Folklore 11303 225725178 2008-07-15T02:38:30Z ClueBot 4928500 Reverting possible vandalism by [[Special:Contributions/69.250.32.21|69.250.32.21]] to version by 213.55.92.82. False positive? [[User:ClueBot/FalsePositives|Report it]]. Thanks, [[User:ClueBot]]. (440457) (Bot) {| class="wikitable" |- |} {{Refimprove|date=April 2008}} {{otheruses}} '''Folklore''' is the body of expressive [[culture]], including tales, [[music]], [[dance]], [[legend]]s, [[oral history]], [[proverb]]s, [[joke]]s, [[superstition|popular belief]]s, customs, and so forth within a particular population comprising the [[tradition]]s (including [[oral tradition]]s) of that culture, [[subculture]], or [[group (sociology)|group]]. It is also the set of practices through which those expressive genres are shared. The academic and usually [[ethnology|ethnographic]] study of folklore is sometimes called [[folkloristics]]. The word 'folklore' was first used by the English antiquarian [[William Thoms]] in a letter published by the London Journal ''[[Athenaeum (magazine)|Athenaeum]]'' in 1846.<ref>Georges, Robert A., Michael Owens Jones, "Folkloristics: An Introduction," Indiana University Press, 1995.</ref> ==History== The concept of folklore developed as part of the 19th century ideology of [[romantic nationalism]], leading to the reshaping of oral traditions to serve modern ideological goals; only in the 20th century did [[Ethnography|ethnographers]] begin to attempt to record folklore without overt political goals. The [[Brothers Grimm]], [[Wilhelm Grimm|Wilhelm]] and [[Jakob Grimm]], collected orally transmitted German tales and published the first series as ''Kinder- und Hausmärchen'' ("Children's and Household Tales") in 1812. The term was coined in 1846 by an Englishman, [[William Thoms]], who wanted to use an [[Anglo-Saxon language|Anglo-Saxon]] term for what was then called "popular antiquities." [[Johann Gottfried von Herder]] first advocated the deliberate recording and preservation of folklore to document the authentic spirit, tradition, and identity of the German people; the belief that there can be such authenticity is one of the tenets of the [[romantic nationalism]] which Herder developed. The definition most widely accepted{{Fact|date=February 2007}} by current scholars of the field is "artistic communication in small groups," coined by [[Dan Ben-Amos]] a scholar at the [[University of Pennsylvania]], and the term, and the associated field of study, now include non-verbal art forms and customary practices. [[Image:Lachassegalerie.jpg|right|thumb|French-Canadian folklore includes tales of the "bewitched canoe"]] ==Types of folklore== Folklore can be divided into four areas of study: artifact (such as voodoo dolls), describable and transmissible entity (oral tradition), culture, and behavior (rituals). These areas do not stand alone however, often a particular item or element may fit into more than one of these areas.<ref>Georges, Robert A., Michael Owens Jones, "Folkloristics: An Introduction," pp.313 Indiana University Press, 1995.</ref> ===Folklore as describable and transmissible entity=== Folklore can contain religious or mythic elements, it equally concerns itself with the sometimes mundane traditions of everyday life. Folklore frequently ties the practical and the esoteric into one narrative package. It has often been conflated with [[mythology]], and vice versa, because it has been assumed that any figurative story that does not pertain to the dominant beliefs of the time is not of the same status as those dominant beliefs. Thus, [[Rome|Roman]] religion is called "myth" by [[Christianity|Christians]]. In that way, both "myth" and "folklore" have become catch-all terms for all figurative narratives which do not correspond with the dominant belief structure. Sometimes "folklore" is religious in nature, like the tales of the [[Wales|Welsh]] ''[[Mabinogion]]'' or those found in [[Iceland]]ic [[skaldic poetry]]. Many of the tales in the ''[[Golden Legend]]'' of [[Jacobus de Voragine|Jacob de Voragine]] also embody folklore elements in a Christian context: examples of such [[Christian mythology]] are the themes woven round [[Saint George]] or [[Saint Christopher]]. In this case, the term "folklore" is being used in a pejorative sense. That is, while the tales of [[Odin]] the Wanderer have a religious value to the Norse who composed the stories, because it does not fit into a Christian configuration it is not considered "religious" by Christians who may instead refer to it as "folklore." Folktales are general term for different varieties of traditional narrative. The telling of stories appears to be a cultural universal, common to basic and complex societies alike. Even the forms folktales take are certainly similar from culture to culture, and comparative studies of themes and narrative ways have been successful in showing these relationships. Also it is considered to be an oral tale to be told for everybody. On the other hand, folklore can be used to accurately describe a figurative narrative, which has no sacred or religious content. In the [[Jungian psychology|Jungian]] view, which is but one method of analysis, it may instead pertain to unconscious psychological patterns, instincts or [[archetypes]] of the mind. This may or may not have components of the [[fantasy|fantastic]] (such as [[magic (paranormal)|magic]], ethereal beings or the personification of inanimate objects). These folktales may or may not emerge from a religious tradition, but nevertheless speak to deep psychological issues. The familiar folktale, "[[Hansel and Gretel]]," is an example of this fine line. The manifest purpose of the tale may primarily be one of mundane instruction regarding forest safety or secondarily a [[cautionary tale]] about the dangers of famine to large families, but its latent meaning may evoke a strong emotional response due to the widely understood [[theme (literature)|theme]]s and [[Motif (literature)|motif]]s such as “The Terrible Mother”, “Death,” and “Atonement with the Father.” There can be both a moral and psychological scope to the work, as well as entertainment value, depending upon the nature of the teller, the style of the telling, the ages of the audience members, and the overall context of the [[performance]]. Folklorists generally resist universal interpretations of [[narrative]]s and, wherever possible, analyze [[Public speaking|oral]] versions of tellings in specific contexts, rather than print sources, which often show the work or bias of the [[writer]] or [[editing|editor]]. Contemporary narratives common in the Western world include the [[urban legend]]. There are many forms of folklore that are so common, however, that most people do not realize they are folklore, such as [[riddle]]s, children's [[rhymes]] and [[ghost stories]], [[rumor]]s (including [[conspiracy theories]]), [[gossip]], [[ethnic stereotype]]s, and [[holiday]] customs and life-cycle [[ritual]]s. [[UFO abduction]] narratives can be seen, in some sense, to refigure the tales of pre-Christian [[Europe]], or even such tales in the [[Bible]] as the Ascent of Elijah to heaven. [[Adrienne Mayor]], in introducing a bibliography on the topic, noted that most modern folklorists are largely unaware of classical parallels and precedents, in materials that are only partly represented by the familiar designation ''[[Aesopica]]'': "Ancient Greek and Roman literature contains rich troves of folklore and popular beliefs, many of which have counterparts in modern contemporary legends" (Mayor, 2000). Vladimir Propp's classic study '''Morphology of the Folktale''' (1928) became the basis of research into the structure of folklore texts. Propp discovered a uniform [[structure]] in Russian fairy tales. His book has been translated into English, Italian, Polish and other languages. The English translation was issued in USA in 1958, some 30 years after the publication of the original. It was met by approving reviews and significantly influenced later research on folklore and, more generally, structural semantics.<ref>L. V. Propp, ''Morphology of the Folktale'', Second Edition, revised and edited with a Preface of Louis A. Wagner, University of Texas Press, 1968. ===Material culture=== Elements such as dolls, decorative items used in religious rituals, hand-built houses and barns, and handmade clothing and other crafts are considered to be folk artifacts, grouped within the field as "material culture." Additionally, figures that depict characters from folklore, such as statues of the [[three wise monkeys]] may be considered to be folklore artifacts, depending on how they are used within a culture.<ref>Wolfgang Mieder, "The Proverbial Three Wise Monkeys," Midwestern Journal of Language and Folklore 7 (1981):5-38.</ref> The operative definition would depend on whether the artifacts are used and appreciated within the same community in which they are made, and whether they follow a community [[aesthetic]]. ===Culture as folklore=== Folklorist [[William Bascom]] states that folklore has many cultural aspects, such as allowing for escape from societal consequences. In addition, folklore can also serve to validate a culture (romantic nationalism), as well as transmit a culture's morals and values. Folklore can also be used to assert social pressures, or relive them, in the case of [[humor]] and [[carnival]].<br> In addition, folklorists study medical, supernatural, religious, and political belief systems as an essential, often unspoken, part of expressive culture. ===Behavior as folklore=== Many [[ritual]]s can be considered folklore, whether formalized in a cultural or religious system (e.g. weddings, baptisms, harvest festivals) or practiced within a family or secular context. For example, in certain parts of the United States (as well as other countries) one places a knife, or a pair of scissors, under the mattress to "cut the birth pains" after giving birth. Additionally, children's [[counting-out game]]s can be defined as behavioral folklore.<ref>Kenneth S. Goldstein, "Strategy in Counting Out: An Ethnographic Folklore Field Study," in Elliott M. Avedon and Brian Sutton-Smith, eds., The Study of Games New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1971.</ref> ==Categories of folklore== <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> *[[Genres]] **[[Archetype]]s, [[stereotype]]s and [[stock character]]s. **[[Ballad]] **[[Blason Populaire]] **[[Childlore]] **[[Children's street culture]] **[[Counting rhyme]]s **[[Costumbrismo]] **[[Craft]] **[[convention (norm)|Custom]] **[[Folk play]] **[[Epic poetry]] **[[Factoid]]s **[[Festival]] **[[Folk art]] **[[Folk religion|Folk belief]] **[[Folk magic]] **[[Folk medicine]] **Folk [[metaphor]] **[[Ethnopoetics|Folk poetry]] and [[rhyme]] **Folk [[simile]] **[[Folk song]] **Folk narrative ***[[Anecdote]] ***[[Fairy tale]] ***[[Fable]] ***[[Ghost story]] ***[[Joke]] ***[[Legend]] ***[[Mythology|Myth]] ***[[Parable]] ***[[Tall tale]] ***[[Urban legend]] **[[Game]]s **[[Holiday]] lore and customs **[[Mythology]] **[[Riddle]] **[[Saying]] ***[[Maxim (saying)|Maxim]] ***[[Proverb]] **[[Superstition]] **[[Taunts]] **[[Weather lore]] **[[Xerox lore]] </div> '''National or ethnic''' {{see|List of mythologies}} <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> *European **[[Paganism in the Eastern Alps|Alpine (Austrian and Swiss) folklore]] **[[Albanian folklore]] **[[English folklore]] **[[Estonian folklore]] **[[Dutch folklore]] **[[Finnish mythology|Finnish folklore]] **[[French folklore]] **[[German folklore]] **[[Hungarian mythology|Hungarian folklore]] **[[Irish mythology|Irish folklore]] **[[Italian folklore]] **[[Lithuanian mythology| Lithuanian folklore]] **[[Montenegrin folklore]] **[[Romanian folklore]] **[[Scandinavian folklore]] **[[Scottish mythology|Scottish folklore]] **[[Slavic folklore]] ***[[Polish folklore]] ***[[Russian folklore]] **[[Swiss folklore]] **[[Welsh folklore]] *American **[[Folklore of the United States|United States folklore]] **[[Latin American folklore]] ***[[Brazilian folklore]] ***[[Caribbean folklore]] ***[[Colombian folklore]] *[[Australian folklore]] *East Asian **[[Chinese folklore]] **[[Japanese folklore]] **[[Korean folklore]] *Near Eastern **[[Arab folklore]] **[[Jewish folklore]] ([[Aggadah]]) **[[Iranian folklore]] **[[Turkish folklore]] *South Asian **[[Indian folklore]] **[[Pakistani folklore]] *Southeast Asian **[[Philippine folklore]] </div> ==See also== {{portal}} *[[Applied folklore]] *[[Appropriation (music)]] *[[Chinook wind#Chinooks and tall tales (folklore)|Chinook wind]] *[[Folk]] *[[Intangible Cultural Heritage]] *[[Petrosomatoglyph]] (image of parts of a human or animal body incised in rock) *[[Public folklore]] ==References== {{Reflist}} * ==Further reading== *[http://www.worldagesarchive.com/Reference_Links/Myth_Bibliograpgy.htm Adrienne Mayor, "Bibliography of Classical Folklore Scholarship: Myths, Legends, and Popular Beliefs of Ancient Greece and Rome"], from ''Folklore'' (April 2000) == External links == *[http://www.folkdanceseminars.com/folklore-festivals.php Folklore Festivals - international listing] *[http://www.folklore-bg.com/magazine Folklore-BG Monthly Electronic Magazine] ===North America=== {{commonscat}} <div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> *[http://www.americanfolklore.net American Folklore] *[http://www.afsnet.org American Folklore Society] *[http://www.loc.gov/folklife American Folklife Center] *[http://csumc.wisc.edu/ Center for the Study of Upper Midwestern Cultures] *[http://www.folkstreams.net/ Folkstreams] *[http://www.westernfolklore.org/ Western States Folklore Society] *[http://www.fl.ulaval.ca/celat/acef/ Folklore Studies Association of Canada] *[http://www.sas.upenn.edu/folklore/ Folklore and Folklife Studies at Penn] *[http://www.indiana.edu/~folklore/ Indiana University's Folklore Program] *[http://cfs.osu.edu/ The Ohio State University Center for Folklore Studies] *[http://ls.berkeley.edu/dept/folklore/ Folklore Program at the University of California at Berkeley] *[http://www.mun.ca/folklore Memorial University of Newfoundland's Folklore Program] *[http://www.wku.edu/folkstudies/ Folklore Program at Western Kentucky University] *[http://english.usu.edu/Document/index.asp?Parent=563 Folklore Program at Utah State University] *[http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~flr/ University of Oregon's Folklore Program] *[http://www.unc.edu/depts/folklore/ Folklore Program at the University of North Carolina] *[http://www.wac.ucla.edu/degrees.php World Arts and Cultures Program of the University of California at Los Angeles] *[http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/SEEFA/ Slavic and East European Folklore Association] *[http://www.oraltradition.org/ The Center for Studies in Oral Tradition, University of Missouri] *[http://journal.oraltradition.org/ Oral Tradition Journal] *[http://folklore.wisc.edu/ Folklore Program at University of Wisconsin] *[http://www.cas.sc.edu/mcks/ McKissick Museum at the University of South Carolina] *[http://www.digitaltraditions.net/ Digital Traditions] *[http://missourifolkloresociety.truman.edu/ The Missouri Foklore Society] </div> ===United Kingdom=== *[http://www.folklore-society.com The Folklore Society, founded 1878 — very extensive links list among much else] ===Ukraine=== *[http://www.ukrfolk.ca/ Ukrainian Folklore Centre, University of Alberta] *[http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/uvp/ Ukrainian Traditional Folklore, University of Alberta] ===Slovakia=== *[http://folklore.butkaj.com Slovak Folklore — folklore groups, videos, songs, history, news, events, festivals] ===Malta=== *[http://www.aboutmalta.com/FOLKLORE/ Maltese Folklore- feasts, plant lore, local traditions, music, dance and humour] [[Category:Folklore| ]] <!-- interwiki --> [[ar:فلكلور]] [[gn:Tavarandu]] [[br:Folklor]] [[bg:Народно творчество]] [[cs:Folklór]] [[da:Folkeminde]] [[de:Folklore]] [[et:Rahvaluule]] [[el:Λαογραφία]] [[es:Folclore]] [[eo:Folkloro]] [[fr:Folklore]] [[fur:Folclôr]] [[ga:Béaloideas]] [[hr:Folklor]] [[is:Þjóðsaga]] [[it:Folklore]] [[he:פולקלור]] [[lv:Folklora]] [[lt:Folkloras]] [[li:Folklore]] [[mk:Фолклор]] [[nl:Folklore]] [[ja:伝承]] [[nap:Folklore]] [[no:Folkeminne]] [[nn:Folkloristikk]] [[pl:Folklor]] [[pt:Folclore]] [[ru:Фольклор]] [[sco:Fowklair]] [[sk:Folklór]] [[fi:Kansanperinne]] [[sv:Folklore]] [[ta:நாட்டார் பாடல்]] [[tl:Kuwentong-bayan]] [[tr:Folklor]] [[uk:Фольклор]] [[wa:Foclore]] [[zh:民俗學]]