Fox Chase Cancer Center
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The '''Fox Chase Cancer Center''' is a [[National Cancer Institute]]-designated [[Comprehensive Cancer Center]] research facility and hospital located in the [[Fox Chase, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Fox Chase]] section of [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[United States]]. The main facilities of the center are located on property adjoining [[Burholme Park]]. The center is an independent, non-profit institution which specializes in the treatment and prevention of cancer.
The center was formed in [[1974]] by the merger of the '''American Oncologic Hospital''', which was founded in [[1904]] as the first cancer hospital in the United States <ref> {{cite news |last=Kreeger |first=Karen |url=http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/96/3/171 |title=America’s First Cancer Center Celebrates Centennial |publisher=Journal of the National Cancer Institute |date=[[2004-02-04]] |accessdate=2008-03-06}}</ref> , and the '''Institute for Cancer Research''', founded in [[1927]].
Today it has almost 2,400 employees and an operating budget of $281.7 million for fiscal year 2006. Research is conducted in more than 80 laboratories by a staff of more than 325 physicians and scientists who hold medical degrees, Ph.D.s or both.
Fox Chase's 100-bed hospital is one of the few facilities in the country devoted entirely to cancer care. Annual hospital admissions average about 4,100 and outpatient visits to physicians exceed 69,000 a year. As of 2007, the Fox Chase Cancer Center was ranked as the eleventh best cancer hospital in the United States by [[U.S. News & World Report]]<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Best Hospitals 2007 Specialty Search: Cancer | date= | publisher=[[U.S News & World Report]] | url =http://health.usnews.com/usnews/health/best-hospitals/search.php?spec=ihqcanc&start=10& | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2008-03-11 | language = }}</ref>.
In 1995, Fox Chase also became a founding member of the [[National Comprehensive Cancer Network]], an alliance of 21 of the nation’s leading academic cancer centers.
==History of Research Advances at Fox Chase==
A short history of notable achievements by Fox Chase researchers:
* 2004 The [[Kyoto Prize]] in Basic Science is awarded to [[Alfred G. Knudson]] for life-time achievement and contributions to the betterment of mankind.
* 2004 The [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] is awarded to [[Irwin Rose]] and his colleagues [[Aaron Ciechanover]] and [[Avram Hershko]] for their discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation.
* 1993 Beatrice Mintz produces the first mouse model of human malignant melanoma, in which the disease resembles the human malignancy.
* 1991 Philip Tsichlis, Alfonso Bellacosa, and Joseph Testa clone the Akt1 and Akt2 genes - the first viral oncogenes described that inhibit programmed cell death.
* 1991 Timothy Yen discovers that a molecular motor controls the way human cells sort their chromosomes when cells divide during [[mitosis]].
* 1982 William Mason and Jesse Summers demonstrate that the hepatitis B virus utilizes reverse transcription for genome replication, previously thought to be unique to retroviruses.
* 1981 Beatrice Mintz's laboratory is one of the first to introduce a cloned gene into fertilized mouse eggs and prove that it is retained in animals developing from those eggs, and is transmitted to their progeny.
* 1980 Discovery of critical aspects of ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation by Avram Hershko and Irwin Rose.
* 1980 Alfred Knudson develops the "two-hit" theory, predicting the existence and behavior of tumor suppressor genes.
* 1980 Discovery of the [[SCID mouse]], a mouse strain with no natural immunity, by Melvin Bosma. The SCID mouse is an essential research tool in devising new treatments.
* 1979 Beatrice Mintz shows that a fatal genetic anemia of mice can be prevented in utero by injecting normal blood-forming stem cells into the fetus through a placental blood vessel.
* 1976 The [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] is awarded to [[Baruch Blumberg]] for his discovery of the Hepatitis B virus and development of the HBV vaccine, the first "anti-cancer vaccine", which has reduced the incidence of liver cancer.
* 1975 The first [[transgenic]] mammals containing foreign DNA are produced by Beatrice Mintz and Rudolf Jaenisch.
* 1974 Discovery by Robert Perry that the messenger RNAs of mammalian cells and their precursors contain a novel structure at their leading ends.
* 1972 Helen Berman and Jenny Glusker report the crystal structure of a nucleic acid-drug complex as a model for anti-tumor agent and mutagen action.
* 1968 Development of the first [[Hepatitis B vaccine]] by Baruch Blumberg and Irving Millman.
* 1967 Discovery of the [[Hepatitis B virus]] and development of the blood test for Hepatitis B by Baruch Blumberg.
* 1962 The first demonstration, by Robert Perry, that ribosomal RNA is synthesized in the nucleolus as a large precursor molecule that is subsequently processed into mature components.
* 1962 Beatrice Mintz's development of the first mammal comprising two genetically different cell populations in all tissues, as a tool for analyses of embryonic development and disease in mouse models.
* 1960 Discovery of the [[Philadelphia chromosome]], the first genetic abnormality associated with a human cancer, by David Hungerford of the Fox Chase Cancer Center and Peter Nowell of the [[University of Pennsylvania]].
* 1952 First nuclear transplantation (or '[[cloning]]') experiment is performed by [[Robert Briggs]] and Thomas King using eggs of the frog [[Rana pipiens]].
* 1946 Mary Bennett identifies an essential nutrient later revealed to be [[Vitamin B12]].
==Notable Current and Former Fox Chase Researchers==
* [[Baruch Blumberg]], awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in 1976 for discovery of Hepatitis B and the Hepatitis B vaccine.
* [[V. Craig Jordan]], "Father of [[Tamoxifen]]"
* [[Alfred G. Knudson]], architect of the "two-hit hypothesis" ([[Knudson hypothesis]]) about the role of accumulated genetic errors in cancer development, awarded the [[Kyoto Prize]] in 2004 and the Albert [[Lasker Award]] in 1998.
* [[Beatrice Mintz]], pioneering female cancer researcher, noted for many embryonic and genetic advances, and member of the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] and of the [[Pontifical Academy of Sciences]].
* [[Irwin Rose]], awarded [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] in 2004 for the discovery of [[ubiquitin]]-mediated [[protein degradation]].
* [[James Sherley]]
==References==
<references />
==External links==
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*[http://www.fccc.edu Official website]
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[[Category:Hospitals in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Medical research institutes]]
[[Category:Research institutes in the United States]]
[[Category:Cancer organizations]]