Formula 3000
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224107736
2008-07-07T10:10:15Z
Pete Fenelon
660526
added AGS
{{Unreferenced|date=January 2007}}
'''Formula 3000''' was a type of [[formula racing]], active from 1985 to 2004. It was replaced by the [[GP2 Series]] in 2005.
In [[1985]], the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] (FIA) created the Formula 3000 International Championship (initially entitled the European Formula 3000 Championship) to become the final preparatory step for drivers hoping to enter the [[Formula One]] championship. [[Formula Two]] had become too expensive, and was dominated by works-run cars with factory engines; the hope was that Formula 3000 would offer quicker, cheaper, more open racing.
== Engines ==
Formula 3000 replaced Formula Two, and was so named because the engines used initially were 3.0 L (183ci) [[Cosworth]] [[Cosworth DFV|DFV]] engines made obsolete by Formula One's change in engine rules. (It has been observed [[Bernie Ecclestone]] had purchased a job-lot of DFVs in 1984, with no obvious use for them at the time).
The rules permitted any 90-degree V8 engine, fitted with a rev-limiter to keep power output under control. As well as the Cosworth, a Honda engine based on an Indy V8 by [[Judd (engine)|John Judd]] also appeared; a rumoured [[Lamborghini]] V8 never raced. In later years, a [[Mugen-Honda]] V8 became the thing to have, eclipsing the DFV; Cosworth responded with the brand new AC engine. Costs, not unlike the senior series, were getting out of control.
== Chassis ==
[[Image:Fórmula 3000 (Fernado Alonso)01.jpg|thumb|200px|A [[Lola Racing Cars|Lola]] chassis in the [[2000 Formula 3000 season|2000 season]].]]
The first chassis from [[March Engineering|March]], [[Automobiles Gonfaronnaises Sportives|AGS]] and [[Ralt]] were developments of their existing 1984 [[Formula Two]] designs, although [[Lola Racing Cars|Lola]]'s entry was based on and looked very much like an [[Champ car|IndyCar]]. A few smaller teams tried obsolete three-litre [[Formula One]] cars (from [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]], [[Williams Grand Prix Engineering|Williams]], [[Minardi]] and RAM), with little success -- the Grand Prix and Indycar-derived entries were too unwieldy - their fuel tanks were about twice the size of those needed for F3000 races, and the weight distribution was not ideal. The first few years of the championship saw March establishing a superiority over Ralt and Lola - there was little to choose between the chassis, but more Marches were sold and ended up in better hands. The form book was rewritten in 1988 with the entry of the ambitious [[Reynard Motorsport|Reynard]] marque with a brand new chassis; Reynard had won their first race in every formula they'd entered. This would continue in F3000. The next couple of years saw Lola improve slightly - their car was arguably marginally superior to the Reynard in 1990 - and March slip, but both were crushed by the Reynard teams and by the mid-90s, F3000 was a virtual Reynard monopoly, although [[Lola Racing Cars|Lola]] did eventually return with a promising car and the Japanese [[Footwork (racing team)|Footwork]] and [[Dome (constructor)|Dome]] chassis were seen in Europe. [[Dallara]] briefly tried the series before moving up to [[Formula One]], and [[Automobiles Gonfaronnaises Sportives|AGS]] moved up from Formula Two but never recaptured their occasional success. At least one unraced F3000 chassis existed - the Wagner fitted with a straight-six short-stroke BMW. This was converted into a sports car, however.
== Politics ==
The series was not without controversy. Definitive rules for the 1985 season did not appear until the championship was well under way. In 1987 questions were asked about the ability of some of the drivers, given the high number of accidents in the formula. In 1989 the eligibility of the new [[Reynard Motorsport|Reynard]] chassis was challenged - it was raced with a different (but safer and no faster) nose to the one that had been crash tested. This season also saw problems with driver changes - the cost of F3000 was escalating to the point that teams were finding it difficult to run drivers for a whole season. A badly-implemented "two driver changes per car per season" rule meant that some cars had to sit idle while drivers with budgets couldn't race them (rather than allowing two drivers to share a drive through the season on a race-by-race basis, teams could only change the driver of any entry twice in a year). In 1991 the performance of some Italian teams attracted attention - they had started using [[Agip]]'s "jungle juice" [[Formula One]] fuel, worth an estimated 15 bhp -- giving their drivers a significant advantage. In the early years of the formula there was much concern about safety, with a high number of accidents resulting in injuries to drivers and, unfortunately, one fatality in the International Championship - [[Marco Campos]] in the very last round of the 1995 series.
== Races ==
Formula 3000 races during the "open chassis" era tended to be of about 100-120 miles in distance, held at major circuits, either headlining meetings or paired with other international events. The "jewel in the crown" of the F3000 season was traditionally the [[Pau Grand Prix]] street race, rivalled for a few years by the [[Birmingham Superprix|Birmingham]] round. Most major circuits in [[France]], [[Italy]], [[Spain]], [[Germany]] and the [[United Kingdom]] saw the series visit at least once.
== Other F3000 series ==
A small British Formula 3000 series ran for several years in the late 1980s and early 1990s, usually using year-old cars. Founded in 1989 as the British Formula 3000 Championship, the series was renamed the British Formula Two Championship in 1992, but grids diminished quickly and it was ended after the 1994 season. It was restarted in 1996 and cancelled once more the following year, after one race had been held with only three cars. Two other attempts at restarting F3000 racing in the UK failed.
An Italian series evolved into a second-level one, [[Euro Formula 3000]] (now Euroseries 3000), running the previous generation of spec Lolas. An Italian national series started in 2005 with the arrival of the [[GP2 Series]], but has now been merged with Euroseries 3000, running both B02/50 and B99/50 cars.
The [[American Racing Series]], a predecessor of [[Indy Lights]], ran with March F3000 chassis (called [[Wildcat (car)|Wildcat]]s) and [[Buick]] V6 engines, before turning to Lolas some years later.
Japan persisted with Formula Two rules for a couple of years after the demise of F2 in Europe, but then adopted basically F3000 rules in 1987. Unlike European F3000, the Japanese Championship featured a lot of competition between tyre companies, and tended to feature highly-paid drivers (both local and European) in cars tending to be more developed and tested than those in the European series. The Mugen engine dominated this series, and was also competitive in European F3000. Japanese F3000 was renamed [[Formula Nippon]] in 1996.
In Australia [[Formula 4000]] continued to use old F3000 chassis (predominantly Reynard) until 2006, as had its predecessors Formula Brabham and Formula Holden.
== The spec-chassis years ==
In [[1996]], new rules introduced a single engine (a detuned [[Judd (engine)|Judd]] V8 engine, re-engineered by and badged as a [[Zytek]]) and chassis ([[Lola Racing Cars|Lola]]), to go along with tyre standardization ([[Avon Tyres|Avon]]) introduced in 1986. The following year the calendar was combined with that of Formula One, so the series became support races for the Grand Prix. Several Grand Prix teams established formal links with F3000 teams to develop young drivers (and engineering talent); these relationships varied from formal "junior teams" (such as the one [[McLaren]] set up for [[Nick Heidfeld]]) to fairly distant relationships based mostly upon shared sponsors and the use of the 'parent' team's name. The series grew dramatically through the late nineties, reaching an entry of nearly 40 cars - although this in itself was problematic as it meant many drivers failed to qualify. In [[2000]], the series was restricted to 15 teams of two cars each.
However, by [[2002]] expenses were once more very high and the number of entries, and sponsors, rapidly dwindled. Formula 3000 was experiencing tough competition with cheaper formulae, such as [[Euro Formula 3000|European F3000]] (using ex-FIA 1999 and 2002 Lola chassis), [[World Series by Nissan]] (also known as Formula Nissan) and [[Formula Renault 3.5|Formula Renault V6 Eurocup]], as well as the North American [[Champ Car|CART]] series. While drivers from these series such as [[Juan Pablo Montoya]] (CART), [[Cristiano da Matta]] (CART), and [[Felipe Massa]] (EF3000) found top rides in Formula One, the F3000 drivers seemed to have inordinate difficulty in moving onwards. By the end of [[2003]], car counts had fallen to new lows.
The [[2004]] season was the last F3000 campaign, due in part to dwindling field sizes. In [[2005]] it was replaced with a new series known as [[GP2 Series|GP2]], with [[Renault]] backing.
== Champions ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Season
!Driver
!Team / Car
![[Pole position|Poles]]
!Wins
!Podiums
!Fastest<br>Laps
![[List of Formula Three Thousand Championship pointscoring systems|Points]]
!Clinched
!Margin<br>(points)
|-
![[1985 Formula 3000 season|1985]]
|align="left"|{{flagicon|West Germany}} [[Christian Danner]]
|align="left"|BS Automotive<br>[[March Engineering|March]]-[[Cosworth]]
|2
|4
|7
|4
|52
|Race 11 of 11
|6
|-
![[1986 Formula 3000 season|1986]]
|align="left"|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Ivan Capelli]]
|align="left"|[[Genoa (racing team)|Genoa]]<br>[[March Engineering|March]]-[[Cosworth]]
|3
|2
|6
|1
|39
|Race 11 of 11
|2
|-
![[1987 Formula 3000 season|1987]]
|align="left"|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Stefano Modena]]
|align="left"|[[Onyx (racing team)|Onyx]]<br>[[March Engineering|March]]-[[Cosworth]]
|0
|3
|4
|1
|41
|Race 11 of 11
|7
|-
![[1988 Formula 3000 season|1988]]
|align="left"|{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Roberto Moreno]]
|align="left"|Bromley Motorsport<br>[[Reynard Motorsport|Reynard]]-[[Cosworth]]
|3
|4
|4
|1
|43
|Race 9 of 11
|9
|-
![[1989 Formula 3000 season|1989]]
|align="left"|{{flagicon|France}} [[Jean Alesi]]
|align="left"|[[Jordan (racing team)|Eddie Jordan Racing]]<br>[[Reynard Motorsport|Reynard]]-[[Cosworth]]
|2
|3
|4
|1
|39
|Race 9 of 10
|0
|-
![[1990 Formula 3000 season|1990]]
|align="left"|{{flagicon|France}} [[Érik Comas]]
|align="left"|[[DAMS]]<br>[[Lola Racing Cars|Lola]]-[[Mugen Motorsports|Mugen]]
|3
|4
|6
|1
|51
|Race 10 of 11
|21
|-
![[1991 Formula 3000 season|1991]]
|align="left"|{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Christian Fittipaldi]]
|align="left"|[[Pacific Racing]]<br>[[Reynard Motorsport|Reynard]]-[[Mugen Motorsports|Mugen]]
|4
|2
|7
|1
|47
|Race 10 of 10
|5
|-
![[1992 Formula 3000 season|1992]]
|align="left"|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Luca Badoer]]
|align="left"|Crypton Engineering<br>[[Reynard Motorsport|Reynard]]-[[Cosworth]]
|5
|4
|5
|3
|46
|Race 9 of 10
|12
|-
![[1993 Formula 3000 season|1993]]
|align="left"|{{flagicon|France}} [[Olivier Panis]]
|align="left"|[[DAMS]]<br>[[Reynard Motorsport|Reynard]]-[[Cosworth]]
|2
|3
|4
|2
|32
|Race 9 of 9
|1
|-
![[1994 Formula 3000 season|1994]]
|align="left"|{{flagicon|France}} [[Jean-Christophe Boullion]]
|align="left"|[[DAMS]]<br>[[Reynard Motorsport|Reynard]]-[[Cosworth]]
|0
|3
|4
|1
|36
|Race 8 of 8
|2
|-
![[1995 Formula 3000 season|1995]]
|align="left"|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Vincenzo Sospiri]]
|align="left"|[[Super Nova Racing]]<br>[[Reynard Motorsport|Reynard]]-[[Cosworth]]
|0
|3
|5
|0
|42
|Race 7 of 8
|13
|-
![[1996 Formula 3000 season|1996]]
|align="left"|{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Jörg Müller]]
|align="left"|RSM [[Helmut Marko|Marko]]<br>[[Lola Racing Cars|Lola]]-[[Zytek]]
|2
|2
|8
|4
|52
|Race 10 of 10
|3
|-
![[1997 Formula 3000 season|1997]]
|align="left"|{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Ricardo Zonta]]
|align="left"|[[Super Nova Racing]]<br>[[Lola Racing Cars|Lola]]-[[Zytek]]
|4
|3
|5
|4
|39
|Race 9 of 10
|1.5
|-
![[1998 Formula 3000 season|1998]]
|align="left"|{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Juan Pablo Montoya]]
|align="left"|[[Super Nova Racing]]<br>[[Lola Racing Cars|Lola]]-[[Zytek]]
|7
|4
|9
|5
|65
|Race 12 of 12
|7
|-
![[1999 Formula 3000 season|1999]]
|align="left"|{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Nick Heidfeld]]
|align="left"|West Competition<br>[[Lola Racing Cars|Lola]]-[[Zytek]]
|4
|4
|7
|6
|59
|Race 8 of 10
|29
|-
![[2000 Formula 3000 season|2000]]
|align="left"|{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Bruno Junqueira]]
|align="left"|[[Petrobras]]<br>[[Lola Racing Cars|Lola]]-[[Zytek]]
|2
|4
|5
|1
|48
|Race 10 of 10
|3
|-
![[2001 Formula 3000 season|2001]]
|align="left"|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Justin Wilson]]
|align="left"|[[Nordic Racing]]<br>[[Lola Racing Cars|Lola]]-[[Zytek]]
|2
|3
|10
|1
|71
|Race 10 of 12
|32
|-
![[2002 Formula 3000 season|2002]]
|align="left"|{{flagicon|France}} [[Sébastien Bourdais]]
|align="left"|[[Super Nova Racing]]<br>[[Lola Racing Cars|Lola]]-[[Zytek]]
|6
|3
|8
|3
|56
|Race 12 of 12
|2
|-
![[2003 Formula 3000 season|2003]]
|align="left"|{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Björn Wirdheim]]
|align="left"|[[Arden (racing team)|Arden International]]<br>[[Lola Racing Cars|Lola]]-[[Zytek]]
|5
|3
|9
|7
|78
|Race 8 of 10
|35
|-
![[2004 Formula 3000 season|2004]]
|align="left"|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Vitantonio Liuzzi]]
|align="left"|[[Arden (racing team)|Arden International]]<br>[[Lola Racing Cars|Lola]]-[[Zytek]]
|9
|7
|9
|3
|86
|Race 9 of 10
|30
|}
Three past F3000 champions (Müller, Junqueira and Wirdheim) have never been entered in an F1 race. Bourdais, Fittipaldi, Junqueira, Montoya, Moreno, Wilson, and Wirdheim have all raced in [[CART|Champ Cars]]. Müller is now a BMW driver in [[World Touring Car Championship|WTCC]] [[touring car racing]] after having been a test driver for the BMW-[[WilliamsF1|Williams]] F1 project in 1999 as well as a racer of the [[BMW V12 LMR]] Le Mans winner. Sospiri attempted to qualify for one Formula One race but failed to make it, having raced for a highly unprepared team with poor equipment. Wirdheim has been third driver in practice sessions for [[Jaguar Racing]], but has never participated in a race.
Three past F3000 champions have won an F1 Grand Prix: Alesi, Panis and Montoya (who also won the [[Indianapolis 500|Indy 500]] once). No European Formula Two, Formula 3000 or GP2 champion has ever become [[List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|World Champion]] (although [[Alberto Ascari]] won the World Championship for two years running when all qualifying races apart from the [[Indianapolis 500]] were run to Formula Two rules).
{{Formula 3000 years}}
[[Category:Racing formulas|3000]]
[[Category:Formula 3000| ]]
[[Category:1985 establishments]]
[[Category:2004 disestablishments]]
[[Category:Defunct sports leagues]]
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[[pl:Formuła 3000]]
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