[far right]], there is an overrepresentation of authors that can be traced to [[neo-fascism]]. Many authors from the [[left wing]] of politics have maintained that the foibe were either an exaggeration (or an invention) of the extreme right for [[propaganda]] purposes,<ref>{{cite web | author=Claudia Cernigoi | title=Capitolo III: Le foibe triestine | work=Operazione foibe a Trieste | url=http://www.cnj.it/FOIBEATRIESTE/Capitolo_III.htm | accessdate=2006-06-07 |language=Italian}}</ref> since the fascist crimes in the same areas dwarf even the most lavish of the foibe allegations.<ref name= "ottanelli"/> Since a definitive investigation on all foibe has not yet been carried out, and is unlikely to be carried out anytime in the near future due to technical and political difficulties, the subject is still controversial, and one should approach any book in this bibliography with a [[critique|critical]] spirit. *Gianni Bartoli, ''Il martirologio delle genti adriatiche'' ::<small>Gianni Bartoli was the former [[mayor]] of [[Trieste]], with the centrist [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democracy]].</small> *Claudia Cernigoi, ''Operazione Foibe&mdash;Tra storia e mito'', Kappa Vu, [[Udine]], 2005, ISBN X001486360. (The first edition of the book, published in 1997 as ''Operazione foibe a Trieste'' and limited in scope to the Trieste territory, is [http://www.cnj.it/FOIBEATRIESTE/index.htm available online]) ::<small>Claudia Cernigoi [http://www.pane-rose.it/pagina_art.php?id_art=3502 is apparently a former member] of the [[Communist Refoundation Party]].</small> ::<small>[http://www.kappavu.net Kappa Vu] is a small left-wing publishing house.</small> *Vincenzo Maria De Luca, ''Foibe. Una tragedia annunciata. Il lungo addio italiano alla Venezia Giulia'', Settimo sigillo, Roma, 2000. ::<small>[http://www.libreriaeuropa.it/ Settimo Sigillo] [http://www.italia-rsi.org/editrici.htm is a small publishing house], specialised in [[Historical revisionism (political)|revisionist]] books.</small> *Gianni Oliva, ''Foibe'', Oscar Mondadori, 2003, ISBN 88-04-51584-8. *Luigi Papo, ''L'Istria e le sue foibe'', Settimo sigillo, Roma, 1999. *Luigi Papo, ''L'ultima bandiera''. ::<small>Luigi Papo has been accused by the left of [http://www.carnialibera1944.it/resistenza/foibe/intro.htm being a war criminal] in Istria during World War II.</small> *Marco Pirina, ''Dalle foibe all'esodo 1943-1956''. ::<small>[http://www.ecn.org/gatanegra/antifa/dossier/pirina.html Pirina has been associated] to the youth wing of the neo-fascist [[Italian Social Movement]], the FUAN, and ''Fronte Delta'', an extreme-right [[university]] movement.</small> *Raoul Pupo, ''Il lungo esodo. Istria: le persecuzioni, le foibe, l'esilio'', Rizzoli, 2005, ISBN 88-17-00562-2. *Raoul Pupo and Roberto Spazzali, ''Foibe'', Mondadori, 2003, ISBN 8842490156 ::<small>[http://www.dsu.units.it/cur_pupo.htm Raoul Pupo] is an [[associate professor]] in contemporary history at the [[University of Trieste]].</small> *Franco Razzi, ''Lager e foibe in Slovenia''. *Guido Rumici, ''Infoibati'', Mursia, Milano, 2002, ISBN 88-425-2999-0. *Giorgio Rustia, ''Contro operazione foibe a Trieste'', 2000. ::<small>[http://www.terrelibere.it/counter.php?riga=192&file=192.htm#_Toc98921122 Rustia is apparently close] to [[Forza Nuova]], a neofascist movement.</small> *Carlo Sgorlon, ''La foiba grande'', Mondadori, 2005, ISBN 88-04-38002-0. *Pol Vice, ''Scampati o no - i racconti di chi uscì "vivo" dalla foiba'', Kappa Vu, Udine, 2005. ==References== {{reflist}} == Further reading == Report of the Italian-Slovene commission of historians (in three languages) *{{en icon}} [http://www.kozina.com/premik/indexeng_porocilo.htm Slovene-Italian Relations 1880-1956 Report 2000] *{{it icon}} [http://www.kozina.com/premik/indexita_porocilo.htm Relazioni Italo-Slovene 1880-1956 Relazione 2000] *{{sl icon}} [http://www.kozina.com/premik/index_porocilo.htm Slovensko-italijanski odnosi 1880-1956 Poročilo 2000] Other sources *{{it icon}} [http://digilander.libero.it/lefoibe/ Le foibe] *{{it icon}} [http://www.ilponte.it/foibedep.html Il punto sulle foibe e sulle deportazioni nelle regioni orientali (1943-45)], by Gian Luigi Falabrino *{{it icon}} [http://www.lefoibe.it Site connected to Lega Nazionale], claiming 16,500 victims of "slavo-communist" terror. *{{it icon}} [http://www.democrazialegalita.it/foibe07febb05.htm The truth about the foibe] by Marco Ottanelli. The article claims that crimes on the Yugoslav side were negligible compared to war crimes by the Nazis and Fascists before and during the war. == See also == *[[Allied war crimes]] *[[1944-1945 Killings in Bačka]] *[[History of Yugoslavia#Yugoslavia during the Second World War|Yugoslavia during the Second World War]] *[[Ethnic cleansing]] *[[Istrian exodus]] *[[Il Cuore nel Pozzo]] ==Video== *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8S_ZK4Etqwk Italian documentary maybe of 1948] *[http://it.youtube.com/watch?v=L0Ks8I6Wu98 Italian documentary of 1998] [[Category:Massacres in Italy]] [[Category:World War II crimes]] [[Category:Yugoslavia during World War II]] [[Category:1943 in Yugoslavia]] [[Category:1945 in Yugoslavia]] [[de:Foibe-Massaker]] [[fr:Massacres des foibe]] [[it:Massacri delle foibe]] [[he:פויבה]] [[simple:Foibe massacres]] [[sl:Fojba]] [[sh:Fojbe]] [[vec:Foiba]]