Gardening 11984 224431947 2008-07-08T20:35:49Z MrOllie 6908984 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/Guerillajess|Guerillajess]]; Rv per [[WP:EL]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) {{for|the codename|minelaying}} [[Image:gardening.jpg|thumb|300px|A gardener]] '''Gardening''' is the practice of growing [[plant]]s for their attractive flowers or foliage, and [[vegetable]]s or [[fruit]]s for consumption. Gardening is a human activity used to produce edible foods and use plants to beautify their local environmental conditions. Its scale ranges: from fruit orchards, to long boulevards plantings with one or more different types of shrubs, trees and [[herbaceous]] plants, to residential yards including lawns and foundation plantings, to large or small containers grown inside or outside. Gardening may often be very specific, with only one type of plant grown, or involve a large number of different plants in mixed plantings. It involves an active participation in the growing of plants and tends to be labor intensive, which differentiates it from [[farming]] or [[forestry]]. == History == {{Horticulture and Gardening}} {{Main|History of gardening}} Gardening for food extends far back into [[prehistory]]. [[Ornamental Gardens|Ornamental gardens]] were known in ancient times, a famous example being the [[Hanging Gardens of Babylon]], while [[ancient Rome]] had dozens of gardens. ==Types of gardening== [[Residential garden]]ing takes place near the home, in a space referred to as the '''[[garden]]'''. Although a garden typically is located on the land near a residence, it may also be located [[roof garden|on a roof]], in an [[Atrium (architecture)|atrium]], on a [[balcony]], in a [[windowbox]], or [[patio garden|on a patio]] or [[vivarium]]. Gardening also takes place in non-residential green areas, such as [[park]]s, public or semi-public gardens ([[botanical garden]]s or [[zoological garden]]s), [[amusement park|amusement]] and [[theme park]]s, along transportation corridors, and around [[tourism|tourist attractions]] and [[garden hotels]]. In these situations, a staff of [[gardener]]s or [[groundskeeper]]s maintains the gardens. [[Impact Garden]]ing is a way of using small space to great effect, keeping plants close together, which blocks weeds and requires very little upkeep once started. [[Image:Moving soil.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Moving soil.]] [[Indoor garden]]ing is concerned with the growing of [[houseplant]]s within a residence or building, in a [[conservatory (greenhouse)|conservatory]], or in a [[greenhouse]]. Indoor gardens are sometimes incorporated as part of [[air conditioning]] or [[heating]] systems. [[Water garden]]ing is concerned with growing plants adapted to pools and [[pond]]s. [[Bog]] gardens are also considered a type of water garden. These all require special conditions and considerations. A simple water garden may consist solely of a tub containing the [[water]] and plant(s). [[Container garden]]ing is concerned with growing plants in any type of container either indoors or outdoors. Common containers are pots, hanging baskets, and planters. Container gardening is usually used in atriums and on balconies, patios, and roof tops. [[Community garden]]ing is a social activity in which an area of land is gardened by a group of people, providing access to fresh produce and plants as well as access to satisfying labor, neighborhood improvement, sense of community and connection to the environment. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.communitygarden.org/learn/ |publisher=American Community Garden Association |date=2007 |title=What is a community garden?}}</ref><ref> Hannah, A.K. & Oh, P. (2000) Rethinking Urban Poverty: A look at Community Gardens. ''Bulletin of Science, Technology and & Society.'' 20(3). 207-216. </ref> Community gardens are typically owned in trust by local governments or nonprofits.<ref> Ferris, J., Norman, C. & Sempik, J. (2001) People, Land and Sustainability: Community Gardens and the Social Dimension of Sustainable Development. ''Social Policy and Administration.'' 35(5). 559-568.</ref> ==Gardeners== A "gardener" is any person involved in [[gardening]], arguably the oldest occupation, from the [[hobbyist]] in a [[residential garden]], the homeowner supplementing the family food with a small [[vegetable garden]] or [[orchard]], to an employee in a [[nursery]] or the [[head gardener]] in a [[great house|large estate]]. The term gardener is also used to describe [[garden design]]ers and [[landscape gardener]]s, who are involved chiefly in the design of gardens, rather than the practical aspects of [[horticulture]]. [[History of gardening|Gardening has a long history]], and there have been many [[History of gardening#Historic gardeners|pioneering gardeners]] of note, from the great landscape gardeners of the 18th century, to those who created or expanded the idea of the [[No-dig gardening|"no-dig" garden]]. In addition, television [[lifestyle programs]] have spawned a number of [[celebrity gardener]]s. ==Comparison with farming== In respect to its food producing purpose, gardening is distinguished from [[Agriculture|farming]] chiefly by scale and intent. Farming occurs on a larger scale, and with the production of saleable goods as a major motivation. Gardening is done on a smaller scale, primarily for pleasure and to produce goods for the gardener's own family or community. There is some overlap between the terms, particularly in that some moderate-sized vegetable growing concerns, often called [[market gardening]], can fit in either category. [[Image:Brian Farrell plants.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Planting in a garden.]] The key distinction between gardening and farming is essentially one of scale; gardening can be a hobby or an income supplement, but farming is generally understood as a full-time or commercial activity, usually involving more land and quite different practices. One distinction is that gardening is labor-intensive and employs very little [[infrastructural capital]], typically no more than a few tools, e.g. a [[spade]], [[Hoe (tool)|hoe]], [[basket]] and [[watering can]]. By contrast, larger-scale farming often involves [[irrigation system]]s, chemical [[fertilizer]]s and [[combine harvester|harvesters]] or at least [[ladder]]s, e.g. to reach up into [[fruit tree]]s. However, this distinction is becoming blurred with the increasing use of power tools in even small gardens. In part because of labor intensity and aesthetic motivations, gardening is very often much more productive per unit of land than farming. In the [[Soviet Union]], half the [[food supply]] came from small peasants' garden plots on the huge government-run [[collective farm]]s, although they were tiny patches of land. Some argue this as evidence of superiority of [[capitalism]], since the peasants were generally able to sell their produce. Others consider it to be evidence of a [[tragedy of the commons]], since the large collective plots were often neglected, or fertilizers or water redirected to the private gardens. The term [[precision agriculture]] is sometimes used to describe gardening using [[intermediate technology]] (more than tools, less than harvesters), especially of [[organic farming|organic varieties]]. Gardening is effectively scaled up to feed entire [[village]]s of over 100 people from specialized plots. A variant is the [[community garden]] which offers plots to urban dwellers; see further in [[allotment (gardening)]]. ==Gardens as art== [[Garden design]] is considered to be an art in most cultures, distinguished from gardening, which generally means ''garden maintenance''. In [[Japan]], [[Samurai]] and [[Zen monk]]s were often required to build decorative gardens or practice related skills like [[flower arrangement]] known as ''[[ikebana]]''. In 18th century Europe, country estates were refashioned by landscape gardeners into [[formal garden]]s or landscaped park lands, such as at [[Versailles]], France or [[Stowe, Buckinghamshire|Stowe]], England. Today, [[landscape architect]]s and [[garden designer]]s continue to produce artistically creative designs for private garden spaces. {{seealso|Landscape architecture}} ==Social aspects== In modern [[Europe]] and [[North America]], people often express their political or social views in gardens, intentionally or not. The [[lawn]] vs. garden issue is played out in [[urban planning]] as the debate over the "[[land ethic]]" that is to determine urban [[land use]] and whether hyper [[hygienist]] [[bylaw]]s (e.g. [[weed control]]) should apply, or whether land should generally be allowed to exist in its natural wild state. In a famous [[Canada|Canadian]] [[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms|Charter of Rights]] case, "Sandra Bell vs. City of Toronto", 1997, the right to cultivate all native species, even most varieties deemed noxious or allergenic, was upheld as part of the [[right of free expression]]. People often surround their house and garden with a [[hedge (barrier)|hedge]]. Common hedge plants are [[privet]], [[Crataegus|hawthorn]], [[beech]], [[Taxus|yew]], [[Leyland Cypress|leyland cypress]], [[Tsuga|hemlock]], [[Thuja occidentalis|arborvitae]], [[Berberis|barberry]], [[Buxus|box]], [[holly]], [[oleander]], [[forsythia]] and [[lavender]]. The idea of open gardens without hedges may be distasteful to those who enjoy privacy. This may have an advantage to local [[wildlife]] by providing a habitat for [[birds]], animals, and wild plants. Gardening is thus not only a food source and art, but also a right. The [[Slow Food]] movement has sought in some countries to add an [[edible]] [[school]][[yard]] and garden [[classroom]]s to schools, e.g. in [[Fergus, Ontario]], where these were added to a public school to augment the [[kitchen]] classroom. In [[United States|US]] and [[British English|British]] usage, the production of ornamental plantings around buildings is called ''[[landscaping]]'', ''landscape maintenance'' or ''grounds keeping'', while international usage uses the term ''gardening'' for these same activities. ==Garden pests== *A garden pest is what one considers a pest. The beautiful ''[[Tropaeolum]] speciosum'' can be considered a pest if it [[seeds]] and starts to grow where it is not wanted. As the root is well below ground, pulling it up does not remove it: it simply grows again and becomes what may be considered a pest. *In [[lawn]]s, moss can become dominant and be impossible to eradicate. In some lawns, [[lichens]], especially very damp lawn lichens such as [[Peltigera]] lactucfolia and P. membranacea, can become difficult and be considered pests. *Other garden pests include insects. There are several ways to remove unwanted pests from a garden. == Restrictions == Governments of most countries are restricting imports of plant material. In the past, someone could send such things as lily seeds and bulbs to friends in any country. Today, most of those avenues are closed, due to the threat of [[invasive species]]. ==See also== {{portal}} * [[List of gardening topics]] * [[Pershore College]] * [[Museum of Garden History]] * [[Rock garden]] * [[Arboretum]] * [[House plants]] * [[Exotic plants]] * [[Penjing]] == References == {{refs}} ==Further reading== {{Wmog|gardening}} * {{cite web | url = http://chestofbooks.com/gardening-horticulture/American-Horticultural-Manual-Vol1/index.html | title = American Horticultural Manual Vol1 | author = J. L. Budd | accessdate = 2008-05-11 | publisher = John Wiley & Sons }} * {{cite web | url = http://chestofbooks.com/gardening-horticulture/American-Horticultural-Manual-Vol2/index.html | title = American Horticultural Manual Vol2 | by J. L. Budd | author = J. L. Budd | accessdate = 2008-05-11 | publisher = John Wiley & Sons }} * {{cite web | url = http://ag.arizona.edu/pubs/garden/mg/index.html | title = Arizona Master Gardener Manual | accessdate = 2007-08-06 | publisher = Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture, [[University of Arizona]] }} * {{cite web | url = http://chestofbooks.com/gardening-horticulture/Thomas-Joseph-Dwyer/Guide-To-Hardy-Fruits-And-Ornamentals/index.html | title = Guide To Hardy Fruits And Ornamentals | author = Thomas Joseph Dwyer | accessdate = 2008-05-11 | publisher = T. J. Dwyer & Son }} * {{cite web | url = http://chestofbooks.com/gardening-horticulture/Robert-Hogg/The-Fruit-Manual-Descriptions-and-Synonymes/index.html | title = The Fruit Manual | author = Robert Hogg | accessdate = 2008-05-11 | publisher = Cottage Gardener Office }} ==Further watching== * [http://www.communitygarden.de ANOTHER WORLD IS PLANTABLE!]- FILMS on Community Gardens world wide [[Category:Gardening| ]] [[Category:Horticulture]] [[Category:Human skills]] [[an:Chardinería]] [[bg:Градинарство]] [[ca:Jardineria]] [[cs:Zahradnictví]] [[cy:Garddio]] [[da:Havebrug]] [[de:Gärtner]] [[et:Aiandus]] [[es:Jardinería]] [[eo:Ĝardenado]] [[eu:Lorezaintza]] [[fa:باغبانی]] [[fr:Jardinage]] [[fur:Zardinaç]] [[ga:Garraíodóireacht]] [[ko:원예]] [[it:Giardinaggio]] [[he:גינון]] [[ht:Jadinay]] [[li:Hovenere]] [[mk:Градинарство]] [[nl:Tuinieren]] [[ja:園芸]] [[no:Hagebruk]] [[ps:بڼ پالنه]] [[pl:Ogrodnictwo]] [[pt:Jardinagem]] [[ro:Grădinărit]] [[ru:Садоводство]] [[simple:Gardening]] [[sk:Záhradníctvo]] [[sl:Vrtnarstvo]] [[fi:Puutarhanhoito]] [[tl:Paghahardin]] [[ta:தோட்டக்கலை]] [[th:การจัดสวน]] [[vo:Gadam]] [[yi:גארטענונג]] [[zh:园艺]]