Frederick Gowland Hopkins
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2008-06-28T16:49:01Z
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{{Infobox_Scientist
| name = Sir Frederick Hopkins
| image = Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1861|6|20|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Eastbourne]], [[Sussex]], [[England]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1947|5|16|1861|6|20}}
| death_place = [[Cambridge]], [[England]]
| nationality = [[United Kingdom]]
| field = [[Biochemistry]]
| work_institution = [[University of Cambridge]]
| alma_mate r = [[University of London]]</br>[[Guy's Hospital]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Thomas Stevenson (toxicologist)|Thomas Stevenson]]
| doctoral_students = [[J.B.S. Haldane]]</br>[[Judah Hirsch Quastel]]</br>[[Malcolm Dixon]]
| known_for = [[vitamins|Discovery of vitamins]], [[tryptophan]]
| prizes = [[Image:Nobel prize medal.svg|20px]] [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] (1929)
| religion = [[Agnostic]] [http://traumwerk.stanford.edu:3455/ChristineFinn/59]
}}
'''Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins ''' [[Order of Merit|OM]] [[Royal Society|FRS]] ([[June 20]], [[1861]] [[Eastbourne]], [[Sussex]] - [[May 16]], [[1947]] [[Cambridge]]) was an [[England|English]] [[biochemist]] who was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in 1929, with [[Christiaan Eijkman]], for the discovery of [[vitamin]]s. He also discovered the amino acid [[tryptophan]], in 1901.
==Biography==
Hopkins was educated at the [[City of London School]] completing his further study with the [[University of London External Programme]] and the medical school at [[Guy's Hospital]] ([[King's College London]]).<ref name="Hopkins Obit">Joseph Needham, "Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, O.M., F.R.S. (1861-1947)," ''Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London'', Vol. 17, No. 2. (Dec., 1962), pp. 117-162[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0035-9149%28196212%2917%3A2%3C117%3ASFGHOF%3E2.0.CO%3B2-G]</ref> He then taught physiology and toxicology at [[Guy's Hospital]] from 1894 to 1898, and became Professor of Biochemistry at [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] in 1914, where his students included neurochemistry pioneer [[Judah Hirsch Quastel]].
He was awarded the 1929 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (together with Christiaan Eijkman) for his discovery that certain trace substances -- now known as ''[[vitamin]]s'' -- are essential for the maintenance of good health. He also discovered that [[muscle]] contraction can lead to the accumulation of [[lactic acid]].
Hopkins was [[knighted]] in 1925. He is the father of the archaeologist [[Jacquetta Hawkes]] (and hence the father-in-law of the writer [[J. B. Priestley]]) and also the cousin of [[Gerald Manley Hopkins]]. Although he had no formal doctoral advisor, his equivalent mentor was [[Thomas Stevenson (toxicologist)|Thomas Stevenson]].
==Timeline==
* June 30, 1861: Born in Eastbourne, Sussex, England.
* 1890: Gains B.Sc. degree from [[University of London]].
* 1894: Medical degree from [[Guy's Hospital]], London.
* 1898: Married to Jessie Anne Stevens.
* 1898-1910: Lecturer in [[Chemical Physiology]], Cambridge University.
* 1905: Elected Fellow of the [[Royal Society]] (Britain's most prestigious scientific organization).
* 1910: Appointed Fellow and Praelector in Biochemistry, [[Trinity College, Cambridge]].
* 1912: Publishes "Feeding Experiments Illustrating the Importance of Accessory Food Factors in Normal Dietaries", demonstrating the need for vitamins in diet.
* 1914-1943: First ever Professor of Biochemistry at Cambridge University.
* 1918: Awarded Royal Medal of the Royal Society.
* 1925: Knighted by King George V.
* 1926: Awarded Copley Medal of the Royal Society.
* 1929: Wins Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology.
* 1930-1935: President of the Royal Society.
* 1933: President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.
* 1935: Awarded the [[Order of Merit]] (Britain's most exclusive civilian honor).
* May 16, 1947: Dies in Cambridge, England.
==Notes==
<references/>
==References==
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|pmid = 9175480
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9175480
|last=Kamminga
|first=H
|publication-date=1997 May
|year=1997
|title=Frederick Gowland Hopkins and the unification of biochemistry.
|volume=22
|issue=5
|periodical=Trends Biochem. Sci.
|pages=184-7
}}
*{{Citation
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|first2=M W
|publication-date=1996 Jul
|year=1996
|title=The making of a biochemist. I: Frederick Gowland Hopkins' construction of dynamic biochemistry.
|volume=40
|issue=3
|periodical=Medical history
|pages=269-92
}}
*{{Citation
|pmid = 8952288
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|publication-date=1996 Oct
|year=1996
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|volume=40
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|periodical=Medical history
|pages=415-36
}}
*{{Citation
|pmid = 387659
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/387659
|last=Kohler
|first=R E
|publication-date=1978 Sep
|year=1978
|title=Walter Fletcher, F. G. Hopkins, and the Dunn Institute of Biochemistry: a case study in the patronage of science.
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*{{Citation
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*{{Citation
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|publication-date=1959 Jan
|year=1959
|title=The faith of a master in biochemistry; the first Hopkins Memorial Lecture.
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|issue=1
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|pages=1-9
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*{{Citation
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*{{Citation
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|publication-date=2002 Jun 14
|year=2002
|title=On glutathione. II. A thermostable oxidation-reduction system (Hopkins, F. G., and Dixon, M. (1922) J. Biol. Chem. 54, 527-563).
|volume=277
|issue=24
|periodical=J. Biol. Chem.
|pages=e13
}}
*{{Citation
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|year=1968
|title=Nobel prize in 1929 for Christian Eikman for discovery of the antineuritic vitamin and for Frederic G. Hopkins for discovery of the growth vitamin
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|pages=160-1
}}
*Thomas, N.J.T. 1998. [http://www.imagery-imagination.com/hopkins.htm The Life and Scientific Work of Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins]
*{{Citation
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|publication-date=1975 Jan
|year=1975
|title=Nutrition classics from The Journal of Physiology 35:88-102, 1906-1907. The importance of individual amino-acids in metabolism. Observations on the effect of adding tryptophane to a dietary in which zein is the sole nitrogenous constituent.
|last=Willcock
|first=Edith G.
|last2=Hopkins
|first2=F. Gowland
|volume=33
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|pages=15-7
}}
*{{Citation
|pmid = 17062455
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17062455
|last=Zetterström
|first=Rolf
|publication-date=2006 Nov
|year=[[2006]]
|title=C. Eijkman (1858-1930) and Sir F.G. Hopkins (1861-1947): the dawn of vitamins and other essential nutritional growth factors.
|volume=95
|issue=11
|periodical=Acta Paediatr.
|pages=cover, 1331-3
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}}
*{{Citation
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|last=(unknown author(s))
|year=1970
|title=Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins (1861-1947).
|volume=211
|issue=13
|periodical=[[Journal of the American Medical Association|JAMA]]
|pages=2151-2
}}
==External links==
*[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1929/hopkins-bio.html Nobel Prize biography]
*[http://www.imagery-imagination.com/hopkins.htm Biography by N.J.T. Thomas]
*[http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mainzv/Web_Genealogy/h-list.htm Chemical genealogy]
{{Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Laureates 1926-1950}}
{{Royal Society presidents 1900s}}
{{Persondata
|NAME= Hopkins, Frederick
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= [[England|English]] [[Biochemist]]
|DATE OF BIRTH= [[June 20]], [[1861]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Eastbourne]], [[Sussex]], [[England]]
|DATE OF DEATH= [[May 16]], [[1947]]
|PLACE OF DEATH= [[Cambridge]], [[England]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hopkins, Frederick}}
[[Category:1861 births]]
[[Category:1947 deaths]]
[[Category:Academics of King's College London]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College London]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London External System]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:English agnostics]]
[[Category:English biochemists]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Merit]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine]]
[[Category:Old Citizens (City of London School)]]
[[Category:People from Eastbourne]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Copley Medal]]
[[ar:فريدريك هوبكنس]]
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[[pl:Frederick Hopkins]]
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[[ru:Хопкинс, Фредерик Гоуленд]]
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[[uk:Фредерик Ґоуленд Гопкінс]]
[[zh:弗雷德里克·霍普金斯]]