Foundationalism 11300 225609256 2008-07-14T15:18:41Z Sardanaphalus 427947 updating link using [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]] '''Foundationalism''' is any theory in [[epistemology]] (typically, [[theory of justification|theories of justification]], but also of [[knowledge]]) that holds that beliefs are justified (known, etc.) based on what are called ''[[basic belief]]s'' (also commonly called foundational beliefs). Basic beliefs are beliefs that give justificatory support to other beliefs, and more derivative beliefs are [[basing relation in epistemology|based]] on those more basic beliefs. The basic beliefs are said to be [[epistemic self-justification|self-justifying]] or [[self-evidence|self-evident]], that is, they enjoy a non-inferential warrant (or justification), i.e., they are not justified ''by other beliefs.'' Typically and historically, foundationalists have held either that basic beliefs are justified by [[mental event]]s or states, such as experiences, that do not constitute beliefs (these are called [[nondoxastic]] mental states), or that they simply are not the type of thing that can be (or needs to be) justified. Hence, generally, a foundationalist might offer the following [[theory of justification]]: :A belief is ''epistemically justified'' [[iff|if and only if]] (1) it is justified by a basic belief or beliefs, or (2) it is justified by a chain of beliefs that is supported by a basic belief or beliefs, and on which all the others are ultimately based. A basic belief, on the other hand, does not require justification because it is a different kind of belief than a non-foundational one. == Historical foundationalism: rationalism vs. empiricism == Historically, two varieties of foundationalist theories were [[rationalism]] and [[empiricism]] (or [[British Empiricism]]). Strictly speaking, neither empiricism nor rationalism is necessarily committed to foundationalism (it is possible to be an empiricist [[Coherentism|coherentist]], for example, and that was a common epistemological position in 20th century philosophy). Rationalism is the general name for epistemological theories that maintain that reason is the source and criterion of knowledge. Rationalists generally hold that so-called truths of reason are the (most important) epistemologically basic propositions. The historical, continental [[rationalism]] expounded by [[René Descartes]] is often regarded as antithetical to empiricism, while some contemporary rationalism asserts that reason is strongest when it is supported by or consistent with empirical evidence and hence relies heavily on empirical [[science]] in analyzing justifications for belief. Descartes famously held that some of these truths are known innately and therefore constitute basic innate knowledge, a view not always held in contemporary rationalism. Empiricism is the general name for epistemological theories that maintain that sensation reports are the source and criterion of knowledge. Classical empiricists generally held that such reports are indubitable and incorrigible and therefore worthy of serving as epistemologically basic propositions. == Alternatives to foundationalism == Alternatives to foundationalism, usually called [[Anti-foundationalism]], include [[coherentism]], [[foundherentism]], [[reformed epistemology]]. Many forms of [[reliabilism]] are foundationalist, but reliabilist theories need not be foundationalist.<ref>{{sep entry|justep-foundational|Foundational Theories of Epistemic Justification}}</ref> Also see [[Pragmatism]]. == References == <references/> {{Philosophy topics}} [[Category:Epistemology]] [[Category:Philosophical theories]] [[ja:基礎付け主義]] [[pt:Fundacionalismo]] [[fi:Fundamentalismi (tietoteoria)]]