French paradox
319138
224762716
2008-07-10T09:01:46Z
Spiro Keats
1627399
/* Procyanidins */ The Stomach as a “Bioreactor”: When Red Meat Meets Red Wine
The '''French paradox''' refers to the observation that [[France|the French]] suffer a relatively low incidence of [[coronary heart disease]], despite having a diet relatively rich in [[saturated fat]]s.<ref name="ferrieres">Ferrieres, J. (2004). The French Paradox; Lessons for other countries [Electronic version]. Heart, 90, 107–111.</ref> The phenomenon was first noted by Irish physician [[Samuel Black (physician)|Samuel Black]] in 1819. The term ''French paradox'' was coined by Dr. Serge Renaud, a scientist from Bordeaux University in France in 1992.<ref>[http://www.vitaminsontheweb.info/articles/the-french-paradox.html The French paradox]</ref>
When a description of this paradox was aired in the [[United States]] on ''[[60 Minutes]]'' in 1991 with the proposal that red wine, or alcohol, decreases the incidence of cardiac diseases, the consumption of [[red wine]] increased 44% and some wineries began lobbying for the right to label their products as "[[health food]]".<ref name=die>[http://www.marininstitute.org/alcohol_policy/french_drinking.htm "Drink Like the French, Die Like the French"] </ref>
However, some health researchers question the validity of this paradox. Statistics collected by the [[WHO]] from 1990-2000 show that the incidence of heart disease in France may have been underestimated, and may in fact be similar to that of neighboring countries.<ref name=die/> In 2008 it was found that low doses of [[resveratrol]] mimicked the benefits of [[caloric restriction]] (extended lifespan and reduced effects of aging) in a mice study.<ref>Barger J. L. et al A Low Dose of Dietary Resveratrol Partially Mimics Caloric Restriction and Retards Aging Parameters in Mice http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0002264</ref>
== Overview ==
According to [[FAO]] data<ref>[http://faostat.fao.org/faostat/servlet/XteServlet3?Areas=68&Areas=231&Items=2941&Items=2740&Items=2741&Items=2901&Items=2733&Elements=684&Years=2002&Format=Table&Xaxis=Years&Yaxis=Countries&Aggregate=&Calculate=&Domain=FS&ItemTypes=FS.NonPrimaryLivestockAndProducts&language=EN FAOSTAT]</ref>{{Failed verification|date=September 2007}}, the average French person consumed 108 grams per day of fat from animal sources in 2002 while the average American consumed only 72. The French eat four times as much butter, 60 percent more cheese and nearly three times as much pork. Although the French consume only slightly more total fat (171 g/d vs 157), they consume much more saturated fat because Americans consume a much larger proportion of fat in the form of vegetable oil, with most of that being soybean oil.<ref>[http://faostat.fao.org/faostat/servlet/XteServlet3?Areas=68&Areas=231&Items=2571&Items=2573&Items=2914&Elements=684&Years=2002&Format=Table&Xaxis=Years&Yaxis=Countries&Aggregate=&Calculate=&Domain=FS&ItemTypes=FS.CropsAndProducts&language=EN FAOSTAT]</ref> {{Failed verification|date=September 2007}}However, according to data from the British Heart foundation<ref>[http://www.heartstats.org/datapage.asp?id=744ytfytfy Tab 3.5 RSD web08: Age-standardised rate of finished consultant episodes for operations for CHD by sex and local authority, all ages and under 75 years, 2001/06, England (Table)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, in 1999, rates of death from [[coronary heart disease]] among males aged 35–74 years was 115 per 100,000 people in the US but only 83 per 100,000 in France.
==Wine==
It has been suggested that France's high [[red wine]] consumption is a primary factor in the trend. This theory was expounded in a ''[[60 Minutes]]'' broadcast in 1991.<ref name=die/> The program catalysed a large increase in North American demand for red [[wine]]s from around the world. It is believed{{Who|date=September 2007}} that one of the ingredients in red wine potentially related to this effect is [[resveratrol]].
===Alcohol in wine===
{{main|Alcohol and cardiovascular disease}}
{{alcohealth}}
Research suggests that moderate drinkers are less likely to suffer [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]]s than are abstainers or heavy drinkers (see [[Alcohol and cardiovascular disease]] for details). Therefore, the alcohol in wine could be a factor in the French paradox.
However, the difference between US annual alcohol consumption (8.6 litres per year)<ref>WHO [http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm?countries=usa&indicators=AlcoholConsumption&indicators=TobaccoUseAdultMale&indicators=TobaccoUseAdultFemale Core Health Indicators: United States of America]</ref> and French consumption (11.4 litres per year) is only 2.5 litres per year.<ref>WHO [http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm?countries=fra&indicators=AlcoholConsumption&indicators=TobaccoUseAdultMale&indicators=TobaccoUseAdultFemale Core Health Indicators: France]</ref> French consumption is lower than [[Luxembourg]] (15.6 litres), the [[Czech Republic]] (13.0 litres), [[Hungary]] (13.6 litres), [[Germany]] (12.0 litres), and [[Croatia]] (12.3 litres) where no similar paradoxes are observed.
There is a lack of medical consensus about whether moderate consumption of beer, wine, or distilled spirits has a stronger association with longevity. Of ten major studies, three found stronger evidence for wine, three for beer, three for liquor, and one study found no difference between alcoholic beverages.<ref>Edell, D. Eat, ''Drink and be Merry: America’s Doctor Tells You Why the Health Experts are Wrong''. NY: HarperCollins, 1999, pp. 191-192</ref>
===Resveratrol===
{{main|Resveratrol}}
Wines, particularly red wines, are a source of [[resveratrol]] which is linked to longevity and cancer prevention.
===Procyanidins and polyphenols===
Although research continues on resveratrol, the concentration in wine seems too low to account for the French paradox. Professor [[Roger Corder]] and team have identified a particular group of [[polyphenols]], known as [[oligomeric]] [[procyanidins]], which they believe offer the greatest degree of protection to human blood-vessel cells. Tests with 165 wines showed that these are found in greatest concentration in European red wines from certain areas, which correlates with longevity in those regions.
<ref>[http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/548419 Procyanidins May Be the Factor Behind Red Wine's Cardioprotective Effect], from ''Nature'' vol. 444, p. 566; 30 November 2006</ref>
The highest procyanidins are found in wines from the [[Tannat]] grape, grown in the Gers area of southwest France.
Unlike resveratrol, procyanidins ''are'' present in wine in quantities that seem to be high enough to be significant: "Procyanidins are the most abundant flavonoid polyphenols in red wine - up to one gram per litre is found in some traditional style red wines."<ref>[http://www.emaxhealth.com/74/8441.html Real Link Between Drinking Red Wine and Increased Longevity - Food and Health<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> "...clinical trials of grape seed extract, which have shown that 200 - 300 mg per day will lower blood pressure. Two small glasses (125 ml glass) of a procyanidin-rich red wine, such as a Madiran wine from southwest France, would provide this amount." However several times this amount of procyanidin can be consumed by eating an apple.<ref>Hammerstone J. F. et al http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/130/8/2086S Journal of Nutrition. 2000;130:2086S-2092S</ref>
Other research suggests that polyphenols in wine reduce the absorption of [[malondialdehyde]], which is implicated in [[arteriosclerosis]], cancer, diabetes and other diseases.
<ref>[http://www.economist.com/science/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11662560&CFID Red wine exercises its benefits before it enters the bloodstream]</ref><ref>[http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/sample.cgi/jafcau/2008/56/i13/html/jf703700d.html The Stomach as a “Bioreactor”: When Red Meat Meets Red Wine]</ref>
== French diet comparisons ==
In his book, ''The Fat Fallacy'', Dr. Will Clower suggests the French paradox may be narrowed down to a few key factors, namely:
* Good fats versus bad fats — French people get up to 80% of their fat intake from dairy and vegetable sources{{Fact|date=June 2008}}, including whole milk, cheeses, and whole milk yoghurt. Conversely, they consume very little animal fat. Dairy fats have been shown to be healthier than other forms of fats{{Fact|date=April 2008}}, and they make a person feel full earlier thus encouraging smaller portion sizes. <!-- Most american health authorities seem to think that saturated fats from dairy are just as unhealthy as saturated fats from animal flesh -- this statement needs to be sourced. -->
* Higher quantities of fish (three times a week).
* Smaller portions, eaten more slowly and divided among courses that let the body digest food already consumed before more food is added.
* Lower sugar intake — American low-fat and no-fat foods often contain high sugar. French diets avoid these products preferring full-fat versions without added sugar.
* Low incidence of snacks between meals.
* Avoidance of common American food items, such as soda, deep-fried foods, snack foods, and especially pre-prepared foods which can typically make for a large percentage of the foods in American grocery stores.
Clower tends to downplay the common beliefs that wine consumption and smoking are greatly responsible for the French paradox. Even without wine consumption, the French diet tends to cause Americans to lose weight while visiting even if they are not wine drinkers.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} And while a higher percentage of French people smoke, this is not greatly higher than the US (35% in France vs. 25% in US){{Fact|date=June 2007}} and is unlikely to account for the weight difference between cultures.
== Climate and lifestyle ==
Geographical and lifestyle factors may also go some way towards explaining the paradox. France from the Centrale region southwards has a warm [[Mediterranean climate]]. The effects of good weather will encourage outdoor leisure pursuits (often physical) to a greater extent than predominantly inclement weather.<ref name="ferrieres"/> Ferrieres cites a study by Scarabin et al. (2003) comparing activity and health statistics in men from Toulouse and Belfast that shows although the total levels of physical activity are similar for both cities, French men performed more physical activity in their leisure time, possibly accounting for decreased incidence of CHD compared to Northern Ireland.
== Under-certification ==
Another possible explanation for the paradox is under-certification of coronary heart disease related deaths by French physicians. However when the possible bias was accounted for and corrected, CHD mortality rates were still significantly lower than similar western countries.<ref name="ferrieres"/>
== Time lag hypothesis ==
The time lag hypothesis states that if there was a delay in serum cholesterol concentrations increasing and a subsequent increase in [[ischaemic]] heart disease mortality, then the rate of current disease mortality must relate to past levels of serum cholesterol and fat consumption much more than current levels.<ref>(Law & Waild, 1999)</ref> Law and Waild (1999) used Criqui and Ringel’s (1994) study of alcohol and diet in explaining the French paradox. On analysing past and recent data of serum cholesterol and fat consumption (when earlier data were entered and adjustment was made for under-certification of CHD), they found that France fits in with the trend of other countries with similar cholesterol and fat intake. Also, recent data prediction for CHD mortality rates showed that France was similar to other countries.
== Hydrogenated and trans fats ==
In the book, ''Cholesterol and The French Paradox'', there is another explanation given by clinical nutritionist Frank Cooper.<ref>Cooper, Frank A. ''Cholesterol and The French Paradox''. Queensland Australia: Zeus Publications, 2006, pp 152-162.</ref> He argues that the French paradox is due to the lack of hydrogenated and [[trans fats]] in the French diet{{Disputable}}. The French diet is based on natural ‘saturated fats’ such as cheese and cream that the human body finds easy to metabolise. But the American diet includes larger amounts of artificial ‘saturated fats’ made from a process of hydrogenating vegetable oils. These hydrogenated vegetable oils have an unusual molecular structure that the human body finds difficult to metabolise. In addition, these hydrogenated fats include small quantities of ‘trans fats’ that have a dangerous molecular structure that the human body sees as foreign, and cause damage to the structure of the cells in the body. Trans fats are well known to cause diabetes, heart disease and macular eye disease.
== Whole diet ==
In the book ''In Defense of Food'' Michael Pollan suggests the explanation is not any single nutrient, but the combination of nutrients found in unprocessed food; not any one nutrient, not the amount of carbohydrates or fats or proteins. But, the whole length and breadth of nutrients found in "natural" foods as opposed to "processed" foods.<ref>Pollan, Michael ''In Defense of Food''. Penguin Press, 2008.</ref>
== Validity questioned ==
Nevertheless, the medical causes of the French paradox are still not entirely clear and research continues while some researchers have questioned altogether the validity of this paradox by dismissing dietary saturated fat as a cause of coronary heart disease, a view that has recently received support when the results of the 20 year-long [[Nurses' Health Study]] run by the [[Harvard School of Public Health]] suggested, after accumulating over a decade of data on the diet and health of almost 300,000 Americans, that total fat consumed has no relation to heart disease risk, provided it is not [[trans fat]].<ref>Couzin, Jennifer [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/311/5762/755 Women's Health: Study Yields Murky Signals on Low-Fat Diets and Disease] ''Science'' [[10 February]] 2006: Vol. 311. no. 5762, p. 755 DOI: 10.1126/science.311.5762.755</ref>
==See also==
* [[Mediterranean diet]]
* [[French Women Don't Get Fat]]
* [[French cuisine]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
===Other sources===
* Abdulla, A. & Badaway, B. (2001). Moderate alcohol consumption as a cardiovascular risk factor: the role of homocycteine and the need to re-explain the ‘French Paradox’ [Electronic version]. Alcohol & Alcoholism, 36, 185-188.
* Law, M. & Wald, N. (1999).Why heart disease mortality is low in France: the time lag explanation.[Electronic version]. British Medical Journal, 318, 1471-1480.
* Perdue, W. Lewis, ''et al''. ''the French Paradox and Beyond''. Sonoma, CA: Renaissance, 1993.
* Rozin, P., Kabnick, K., Pete, E., Fischler, C., & Shields, C. (2003). The ecology of eating: Part of the French paradox results from lower food intake in French than Americans, because of smaller portion sizes. Psychological Science, 14, 450-454.
==External links==
* [http://www.inc-opc.com/content/view/44/62/ Prof. Jack Masquelier - A Lifetime Devoted to Science]
* [http://www.economist.com/science/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10423439 How To Live Forever] ''[[The Economist]]'' [[3 January]] 2008]
* [http://www.vitaminsontheweb.info/articles/the-french-paradox.html The French Paradox]
[[Category:Paradoxes]]
[[Category:Cardiovascular diseases]]
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