Friday
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2008-07-15T08:54:52Z
Soman
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/* References */ sindhi iw
{{Unreferenced|date=February 2007}}
{{otheruses1|the day of the week}}
'''Friday''' (pronunciation {{IPAEng|ˈfraɪdeɪ, ˈfraɪdi}}) is the day of the [[week]] falling between [[Thursday]] and [[Saturday]]. It is the sixth day in countries that adopt a ''Sunday-first'' convention. In [[ISO 8601]], in work-based customs, and in countries adopting ''Monday-first'' conventions, it is the fifth day of the week. (''See'' [[Days of the week]] for more on the different conventions.)
In most countries with a five-day work week, Friday is the last workday before the [[weekend]] and is, therefore, viewed as a cause for celebration or relief. In some offices, employees are allowed to wear less formal attire on Fridays, known as [[Casual Friday]] or Dress-Down Friday.
In Saudi Arabia & [[Iran]], however, Friday is the last day of the weekend and Saturday is the first workday. Moreover, in Israel, Friday is the first day of the [[weekend]], and Sunday is the first workday.
==Etymology==
[[Image:FriggSpinning.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Frigg spinning the clouds, by J C Dollman]]
The name ''Friday'' comes from the [[Old English language|Old English]] ''frigedæg,'' meaning the day of [[Frige]] the Anglo-Saxon form of [[Frigg]], a [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]] translation of Latin ''dies Veneris'', "day (of the planet) Venus." However, in most [[Germanic languages]] the day is named after [[Freyja]]—such as ''Frīatag'' in [[Old High German]], ''Freitag'' in Modern [[German language|German]], ''Freyjudagr'' in [[Old Norse language|Old Norse]], ''Vrijdag'' in [[Dutch language|Dutch]], ''Fredag'' in [[Swedish language|Swedish]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], and [[Danish language|Danish]]—but Freyja and Frigg are frequently [[Frigg#Connection between Frigg and Freyja|identified with each other]].
The word for Friday in most [[Romance languages]] is derived from Latin ''dies Veneris'', "day (of the planet) Venus" (a translation of Greek ''Aphrodites hemera'') such as ''vendredi'' in [[French language|French]], ''venerdì'' in [[Italian language|Italian]], ''viernes'' in [[Spanish language|Spanish]], and ''vineri'' in [[Romanian language|Romanian]]. In most of the [[Indian languages]], Friday is ''Shukravar'' (or a derived variation of Sukravar), named for [[Shukra]], the Sanskrit name of the planet [[Venus]]. In other [[Indo-European languages]] the day is not related to the the plane Venus. [[Russian language|Russian]] uses an [[ordinal number (linguistics)|ordinal number]] for this day of the week-- ''piatnítsa,'' meaning "fifth." Similarly, the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] is ''sexta-feira'', the sixth day.
==Astrology==
In [[astrology]] Friday is connected with the planet [[Venus]]. This associates Friday with love, peace, and relaxation, as well as with emotional intensity and quashed dreams. It is also connected with the [[Astrological]] signs [[Libra (astrology)|Libra]] and [[Taurus]].
==Superstition==
In some cultures, Friday is considered unlucky, especially [[Friday the 13th]]. This is particularly so in maritime circles; perhaps the most enduring sailing superstition is that it is unlucky to begin a voyage on a Friday. In one myth a [[Royal Navy]] ship ([[HMS Friday|HMS ''Friday'']]) was laid down on a Friday, launched on a Friday, captained by a Captain Friday, and was never heard of again.{{Fact|date=October 2007}}
As told by comedian Dave Allen on the BBC in the 1970s, however, this superstition is not universal, notably in Scottish Gaelic culture:
:"Though Friday has always been held an unlucky day in many [[Christianity|Christian]] countries, still in the [[Hebrides]] it is supposed that it is a lucky day for sowing the seed. [[Good Friday]] in particular is a favourite day for [[potato]] planting—even strict [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholics]] make a point of planting a bucketful on that day. Probably the idea is that as the [[Resurrection]] followed the [[Crucifixion]], and Burial so too in the case of the seed, and after death will come life." (Reference: ''Dwelly’s [Scottish] Gaelic Dictionary'' (1911): Di-haoine)
==Statistical anomaly==
The use of the [[Gregorian calendar]] and its leap year system results in a small [[statistical]] [[anomaly]], that the 13th of any month is ''slightly'' more likely to fall on a Friday than any of the other seven days.<ref> The calculation is explained online here: [http://www.jimloy.com/math/friday13.htm]</ref> The figures are 688/4800 (43/300) which is .1433333..., being just slightly greater than 1 in 7.
After the United States [[Alaska purchase|acquired]] [[Alaska]] from [[Russia]] in 1867, Friday October 6 was immediately followed by Friday October 18, adjusting to the adoption of the 1582 [[Gregorian calendar]] changes by the British colonies in 1752, and the shifting of the [[International Date Line]]. Prior to that change, Alaska began Russia's day, with the date line following the partially-defined border between Russian Alaska and British North America, including the colony of British Columbia.
==Religious observances==
The [[Judaism|Jewish]] [[Shabbat|Sabbath]] begins at [[sunset]] on Friday and lasts until nightfall on Saturday.
In Christianity [[Good Friday]] is the Friday before [[Easter]]. It commemorates the [[crucifixion]] of [[Jesus]].
Traditionally, [[Roman Catholic]]s were obliged to [[Fasting and abstinence in the Roman Catholic Church|refrain from eating the meat]] of land animals on Fridays, although [[fish]] was allowed. Since the [[Second Vatican Council]], abstention from meat is restricted to Fridays in [[Lent]], as well as [[Ash Wednesday]]. Roman Catholic [[canon law]] still requires Catholics to practice a work of penance for all Fridays throughout the year, whether abstinence from meat or other food, or some work of charity or other pious exercise.[http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P4O.HTM] Some [[Traditionalist Catholic]]s voluntarily continue to practice every-Friday abstinence. Some [[Anglo-Catholics]] also practice abstinence either on all Fridays or on Fridays in Lent. More generally, traditional Anglican Prayer Books prescribe weekly Friday abstinence for all Anglicans [http://www.eskimo.com/~lhowell/bcp1662/info/tables/rules.html] [http://www.prayerbook.ca/bcp/fasting.html].
The [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] continues to observe Fridays (as well as Wednesdays) as [[fast day]]s throughout the year (with the exception of several fast-free periods during the year. Fasting on Fridays entails [[abstinence]] from meat or meat products (i.e., four-footed animals), [[poultry]] and [[dairy products]]. Unless a [[feast day]] occurs on a Friday, the Orthodox also abstain from using oil in their cooking and from alcoholic beverages (there is some debate over whether abstention from oil involves all [[cooking oil]] or only [[olive oil]]). For the Orthodox, Fridays throughout the year commemorate the [[Crucifixion of Christ]] and the [[Theotokos]] ([[Mother of God]]), especially as she stood by the foot of the cross. There are [[hymn]]s in the [[Octoechos (liturgy)|Octoekhos]] which reflect this liturgically. These include ''[[Theotokion|Theotokia]]'' (hymns to the Mother of God) which are chanted on Wednesdays and Fridays called ''Stavrotheotokia'' ("Cross-Theotokia"). The [[dismissal]] at the end of services on Fridays begin with the words: "May Christ our true God, through the power of the precious and life-giving cross...."
[[Religious Society of Friends|Quakers]] traditionally refer to Friday as "Sixth Day" eschewing the [[Paganism|pagan]] origins of the name. In Slavic countries, it is called "Fifth Day" ([[Polish language|Polish]] {{lang|pl|''piątek''}}, [[Russian language|Russian]] {{lang|ru|''пятница''}} – ''pyatnitsa'').
In [[Islam]], Friday is the day of public worship in mosques (see [[Jumu'ah]]). In some [[Islamic countries]], the week begins on Sunday and ends on Saturday, just like the Jewish and Christian week. In most other Islamic countries, such as [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Iran]] & [[Iraq]], the week begins on Saturday and ends on Friday. Friday is also the day of rest in the Bahá'í Faith.<ref name="log">{{cite book |first=Shoghi |last=Effendi |authorlink= Shoghi Effendi |coauthors= The Universal House of Justice |editor= Hornby, Helen (Ed.) |year= 1983 |title= Lights of Guidance: A Bahá'í Reference File |publisher= Bahá'í Publishing Trust, New Delhi, India |id= ISBN 8185091463 |url= http://bahai-library.com/?file=hornby_lights_guidance | pages = pp. 109}}</ref>
In [[Thailand]], the color associated with Friday is blue, see [[Thai solar calendar]].
===Parasceve===
:'''Paraskeva''' and '''Parasceve''' redirect here, for the saint, ''see'' [[Paraskevi]].
Parasceve (Greek ''paraskevé'') seems to have supplanted the older term, '''prosábbaton''' 'pre-sabbath', used in the translation of [[Judith]], viii, 6, and in the title –''not to be found in Hebrew''– of [[Psalm]] 92 (93). It became, among Hellenistic Jews, the name for Friday, and was adopted by Greek ecclesiastical writers after the writing of "The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles". Apparently it was first applied by the Jews to the afternoon of Friday, then to the whole day, its etymology pointing to the "preparations" to be made for the Sabbath, as indicated in the [[King James Bible]], where the Greek word is translated by "Day of Preparation". That the regulations of the Law might be minutely observed, it was made imperative to have on the Parasceve, three meals of the choicest food laid ready before sunset (the Sabbath beginning on Friday night); it was forbidden to undertake in the afternoon of the sixth day any business which might extend to the [[Shabbat|Sabbath]]; [[Augustus]] relieved the Jews from certain legal duties from the ninth hour ([[Josephus]], "Antiq. Jud.", XVI, vi, 2).
Parasceve seems to have been applied also to the eve of certain festival days of a sabbatic character. Foremost among these was the first day of the unleavened bread, [[Nisan]] 15. We learn from the [[Mishna]] (Pesach., iv, 1, 5) that the Parasceve of the [[Pasch]], on whatever day of the week it fell, was kept even more religiously than the ordinary Friday, in Judaea work ceasing at noon, and in [[Galilee]] the whole day being free. In the schools the only question discussed regarding this particular Parasceve was, when should the rest commence: [[Shammai]] said from the very beginning of the day (evening of Nisan 13); [[Hillel]] said only from after sunrise (morning of Nisan 14).
The use of the word Parasceve in the [[Gospel]]s raises the question concerning the actual day of [[Christ]]'s crucifixion. All the [[Four Evangelists|Evangelist]]s state that Jesus died on the day of the Parasceve ([[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] 27:62; [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]] 15:42; [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] 23:54; [[Gospel of John|John]] 19:14, 31), and there can be no doubt from Luke 23:54-56 and John 19:31, that this was Friday, but on what day of the month of Nisan did that particular Friday fall? [[John the Apostle|Saint John]] distinctly points to Nisan 14, while the [[Synoptic]]s, by implying that the [[Last Supper]] was the Paschal meal, convey the impression that Jesus was crucified on Nisan 15. But this is hardly reconcilable with the following facts: after the Supper, he and his disciples left the city, as also did the men detailed to arrest him–this, on Nisan 15, would have been contrary to [[Exodus]] 12:22; the next morning the Jews had not yet eaten the Passover; moreover, during that day the Council convened; [[Simon]] was apparently coming from work (Luke 23:26); Jesus and the two robbers were executed and were taken down from the [[cross]]es; [[Joseph of Arimathea]] bought fine [[linen]] (Mark 15:46), and [[Nicodemus]] brought "a mixture of [[myrrh]] and [[aloes]] about an hundred pound weight" (John 19:39) for the [[burial]]; lastly the women prepared [[spice]]s for the embalming of the [[Saviour]]'s body (Luke 23:55)–all things which would have been a desecration on Nisan 15. Most commentators, whether they think the Last Supper to have been the Paschal meal or an anticipation thereof, hold that Christ, as Saint John states, was crucified on the Parasceve of the Pasch, Friday, Nisan 14.
==Named days==
*[[Good Friday]] is the Friday before [[Easter]] in the [[Christian calendar]]. It commemorates the [[crucifixion]] of [[Jesus]].
*[[Black Friday (disambiguation)|Black Friday]] refers to any one of several historical disasters that happened on Fridays.
*In the United States, [[Black Friday (shopping)|Black Friday]] is also the nickname of the day after Thanksgiving, the first official day of the Christmas shopping season when most commercial businesses gain enough profit to come out of overall loss (out of the "red" and into the "black") for the year.
*[[Casual Friday]] (also called Dress-down Friday or Aloha Friday) is a relaxation of the formal [[dress code]] employed by some [[corporation]]s for that one day of the week.
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Days_of_the_week}}
[[Category:Friday| ]]
[[Category:Days of the week]]
[[Category:Eastern liturgy]]
[[Category:Fasting]]
[[af:Vrydag]]
[[als:Freitag]]
[[am:ዓርብ]]
[[ang:Frīgedæg]]
[[ar:الجمعة]]
[[frp:Devendro]]
[[ast:Vienres]]
[[az:Cümə]]
[[bn:শুক্রবার]]
[[be-x-old:Пятніца]]
[[bs:Petak]]
[[br:Gwener (deiz)]]
[[bg:Петък]]
[[ca:Divendres]]
[[cv:Эрнекун]]
[[ceb:Biyernes]]
[[cs:Pátek]]
[[co:Vennari]]
[[cy:Dydd Gwener]]
[[da:Fredag]]
[[de:Freitag]]
[[et:Reede]]
[[el:Παρασκευή]]
[[myv:Сюконьчи]]
[[es:Viernes]]
[[eo:Vendredo]]
[[eu:Ostiral]]
[[ee:Fiɖagbe]]
[[fa:آدینه]]
[[fo:Fríggjadagur]]
[[fr:Vendredi]]
[[fy:Freed]]
[[fur:Vinars]]
[[ga:Aoine]]
[[gan:禮拜五]]
[[gd:Di-haoine]]
[[gl:Venres]]
[[ko:금요일]]
[[hy:Ուրբաթ]]
[[hi:शुक्रवार]]
[[hr:Petak]]
[[id:Jumat]]
[[ia:Venerdi]]
[[is:Föstudagur]]
[[it:Venerdì]]
[[he:יום שישי]]
[[jv:Jemuwah]]
[[kn:ಶುಕ್ರವಾರ]]
[[ka:პარასკევი]]
[[kk:Жұма]]
[[kw:Dy' Gwener]]
[[ky:Жума]]
[[sw:Ijumaa]]
[[ht:Vandredi]]
[[ku:În]]
[[lad:Viernes]]
[[la:Dies Veneris]]
[[lv:Piektdiena]]
[[lb:Freideg]]
[[lt:Penktadienis]]
[[lmo:Vendredí]]
[[hu:Péntek]]
[[mk:Петок]]
[[ms:Jumaat]]
[[nah:Quetzalcōātōnal]]
[[nl:Vrijdag]]
[[nds-nl:Vriedag]]
[[ne:शुक्रवार]]
[[ja:金曜日]]
[[nap:Viernarì]]
[[no:Fredag]]
[[nn:Fredag]]
[[nrm:Vendrédi]]
[[oc:Divendres]]
[[uz:Juma]]
[[km:ថ្ងៃសុក្រ]]
[[nds:Freedag]]
[[pl:Piątek]]
[[pt:Sexta-feira]]
[[ksh:Friidaach]]
[[ro:Vineri]]
[[qu:Ch'askachaw]]
[[ru:Пятница]]
[[sco:Friday]]
[[sq:E premtja]]
[[simple:Friday]]
[[sd:جمعو]]
[[sk:Piatok]]
[[cu:Пѧтъкъ]]
[[sl:Petek]]
[[so:Jimco]]
[[sr:Петак]]
[[sh:Petak]]
[[su:Jumaah]]
[[fi:Perjantai]]
[[sv:Fredag]]
[[tl:Biyernes]]
[[tt:Comğa]]
[[te:శుక్రవారము]]
[[th:วันศุกร์]]
[[vi:Thứ Sáu]]
[[tpi:Fraide]]
[[tr:Cuma]]
[[uk:П'ятниця]]
[[ur:جمعہ]]
[[vec:Vènere]]
[[fiu-vro:Riidi]]
[[wa:Vénrdi]]
[[yi:פרייטיק]]
[[yo:Ọjọ́ Ẹtì]]
[[zh-yue:星期五]]
[[cbk-zam:Viernes]]
[[bat-smg:Pėnktadėinis]]
[[zh:星期五]]