Fox Sparrow 345410 205813385 2008-04-15T16:16:23Z Kirkmona 1745675 /* Description */ added to description {{Taxobox | name = Fox Sparrow | status = LC | image = Passerella iliaca-001.jpg | image_width = 240px | image_caption = A Red Fox Sparrow,<br/>probably Eastern Fox Sparrow (''P. i. iliaca'') | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] | classis = [[bird|Aves]] | ordo = [[Passeriformes]] | familia = [[Emberizidae]] | genus = '''''Passerella''''' | genus_authority = ([[William Swainson|Swainson]], [[1837]]) | species = '''''P. iliaca''''' | binomial = ''Passerella iliaca'' | binomial_authority = ([[Blasius Merrem|Merrem]], [[1786]]) | range_map = FoxSparrowMap.png | range_map_width = 240px | range_map_caption = Breeding ranges of the four Fox Sparrow groups }} The '''Fox Sparrow''' ('''''Passerella iliaca''''') is a large [[American sparrow]]. It is the only member of the genus ''Passerella'', although some authors split the genus into four species (see below). ==Taxonomy== More specific information regarding plumage is available in the accounts for the various [[taxa]]. *'''''P. i. iliaca''''' [[Red Fox Sparrow]] is the generally the central and east coast taxa in the genus Passerella. This is the brightest colored group. *'''''P. i. unalaschcensis''''' [[Sooty Fox Sparrow]] is the west coast taxa in the genus Passerella. It is browner than the Red Fox Sparrow. *'''''P. i. schistacea''''' [[Slate-colored Fox Sparrow]] is the Rocky Mountain taxa in the genus Passerella. It is a tiny-billed bird with a gray head and mantle, brown wings, brown breast streaks, and a russet tail. *'''''P. i. megarhyncha''''' [[Thick-billed Fox Sparrow]] is the Sierra Nevada taxa in the genus Passerella. This group features a particularly thick bill. ==Description== Adults are amongst the largest sparrows, heavily spotted and streaked underneath. All feature a messy central breast spot though it is less noticeable on the [[Thick-billed Fox Sparrow|thick billed]] and [[Slate-colored Fox Sparrow|slate-colored]] varieties. Plumage varies markedly from one group to another. ==Behavior== These birds forage by scratching the ground, which makes them vulnerable to cats and other predators, though they are generally plentiful. Fox sparrows birds [[bird migration|migrate]] south on the west coast and to the eastern [[United States]]. ===Diet=== They mainly eat seeds and insects, as well as some berries. Coastal fox sparrows may also eat crustaceans. ===Reproduction=== Fox sparrows nest in wooded areas across northern [[Canada]] and the west coast of [[North America]] from [[Alaska]] to [[California]]. They nest either in a sheltered location on the ground or low in trees or shrubs. ==Systematics== <!-- [[Image:FoxSparrow23.jpg|thumb|left]] [can this bird be identified to population?] --> The review of Zink & Weckstein (2003) which added [[mtDNA]] [[cytochrome b|cytochrome ''b'']], [[NADH dehydrogenase]] [[subunit]] 2 and 3, and [[D-loop]] [[DNA sequence|sequence]] confirmed the 4 "subspecies groups"<ref> Not defined by the [[ICZN]]</ref> of the Fox Sparrow that were outlined by the initial limited mtDNA [[haplotype]] comparison (Zink 1994). These should probably be recognized as separate species, but this was deferred for further analysis of hybridization. Particularly the contact zones between the Slate-colored and Thick-billed Fox Sparrows which are only weakly distinct [[Morphology (biology)|morphologically]] were of interest; the other groups were found to be distinct far earlier (Swarth 1920). The combined molecular data is unable to resolve the interrelationship of the subspecies group and of subspecies in these, but aids in confirming the distinctness of the Thick-billed group (Zink & Weckstein 2003). [[Biogeography]] indicates that the coastal populations were probably isolated during an epoch of [[glaciation]] of the [[Rocky Mountains]] range, but this is also not very helpful in resolving the remaining problems of within-group diversity, and inter-group relationships. ==References== ===Footnotes=== <references/> ===General references=== <font size="1"> * '''Beadle''', D. & '''Rising''', J. D. (2002): ''Sparrows of the United States and Canada''. Academic Press, San Diego. <small>ISBN 0-691-11747-0</small> * {{IUCN2006|assessors='''BirdLife International'''|year=2004|id=53545|title=Passerella iliaca|downloaded=12 May 2006}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern * [[David Allen Sibley|'''Sibley''', David Allen]] (2000): ''The Sibley Guide to Birds''. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. <small>ISBN 0-679-45122-6</small> * '''Swarth''' H. W. (1920): Revision of the avian genus ''Passerella'' with special reference to the distribution and migration of the races in California. ''University of California Publications in Zoology '''21''': 75–224. * '''Zink''', R. M. (1994): The Geography of Mitochondrial DNA Variation, Population Structure, hybridization, and Species Limits in the Fox Sparrow (''Passerella iliaca''). ''Evolution'' '''48'''(1): 96-111. <small>{{DOI|10.2307/2410006}}</small> (HTML abstract, first page image) * '''Zink''', Robert M. & '''Kessen''', A. E. (1999): Species Limits in the Fox Sparrow. ''Birding'' '''31''': 508-517. * '''Zink''', Robert M. & '''Weckstein''', Jason D. (2003): Recent evolutionary history of the Fox Sparrows (Genus: ''Passerella''). ''[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]'' '''120'''(2): 522–527. [Article in English with Spanish abstract] <small>[[Digital Object Identifier|DOI]]: 10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0522:REHOTF]2.0.CO;2</small> [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3793/is_200304/ai_n9166839 HTML fulltext] (without images)</font> ==External links== *[http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i5850id.html Fox Sparrow - ''Passerella iliaca''] - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter *[http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Fox_Sparrow.html Fox Sparrow Species Account] - Cornell Lab of Ornithology *[http://www.sdakotabirds.com/species/fox_sparrow_info.htm Fox Sparrow Information and Photos] - South Dakota Birds and Birding *[http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/especie.phtml?idEspecie=9607 Fox Sparrow videos] on the Internet Bird Collection ==Further reading== <div class="reflist4" style="height: 220px; overflow: auto; padding: 3px" > ===Book=== <font size="1"> * Weckstein, J. D., D. E. Kroodsma, and R. C. Faucett. (2002). ''Fox Sparrow (Passerella iliaca). The Birds of North America Online'' (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology; Retrieved from The Birds of North American Online database </font> ===Theses=== <font size="1"> * Blacquiere JR. M.Sc. (1980). ''Some aspects of the breeding biology and vocalizations of the fox sparrow, Passerella iliaca, Merrem, in Newfoudland''. Memorial University of Newfoundland (Canada), Canada. * Kessen AE. Ph.D. (2004). ''Population structure in the fox sparrow: An investigation using microsatellites''. University of Minnesota, United States -- Minnesota. * Martin DJ. Ph.D. (1976). ''STRUCTURE OF SONGS AND ORGANIZATION OF SINGING IN FOX SPARROWS BREEDING IN NORTHERN UTAH AND SOUTHERN IDAHO''. Utah State University, United States -- Utah. * Zink RM. Ph.D. (1983). ''PATTERNS AND EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE OF GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN THE SCHISTACEA GROUP OF THE FOX SPARROW (PASSERELLA ILIACA) (OREGON, NEVADA, CALIFORNIA)''. University of California, Berkeley, United States -- California. </font> ===Articles=== <font size="1"> * Anon. (1968). ''Fox Sparrow Very Rare Summer Resident 10-11-65 Swamp Sparrow Rare Winter Visitor 9-11-67 10-29-67 Lykins Gulch Colorado USA''. Colorado Field Ornithologist. vol '''4''', p. 13-14. * Banks RC. (1970). ''The Fox Sparrow on the West Slope of the Oregon Cascades''. Condor. vol '''72''', no 3. p. 369-370. * Bell CP. (1997). ''Leap-frog migration in the fox sparrow:: Minimizing the cost of spring migration''. Condor. vol '''99''', no 2. p. 470-477. * Blankson ENT & McKernan RL. (1995). ''Evolutionary and ecological considerations of seven subspecies of the fox sparrow (Passerella iliaca) wintering in California''. Strauss, M. vol '''S''', p. Unity in Diversity. * Burns KJ. (1993). ''Geographic variation in ontogeny of the fox sparrow''. Condor. vol '''95''', no 3. p. 652-661. * Burns KJ & Hackett SJ. (1993). ''Nest and nest-site characteristics of a western population of fox sparrow (Passerella iliaca)''. Southwestern Naturalist. vol '''38''', no 3. p. 277-279. * Burns KJ & Zink RM. (1990). ''Temporal and Geographic Homogeneity of Gene Frequencies in the Fox Sparrow Passerella-Iliaca''. Auk. vol '''107''', no 2. p. 421-425. * Christie DS. (1968). ''Summer Occurrence of the Fox Sparrow in New-Brunswick Canada Passerella-Iliaca''. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol '''82''', no 1. * Hubert P & Smith A. (1974). ''Possible Fox Sparrow Nesting in Minnesota''. Loon. vol '''46''', no 1. * Jewer OD & Threlfall W. (1978). ''Parasites of the Fox Sparrow Passerella-Iliaca and Northern Waterthrush Seiurus-Noveboracensis in Newfoundland Canada''. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington. vol '''45''', no 2. p. 270-272. * Johnson JW & Johnson L. (1972). ''Fox Sparrow Observations in the Huron Area''. South Dakota Bird Notes. vol '''24''', no 4. * Martin DJ. (1977). ''Songs of the Fox Sparrow Part 1 Structure of Song and Its Comparison with Song in Other Emberizidae''. Condor. vol '''79''', no 2. p. 209-221. * Martin DJ. (1979). ''Songs of the Fox Sparrow Passerella-Iliaca 2. Intra Population and Inter Population Variation''. Condor. vol '''81''', no 2. p. 173-184. * Martin DJ. (1980). ''Response by Male Fox Sparrows Passerella-Iliaca to Broadcast of Particular Con Specific Songs''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''92''', no 1. p. 21-32. * Martin DJ. (1990). ''Songs of the Fox Sparrow 3. Ordering of song''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''102''', no 4. p. 655-671. * Martin DJ, Naugler CT & Smith PC. (1993). ''Song similarity in populations of fox sparrows: A rejection of Naugler's and Smith's conclusions--Comment/reply''. The Condor. vol '''95''', no 4. p. 1057. * Naugler CT & Smith PC. (1991). ''Song Similarity in an Isolated Population of Fox Sparrows Passerella-Iliaca''. Condor. vol '''93''', no 4. p. 1001-1003. * Peyton LJ. (1971). ''Geographical Variation of Fox Sparrow Songs in Alaska''. Proceedings of the Alaska Science Conference. vol '''22''', no 39. * Robert MZ & Jason DW. (2003). ''Recent evolutionary history of the Fox Sparrows (Genus: Passerella)''. The Auk. vol '''120''', no 2. p. 522. * Ryan AG. (1974). ''An Incubation Period and a Nestling Period for the Fox Sparrow''. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol '''88''', no 2. p. 230-231. * Schmid U. (1979). ''2 Rare Guest Birds on North Sea Island of Scharhoern West Germany Fox Sparrow Passerella-Iliaca and Scarlet Grosbeak Carpodacus-Erythrinus''. Vogelkundliche Berichte aus Niedersachsen. vol '''11''', no 2. p. 45-46. * Threlfall W & Blacquiere JR. (1982). ''Breeding Biology of the Fox Sparrow Passerella-Iliaca in Newfoundland Canada''. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol '''53''', no 3. p. 235-239. * Webster JD. (1975). ''The Fox Sparrow in Southwestern Yukon and Adjacent Areas''. Condor. vol '''77''', no 2. p. 215-216. * Webster JD. (1983). ''Passerella-Iliaca-Chilcatensis New-Subspecies a Fox Sparrow from Alaska USA''. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. vol '''96''', no 4. p. 664-668. * Zink RM. (1983). ''Evolutionary and Systematic Significance of Temporal Variation in the Fox Sparrow Passerella-Iliaca''. Systematic Zoology. vol '''32''', no 3. p. 223-238. * Zink RM. (1994). ''The geography of mitochondrial DNA variation, population structure, hybridization, and species limits in the fox sparrow (Passerella iliaca)''. Evolution. vol '''48''', no 1. p. 96-111.</font> </div> [[Category:Genera of birds]] [[Category:Passerella|*]] [[Category:Birds of Canada|Sparrow, Fox]] [[Category:Birds of the United States|Sparrow, Fox]] [[de:Fuchsammer]] [[fr:Passerella]] [[ja:ゴマフスズメ]]