Gallbladder cancer
2191571
223648368
2008-07-05T02:04:57Z
Arcadian
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{{Infobox_Disease |
Name = {{PAGENAME}} |
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ICD10 = {{ICD10|C|23||c|15}}-{{ICD10|C|24||c|15}} |
ICD9 = {{ICD9|156}} |
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MeshID = D005706 |
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'''Gallbladder cancer''' is a relatively uncommon [[cancer]]. If it is diagnosed early enough, it can be cured by removing the [[gallbladder]]. Most often it is found after [[symptoms]] such as [[abdominal]] pain and [[jaundice]] occur, and it has spread to other [[Organ (anatomy)|organ]]s such as the [[liver]].
It is a rare cancer that is still being studied and thought to be related to gallstones building up, which also can lead to [[calcium|calcification]] of the gallbladder, a condition known as [[Porcelain gallbladder]]. Porcelain gallbladder is also rare. Some studies indicate that people with porcelain gallbladder have a high risk of developing gallbladder cancer, but other studies question this. The outlook is poor for recovery if the cancer is found after symptoms have started to occur.the cancer is a disorde in the growth of cells.
==Risk factors==
* Gender: More women than men are affected by gallbladder cancer, mostly commonly between the ages of 50 and 60.
* [[Obesity]] increases the risk for gallbladder cancer. It is most common in [[indigenous peoples of the Americas]].
* Primary carcinoma is linked to chronic [[cholecystitis]] and [[cholelithiasis]].
* Alcohol: "…alcohol drinking is a risk factor of gallbladder cancer…"<ref>{{cite journal
| last = Ji
| first = J
| coauthors = Hemminki K
| title = Variation in the risk for liver and gallbladder cancers in socioeconomic and occupational groups in Sweden with etiological implications
| journal = Int Arch Occup Environ Health
| volume =78
| issue =8
| pages = 641–9
| publisher =
| date = 2005 Sep
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=Display&DB=pubmed
| doi =
| pmid = 16001211
| accessdate = 2007-05-28}}</ref> <ref>Ji J, Couto E, Hemminki K. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15800949&dopt=Abstract Incidence differences for gallbladder cancer between occupational groups suggest an etiological role for alcohol] ''Int J Cancer'' 2005 Sep 1;116(3):492-3.</ref>
==Signs and Symptoms==
*Steady pain in the upper right abdomen for around 2 months.
*[[Diarrhea]]
*[[Burping]]
*[[Weakness (medical)|Weakness]]
*[[Loss of appetite]]
*[[Weight loss]]
*[[Vomiting]]
*[[Infection]], leading to [[peritonitis]], [[gangrene]], [[perforation]], and or liver [[abscess]]
*[[Jaundice]], due to obstruction
Early symptoms mimic gallbladder inflammation and gallstones, which must be excluded as the cause. Later, the symptoms may be that of [[bile duct|biliary]] obstruction.
==Disease Course==
Most tumors are [[adenocarcinoma]]s, with a small percent being [[squamous cell]] carcinomas. The cancer commonly spreads to the [[liver]], [[pancreas]], [[stomach]],and [[duodenum]].
==Diagnosis==
[[Image:Gallbladder adenocarcinoma (1) histopathology.jpg|thumb|right|Incidentally discovered gallbladder cancer ([[adenocarcinoma]]) following a [[cholecystectomy]]. [[H&E stain]].]]
Early diagnosis is not generally possible. People at high risk, such as women or Native Americans with frequent gallstones, are evaluated closely. Endoscopic [[ultrasound]], transabdominal ultrasound, [[CT scan]], [[MRI]], and MR cholangiopancreatography can be used to diagnose.
==Treatment==
The most common and most effective treatment is surgical removal of the gallbladder ([[cholecystectomy]]) with [[lymph node]] dissection. However, with gallbladder cancer's extremely poor prognosis, most will die by one year following the surgery. If surgery is not possible, endoscopic stenting of the biliary tree can reduce jaundice. [[Chemotherapy]] and [[radiation therapy|radiation]] may also be used with surgery.
==References==
<references/>
* Lewis, S.M., Heitkemper, M.M., & Dirksen, S.R. Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems, 6th ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 2004.
* McCance,K., & Huether, S. Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults & Children, 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 2002.
==External links==
* [http://pathology2.jhu.edu/gbbd/ The Johns Hopkins Esophageal Cancer Web page]
{{Digestive system neoplasia}}
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[pl:Rak pęcherzyka żółciowego]]
[[pt:Câncer de vesícula biliar]]
[[sv:Gallblåsecancer]]